Prospective Memory In Patients Research Articles

Comparison of retrospective and prospective memory in subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Retrospective and prospective memory deficits play a role in maintaining and perpetuating the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but less is known about these deficits in different subtypes of OCD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the retrospective and prospective memory in patients suffering from cleaning, checking, symmetry, and religious obsessions. In a comparative causal method, 60 participants aged 28 to 55, in 2023, were selected by convenience sampling and placed in five groups of individuals with cleaning, checking, symmetry, religious obsessions, and a healthy group. Participants completed self-report questionnaires and neurocognitive tools. Results showed that defects in retrospective memory were significant in all types of obsessions (p<0.05) except religious obsessions. Also, this defect was more severe in checking obsession disorder compared to other types of OCD. Also, the finding indicated that the defect in prospective memory was significant only in checking obsession disorder (p<0.05). Retrospective and prospective memory impairments and their relationship with deficits in executive functions can be different depending on the type of OCD. Based on the findings, impairment of executive function indirectly by impacting the impairment of other cognitive mechanisms diminishes confidence in retrospective and prospective memory which leads to compulsive behaviors in individuals with contamination and checking obsessions. Also, the impairment of retrospective memory in symmetry obsessions might have a relationship with information encoding, which in turn leads to difficulty recalling information from memory.

Prospective memory in patients with Mild Cogntive Impairment

Prospective memory is the ability to remember to carry out intended actions and to evoke delayed intentions. It constitutes a crucial skill for the daily functioning of the elderly. It might also be prematurely compromised in neurodegenerative diseases. In the Latin American region, objective measures are not available for its assessment. The aim of this study is to explore prospective memory in patients diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment. As specific aims, we intend to discriminate the performance on prospective memory between patients and healthy subjects and to study the internal consistency and inter-examiner reliability of the Mini Cóndor Test (a simplified version of a prospective memory test developed in Argentina). We carried out a comparative study including a group of 20 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and a group of 20 healthy subjects as control group. Results indicated significant statistically differences between groups in prospective memory performance in favor of the control group. The Mini Cóndor Test met adequate scores for internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. These preliminary results suggest that the Mini Cóndor Test has the potential to early detect cognitive impairment associated to neurodegenerative pathology.

The deficient cue monitoring and the facilitating effect of prosocial intention on prospective memory in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

The study aimed to investigate the cognitive processing of prospective memory (PM) in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) by using an eye-tracking paradigm. In addition, the facilitating effects of prosocial intention (the desire to help others) on PM in SSDs were also examined. In phase 1, 26 patients (group1) and 25 healthy controls (HCs) were compared in an eye-tracking PM paradigm in terms of the PM accuracy and eye-tracking indices. In phase 2, 21 more patients (group2) were recruited, and a prosocial intention was introduced in the eye-tracking PM paradigm. Their PM accuracy and eye-tracking indices were compared with those in group1. The PM cue monitoring was indicated by the total fixation counts and fixation time on distractor words. In phase 1, group1 showed lower PM accuracy, fewer fixation counts and less fixation time on distractor words than HCs. In phase 2, group2 (with prosocial intention) performed significantly better than group1 (with typical instruction) on both PM accuracy and fixation time on distractor words. In both groups of SSDs, the PM accuracy was significantly correlated with both the fixation counts and the fixation time of distractor words. After controlling for the cue monitoring indices, the difference in PM accuracy remained significant between group1 and HCs but disappeared between group1 and group2. The cue monitoring deficit contributes to the PM impairment in SSDs. The facilitating effect of prosocial intention disappears after the control of cue monitoring, also indicating its critical role in PM.

Effects of virtual reality working memory training on event-based prospective memory in patients with major depressive disorder

BackgroundEvent-based prospective memory (EBPM) refers to remembering to perform delayed intention when specific events occur. EBPM deficit is present in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and hinders recovery from the illness. Working memory training (WMT) has been reported to enhance EBPM but its effect on EBPM in MDD remains unclear. We investigated whether virtual reality (VR)-based WMT can improve EBPM in MDD patients. MethodsForty-six MDD patients and 41 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Among the former ones, the first 23 consecutive patients were allocated to the experimental group (MDD-VR) and the next 23 consecutive patients to the waitlist control group (MDD-W). EBPM accuracy was used to assess EBPM performance. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Massachusetts General Hospital Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ) were employed to assess the cognitive functions and the depressive symptoms. ResultsAt baseline, EBPM accuracy did not significantly differ between MDD-VR and MDD-W but was lower in both of these two groups than in HC (both p < 0.001). Group-by-time interactions on EBPM accuracy (F = 4.614, p = 0.031) and CPFQ score (F = 5.754, p = 0.021) were present, whereas no significant group-by-time interaction or group effects were observed for HDRS score (both p > 0.05). After VR intervention, MDD-VR showed an increase in EBPM accuracy (Cohen's d = 1.20 [95% CI: 0.53, 1.86], p = 0.001). ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that VR-based WMT could improve EBPM deficits in MDD patients. Large-scale studies of a VR-based WMT program are indicated.

“Remember to take your medication”: Prospective memory in Korsakoff’s syndrome

ABSTRACT Background While event-based prospective memory refers to enacting intending action in response to a specific event or cue (“e.g., When I tell you there are 10 minutes left, please give me this stopwatch”), time-based prospective memory refers to enacting intending action in relation to a specific time (“In 10 minutes time, please ask me for a pencil”). Relative to event-based prospective memory, little is known about time-based prospective memory in Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS). Method We used behavioral tasks to investigate event- and time-based prospective memory as well as episodic memory and executive function in patients with KS and control participants. Results Analysis demonstrated lower event- and time-based prospective memory in patients with KS than in control participants. Interestingly, we found lower time-based than event-based prospective memory in patients with KS. Further, significant correlations were observed between prospective memory and episodic memory and executive function in the patients. Conclusions Prospective memory is important for everyday life tasks, and failures of prospective memory can endanger patients’ safety. One clinical implication of our findings is the importance of including an evaluation of prospective memory in cognitive evaluation of KS.

Impairment in the Intention Formation and Execution Phases of Prospective Memory in Parkinson's Disease.

Objective: Patients with Parkinson's disease have prospective memory impairments. However, little is known about distinct phases of prospective memory in these patients. This study was designed to elucidate the specific phase(s) of prospective memory that are impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease.Methods: The study included 31 Parkinson's disease patients and 27 healthy controls. The four phases of prospective memory (intention formation, retention, initiation, and execution) were examined in a complex prospective memory task. In this task, the participants were asked to form a sophisticated plan for performing six subtasks to obtain the highest score, and then execute the plan following a cue embedded in a questionnaire. Global cognitive function and relevant cognitive abilities, including attention, short-term memory, working memory, and inhibition, were also evaluated during the retention phase of the prospective memory task.Results: Intention formation was impaired in Parkinson's disease patients (p < 0.001 vs. healthy controls). This impairment could not be attributed to deficits in other cognitive functions. The score of intention execution was also lower in Parkinson's disease patients (p = 0.004 vs. healthy controls). Such a difference was related to working memory deficits in Parkinson's disease. The intention retention and initiation were intact in Parkinson's disease patients. The score of intention execution correlated negatively with disease severity and disease duration.Conclusions: Prospective memory in Parkinson's disease patients is impaired at the phase of intention formation. The worsening performance of intention execution in Parkinson's disease may be related to working memory deficits. In addition, prospective memory impairment might progress with increasing disease duration and severity.

Prospective memory in obsessive compulsive disorder

Studies on the nature and extent of prospective memory impairment in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are relatively scarce. The present study examined prospective memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder in comparison to patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Prospective memory was assessed using Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST). Further, the participants were administered Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Tower Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Stroop Test for assessing their planning ability, mental flexibility and cognitive inhibition, respectively. Monitoring was assessed by frequency of clock checking. Results indicated that as compared to healthy controls, the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder performed poorly on both time- and event-based prospective memory tasks, whereas, patients with schizophrenia performed poorly on time-based prospective memory task only. Further, both the patient groups had comparable performance across time- and event-based tasks. Results of error analysis indicated that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder mainly committed no response and task substitution errors, whereas patients with schizophrenia committed no response errors. Except monitoring, none of the neurocognitive variables correlated with time or event-based prospective memory in any group. The findings are discussed in the light of their implications for retraining of prospective memory deficits in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia.

Prospective memory in patients with relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Prospective memory in patients with relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Altered resting-state hippocampal functional networks associated with chemotherapy-induced prospective memory impairment in breast cancer survivors

In this study, we aimed to investigate the intrinsic hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) network and its relationship with prospective memory in patients with breast cancer suffering from chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI). Thirty-four breast cancer patients before and after adjuvant chemotherapy (CB and CC, respectively) and 31 age- and education-matched cognitively normal (CN) women were recruited and subjected to a prospective memory task and a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis was used to compare the hippocampal FC networks between CC and CN groups. Partial correction analysis was used to examine the association between the hippocampal FC network and prospective memory in the CC group. The cancer group that underwent chemotherapy obtained significantly poorer scores than the CN group on mini-mental state examination, verbal fluency test, digit span, and prospective memory examination. Compared to the CN group, CC group showed increased hippocampal connectivity in the frontal and parietal cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, and the cerebellum. In addition, the increasing hippocampal FC networks were negatively correlated with prospective memory performance in the CC group. These findings suggest maladaptive hippocampal functioning as a mechanism underlying the impairment of prospective memory in patients experiencing CICI.

ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE MEMORY IN PATIENTS WITH AMNESTIC MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT ACCORDING TO THE SEVERITY OF WHITE MATTER CHANGES

ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE MEMORY IN PATIENTS WITH AMNESTIC MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT ACCORDING TO THE SEVERITY OF WHITE MATTER CHANGES

Event-based prospective memory in patients with Parkinson's disease: the effect of emotional valence.

The present study investigated the effect of Parkinson’s disease (PD) on prospective memory (PM) tasks by varying the emotional content of the PM actions. Twenty-one older adults with PD and 25 healthy older adults took part in the present study. Participants performed three virtual days in the Virtual Week task. On each virtual day, participants performed actions with positive, negative or neutral content. Immediately following each virtual day, participants completed a recognition task to assess their retrospective memory for the various PM tasks. PD patients were less accurate than the control group at both PM accuracy and recognition task accuracy. The effect of emotional valence was also evident, indicating that all participants were more accurate on positive PM tasks than both negative and neutral. This study confirmed PM impairment in PD patients and extended previous research showing how positive emotional stimuli can influence PM performance.

Dissociation of event-based prospective memory and time-based prospective memory in patients with prostate cancer receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: a neuropsychological study.

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the event-based prospective memory (EBPM) and time-based prospective memory (TBPM) in androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT)-induced cognitive impairment in patients with prostate cancer (PC). Participants included PC patients who had undergone ADT (ADT group, n = 43) or patients who did not undergo ADT (non-ADT group, n = 35), as well as age and education-matched healthy controls (HC group, n = 40). All participants were administered with a battery of neuropsychological tests including EBPM and TBPM tasks. Our results indicated that during the EBPM task, the ADT group obtained significantly lower scores than the non-ADT and HC group did, while no significant differences in the TBPM task scores were found among these three groups. Additionally, the ADT group demonstrated significantly lower scores in several cognitive tasks, including attention, memory, and information processing, when compared with the other two groups. This study demonstrated that PC patients receiving ADT may have selective reductions in EBPM performance but unimpaired TBPM performance and that these deficits may result from the changes of function and structure of the pre-frontal cortex induced by ADT.

The Influence of Ongoing Task Change on Event-based Prospective Memory in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

With the increasing of aging and life expectancy, more attention was drawn to Alzheimer's disease. Mild cognitive impairment and its effects have come to the vision of scholars due to it's high risk of Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies about mild cognitive impairment have focused on the executive function, visual spatial, episodic memory, language skills etc. Recent researches indicated that the performance of prospective memory was worse in patients with mild cognitive impairment than that in normal elder. In the literatures, In the literatures, few studies had been found to explore the influence of ongoing task change on event-based prospective memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment. This research mainly focused on two questions:(1) the difference of prospective memory between individuals with mild cognitive impairment and normal elderly;(2) the influence of ongoing task change on prospective memory in the two groups. We recruited 96 participants and followed a 2(group: mild cognitive impairment patients, normal elderly) × 3(ongoing task change: non-change, order-change, random-change) between-subjects design to address the above issues. Firstly, two groups of the participants were screened—mild cognitive impairment / normal elderly by measuring Activities of Daily Living(ADL), Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating(CDR). Then, the classic paradigm of prospective memory was applied to test the event-based prospective memory performance in the two groups. The ongoing task required participants to judge the outline or the color of stick drawings. The event-based prospective memory task needed participants to press the space key whenever they saw any of the three target cues. The dependent variables were the accuracy and response latency of the event-based prospective memory tasks as well as the ongoing tasks. The results suggested that:(1) prospective memory performance of the patients with mild cognitive impairment was significantly lower than that of the normal elderly. That is, remarkable impairment appeared in patients with mild cognitive impairment;(2) for the patients with mild cognitive impairment, response latency of prospective memory and ongoing task was significantly decreased with the changing of ongoing tasks. The results supported the strategic process theory of prospective memory. It proves that the deficits in executive function might cause the prospective memory failures in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

A study of prospective memory in patients with late-onset depression

Objective To investigate the event-based prospective memory(EBPM)and time-based prospective memory(TBPM)in late-onset depressive patients and to explore the relationships between prospective memory and depressive symptoms. Methods 32 late-onset depressive patients and 30 normal controls matched in age, gender and education were assessed with a neuropsychological battery of tests including EBPM and TBPM tasks. The patients were also assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). Results A statistically significant in EBPM was observed between patients with late-onset depression and normal controls (2.31±1.06 vs 3.07±0.87, t=-3.052, P<0.0l) and the same result in TBPM (2.03±0.93 vs 2.67±0.92, t=-2.695, P<0.01). The negatively correlate was showed between the total scores of HAMD and EBPM (r=-0.436, P=0.013), TBPM (r=-0.467, P=0.007) in the patients. Conclusion The results suggest late-onset depressive patients impair both EBPM and TBPM.Prospective memory shows correlation with depressive symptoms in the patients. Key words: Depressive disorder; Prospective memory; Late onset

Prospective memory in patients with first-onset schizophrenia and their non-psychotic siblings

This behavioral study used a dual-task paradigm to compare PM performance in 35 patients with first-onset schizophrenia, 40 non-psychotic siblings and 35 healthy controls. It aimed specifically to examine the effect of schizophrenia group status on PM, the differential effect of group status on PM type, and correlations between PM and other neurocognitive functions and clinical data in first-onset schizophrenia. It also aimed to test the hypothesis that non-psychotic siblings had poorer PM performance than controls. The cohort of first-onset schizophrenia patients had relatively short illness durations (M=1.7 years). The three groups of participants were matched in terms of age, gender and years of education. Results of the study confirmed that first-onset schizophrenia status had a primary effect on PM after controlling for other neurocognitive functions. We also found that first-onset schizophrenia status did not differentially affect two different types of PM. In the first-onset schizophrenia cohort, PM was found to correlate significantly with IQ, executive functions and sustained attention. Finally, contrary to the findings of the previous study, this study did not find siblings of schizophrenia patients to have impaired PM. Taking into account the previous findings of PM in chronic schizophrenia, we concluded that schizophrenia has a primary effect on PM regardless of illness duration.

Prospective memory in patients with closed head injury: A review

This paper aimed to review the limited, but growing literature on prospective memory (PM) following closed head injury (CHI). Search of two commonly used databases yielded studies that could be classified as: self- or other-report of PM deficits; behavioral PM measures in adults with CHI, behavioral PM measures in children and adolescents with CHI, and treatment of PM in adults with CHI. The methodology and findings of these studies were critically reviewed and discussed. Because of the small number of studies, meta-analysis was only conducted for studies that used behavioral PM measures in adults to integrate findings. PM deficits were found to be commonly reported by patients with CHI and their significant others and they could be identified using behavioral measures in adults, children and adolescents with CHI. However, more work is needed to clarify the nature and mechanisms of these deficits. Although some promising results have been reported by studies that evaluated PM treatment, most studies lack tight experimental control and used only a small number of participants. The paper concluded with some suggestions for future research.

Prospective memory in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and their healthy siblings

Prospective memory (PM) describes the ability to fulfill previously planned intentions and is highly dependent on executive functions. Previous studies have shown deficits in executive functions in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and in their unaffected siblings. JME has a strong genetic predisposition and it is hypothesized that cognitive deficits are also genetically determined. The present study aimed at investigating potential differences in PM between patients with JME, their siblings, and healthy controls. Nineteen patients with JME, 21 siblings, and 21 healthy controls were examined with a complex PM paradigm allowing us to evaluate the different phases of PM (i.e., intention formation, intention retention, intention initiation, intention execution). Patients with JME and siblings showed specific deficits during intention formation and intention execution of PM. Patients with JME were more impaired than both siblings and healthy controls. Correlation analysis revealed an influence of planning on prospective memory abilities in patients with JME. The results of this study support the hypothesis of frontal dysfunctions being part of the epileptic syndrome and therefore genetically determined. As in this study patients with JME are more severely cognitively impaired than their siblings, additional influencing factors, such as side effects of anticonvulsants or cognitive effects of subclinical epileptic discharges, might contribute to patients' performance.

Prospective Memory in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

脳外傷者に対し展望記憶検査を実施し，病変部位の影響を検討した。対象は脳外傷と診断され，脳挫傷，脳内血腫を前頭前野，側頭葉に認めた 55 例である。検査方法は，梅田ら (2000) の自発的想起型展望記憶課題 (番号札課題) に準じて実施した。展望記憶の結果を，(1) 存在想起可能群と不能群，(2) 内容想起可能群と不能群の 2 群にグループ化した。また，前頭前野 (背外側・腹外側・内側部・眼窩部) と側頭葉 (内側部・外側部) の各病変に基づき集計した。各病変部位が本課題の成績に与える影響を調べるため判別分析を行った。その結果，(1) 存在想起の可否にもっとも影響した病変部位は，側頭葉内側部であり，次に前頭葉内側部が高い影響を認めた。(2) 内容想起の可否でも側頭葉内側部は高い影響を認め，ついで前頭葉背外側，側頭葉外側部の順となり，前頭葉内側部の影響は低かった。これより，側頭葉内側部は存在想起と内容想起の両方に高い影響を与えるのに対し，前頭葉の各部位については存在想起と内容想起で関与の仕方が異なることが示唆された。

Prospective memory in patients with severe closed-head injury: Role of concurrent activity and encoding instructions.

Objectives: To assess the sensitivity of patients who suffered a severe closed-head injury to the manipulation of attentional resources and encoding instructions during the execution of prospective memory tasks. Material and Methods: A group of patients with chronic sequelae of severe closed-head injury and a group of matched normal controls were given an experimental procedure for the assessment of time-based and event-based prospective memory. Availability of attentional resources at the time of intention recall and encoding conditions at the time of giving instructions were varied across experimental sessions. Results: The simultaneous execution of a concurrent task was more detrimental to accuracy in the spontaneous recall of the prospective intention in the post-traumatic than in the normal control group. Moreover, the instruction to encode more extensively by rehearsing aloud and mentally imaging the actions to be performed at the time of the study improved recall accuracy more in the post-traumatic than in the normal control group. Conclusions: Based on these data, we suggest that a prospective memory deficit in post-traumatic patients is due, among other things, to reduced availability of attentional resources and to poor encoding of actions to be performed.

Prospective Memory in Patients with Severe Closed-Head Injury: Role of Concurrent Activity and Encoding Instructions

Objectives:To assess the sensitivity of patients who suffered a severe closed-head injury to the manipulation of attentional resources and encoding instructions during the execution of prospective memory tasks.Material and Methods:A group of patients with chronic sequelae of severe closed-head injury and a group of matched normal controls were given an experimental procedure for the assessment of time-based and event-based prospective memory. Availability of attentional resources at the time of intention recall and encoding conditions at the time of giving instructions were varied across experimental sessions.Results:The simultaneous execution of a concurrent task was more detrimental to accuracy in the spontaneous recall of the prospective intention in the post-traumatic than in the normal control group. Moreover, the instruction to encode more extensively by rehearsing aloud and mentally imaging the actions to be performed at the time of the study improved recall accuracy more in the post-traumatic than in the normal control group.Conclusions:Based on these data, we suggest that a prospective memory deficit in post-traumatic patients is due, among other things, to reduced availability of attentional resources and to poor encoding of actions to be performed.