Prospective Citizens Research Articles

GLOBAL INJUSTICE AND INEQUALITY: REFLECTIONS ON WHY CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION MATTERS

Global injustice and inequality are problems related to the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities throughout the world. This causes a large number of people and countries to have limitations in achieving their potential. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare prospective citizens who are ready to face changes in the order of life in the country. Education is expected to be able to overcome the country's problems, especially injustice, and inequality. In building global insight and forming good global citizens, there are basic values contained in civic education. This value is the goal and foundation for the development of civics education. By using qualitative research methods through literature studies, the authors try to examine how important the role of civics education is in addressing global injustice and inequality. This research was conducted through several stages including collecting library data, taking notes, reviewing data sources, and processing information. The conclusion from this study is that it is important to involve the integration of civics education in the education system, focus on practical skills, community participation, research and innovation support, and building international alliances. Civic education also helps build a culture of tolerance and reinforces values of social solidarity to help eradicate discrimination and promote equality.

Modeling intrinsic factors of inclusive engagement in citizen science: Insights from the participants' survey analysis of CSI-COP.

Inclusive citizen science, an emerging field, has seen extensive research. Prior studies primarily concentrated on creating theoretical models and practical strategies for diversifying citizen science (CS) projects. These studies relied on ethical frameworks or post-project empirical observations. Few examined active participants' socio-demographic and behavioral data. Notably, none, to our knowledge, explored prospective citizen scientists' traits as intrinsic factors to enhance diversity and engagement in CS. This paper presents a new inclusive CS engagement model based on quantitative analysis of surveys administered to 540 participants of the dedicated free informal education MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) 'Your Right to Privacy Online' from eight countries in the EU funded project, CSI-COP (Citizen Scientists Investigating Cookies and App GDPR compliance). The surveys were filled out just after completing the training stage and before joining the project as active CSs. Out of the 540 participants who completed the surveys analyzed in this study, only 170 (32%) individuals actively participated as CSs in the project. Therefore, the study attempted to understand what characterizes these participants compared to those who decided to refrain from joining the project after the training stage. The study employed descriptive analysis and advanced statistical tests to explore the correlations among different research variables. The findings revealed several important relationships and predictors for becoming a citizen scientist based on the surveys analysis, such as age, gender, culture, education, Internet accessibility and apps usage, as well as the satisfaction with the MOOC, the mode of training and initial intentions for becoming a CS. These findings lead to the development of the empirical model for inclusive engagement in CS and enhance the understanding of the internal factors that influence individuals' intention and actual participation as CSs. The devised model offers valuable insights and key implications for future CS initiatives. It emphasizes the necessity of targeted recruitment strategies, focusing on underrepresented groups and overcoming accessibility barriers. Positive learning experiences, especially through MOOCs, are crucial; enhancing training programs and making educational materials accessible and culturally diverse can boost participant motivation. Acknowledging varying technological proficiency and providing necessary resources enhances active engagement. Addressing the intention-engagement gap is vital; understanding underlying factors and creating supportive environments can transform intentions into active involvement. Embracing cultural diversity through language-specific strategies ensures an inclusive environment for effective contributions.

Data Collection Information System for Prospective Citizens and Citizens (Trainers) at PSHT Pekanbaru Branch Using the Laravel Framework

The Data Collection System for Prospective Citizens and Residents (Trainers) in the Setia Hati Brotherhood in the Pekanbaru Branch still uses a manual system. Where paper becomes a means in data collection and data information sources. The rapid development of technology in the current era of globalization that can facilitate all respects, including data collection of information that can make data collection more effective and efficient. PSHT Pekanbaru Branch corrects the problem in this data collection to make data collection faster because the system has not been computerized. The data collection in the PSHT Pekanbaru Branch requires a new system so that the system can be improved. As for the system carried out by the writer who discusses structured development systems using the waterfall method, as well as analysis and design tools using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). As for the implementation, some software is published using the framework framework , the code editor uses Atom, the PHP package uses XAMPP version 3.2.4 (PHP 7.3.9, Apache web server 2.4.7 and MySQL database version 5.0.12) and which the last web browser using Google Chrome

DIALOGICAL SENSE-MAKING IN THE DIGITAL PUBLIC SPHERE: Citizenship, Care, and Disability

This article explores the contested public discourses of citizenship and care surrounding national media coverage of the news story of ‘Baby Leo’, a New Zealand baby born overseas in 2015. Baby Leo’s diagnosis of Down Syndrome soon after his birth, precipitated the mother’s alleged abandonment of the child, the expat New Zealand father then fundraising for the child’s (and his) rapid return to New Zealand via a virally successfully crowdfunding campaign. The situation attracted significant media attention for several months, with thousands of New Zealanders providing comments, via Facebook, on stories produced and shared by news media outlets. We use a Bakhtinian dialogical analysis of a selection of these Facebook comments to consider the emergent discourses of citizenship – especially in relation to disability – that were mobilised and contested by contributors. Our findings show that although the Facebook comments demonstrate the contingent and fluid meanings of ‘home’ and ‘welcome’, the positive comments on the worthiness of his case and its deservingness of public support that Baby Leo attracted, distinguish this case from other studies of citizenship attribution for people with Down syndrome around the world. Despite this, the treatment of prospective citizens with various forms of disability issues (including Down Syndrome) seeking citizenship in New Zealand remains exclusionary and the New Zealand national identity invoked in these online discussions extended a longstanding utopian humanitarian vision, without critical awareness of this.

Importance of Moral Education in Educational Institutions in the Context of Islam: An Analytical Study

Allah Almighty made man and woman the noblest of Creatures and endowed them with many attributes and distinctions. In which knowledge and morality are of fundamental importance. Knowledge is related to the human mind, while morality is related to the human heart. Education is one of the most important means of improving one's morals and healing one's heart and soul. Man is endowed with the faculties of both Good and Evil, the spirit of goodness is within him and the desire for evil is entrenched in him. Education draws man toward goodness and away from evil in this conflict of good and evil, then when good morals are created in man, he makes good use of his knowledge. So, morality is necessary with knowledge. This paper aims to explore the importance of moral values and education from an Islamic perspective. This research demonstrates the pure spirit of education by emphasizing moral education. Islam projects good values so this study focuses on the standards and principles of moral education in institutions. It brings suggestions to form regulations to mentor the generation, the prospective citizens of society.

In defense of citizenship testing: a reply to Daniel Sharp

ABSTRACT I have argued that citizenship tests are not, in principle, unjust, were they to accurately test the acquisition of those particular aspects of local history and vocabulary necessary for participation in the local political community. Daniel Sharp disagrees, and argues that such tests are always unjust; they impose unjustifiable burdens against all and only migrants seeking admission to political citizenship. In this paper, I defend the possibility of a just test. I argue, first, that the burden on prospective citizens is not an undue or unjust one, were we to have some reason available to us by which that burden might be justified; and, second, that some such reason is available, given the relevance of local knowledge to political discourse – a relevance acknowledged in both current law and in theories of public reason.

Creating Awareness about Adolescent Reproductive Health among Upper Primary School Students in Haryana through the Use of Interactive e-Modules

Adolescents are the prospective citizens of any nation; therefore, investment in terms of the well-being of adolescents is considered quite rewarding. Adolescents are now attaining biological maturity earlier than the previous generation, as witnessed by the gradual decline in average age of puberty and menarche; hence, it becomes imperative to address this cohort of the population. Integration of technology in the field of education has been an area of research for a long. The present study attempts to use digital technology in the form of e-modules created through H5P in creating awareness about adolescent reproductive health on upper primary school students. A sample of 309 students from randomly selected ten unaided private schools of Sonipat district of Haryana was taken. Interactive e-modules were developed for addressing adolescent reproductive health. After the pre-test administration, the experimental group was taught through e-modules and the control group was taught through the conventional method. The data was collected through validated tools over a period of three months. A post-test was conducted afterward to assess the awareness level. After ascertaining comparability of the two groups, data was analyzed using percentage and t-statistics. The data analysis showed that the difference in the mean and standard deviation of the post-test scores of the experimental group 20.50 ± 3.40 and the control group 15.72 ± 4.03 were statistically significant at 0.001 level (t value = 11.26, d.f. = 297). Thus, the study concludes that the interactive e-modules effectively create awareness about adolescent reproductive health at the upper primary school stage.

Deserving citizenship in Germany and The Netherlands. Citizenship tests in liberal democracies

Between 2003 and 2008, Germany and the Netherlands have replaced informal interviews with local officials by formalised language and knowledge of society tests (‘citizenship tests’) to determine whether long-term resident immigrants have sufficiently integrated to become citizens. In this contribution, the questions of why the citizenship tests were introduced and of which effects these tests have produced in Germany and the Netherlands will be answered. By doing so, the author aims to contribute to answering the question of whether language and cultural requirements can be considered liberal, which, as has been claimed, remains an unresolved issue relating to civic integration policies. Scholars disagree on whether citizenship tests can be justified in the liberal model for citizenship. Liberal minimalists oppose the introduction of requirements barring permanent residents from full-fledged citizenship. Liberal nationalists think citizenship tests can be justified in case they encourage the acquisition of competences that play an important role in creating or sustaining a reasonably just society. The author concludes that proponents of introducing citizenship tests have indeed asserted that these tests are required for prospective citizens to be able to develop the competences that play an important role in creating or sustaining a reasonably just society. Far more important explanations for the introduction of citizenship tests can however be sought in the linking of naturalisation policy to integration policy, and in the desire to promote uniformity in the application of the language and integration requirement as a condition for naturalisation. As regards the effects produced by the tests, the author shows that the tests permanently exclude certain categories of immigrants from becoming full-fledged members of society. The conclusion can therefore be drawn that the citizenship tests applied by Germany and the Netherlands cannot be justified in the liberal model for citizenship.

Civic Stratification Within Cross-Border Families: Mainland Chinese Children and Wives in Hong Kong

The extant literature on family-related migration has examined the civic stratification of the right to family reunification of citizens and non-citizens and the citizenship rights of their reunited family members. However, civic stratification amongst immigrant family members has received less attention. Accordingly, the current study highlights the significance of immigration status and social reproduction in the hierarchisation of the residency and social rights of Mainland Chinese children and spouses within cross-border families in Hong Kong, particularly since the policy changes in 2003. This study asserts that children are valued as prospective contributory citizens, and thus, they are afforded preferential treatment over spouses, who are mostly women, whose contribution to the reproduction of family and society are undervalued by central and local states.

Effect of Farmers – Herdsmen Crisis on Yam Production in Southern Agricultural Zone of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The study analyzed effect of crisis on yam production in Southern Agricultural Zone, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; determine the effect of socio-economic variables on yam production, determine the factors affecting yam production, and to compare the gross margin of yam production before and after crisis in the study area. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted for this study and a total of sixty (60) respondents were sampled for this study. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics which involves use frequency, percentages and the gross margin analysis. The study revealed that before the conflict the total variable cost was 233,288.4 while after the conflict, the total variable cost was 172310. The study conclude that price of fertilizer was doubled after conflict thereby reducing production. The result shows that 17.6% of the respondent’s stopped producing yam because of the fear of conflict. And also, there was a reduction in food production between the period of the conflicts and peaceful disposition. The study therefore recommend that government should develop policies and strategies to curtail future occurrence of crisis among farmers and herdsmen, and focus more on giving incentives to farmers and subsidy on farm inputs such as fertilizer, improved varieties, chemicals among others to boost food crop production, farmers income level and to ensure maximum security on lives and properties of prospective citizens and farmers.

Suspect Outsiders or Prospective Citizens? Constructing the Immigrant/German Boundary in Germany’s Integration Courses

Most scholarship on integration and assimilation in Europe has examined laws, policies and quantitative data to understand the integration of immigrants. Fewer studies have looked at the meaning of integration for immigrants and host societies. This article helps to fill this gap in scholarship by examining the construction of immigrants and Germany in mandatory integration courses in contemporary Germany. Using ethnographic observations of integration courses and discourse analysis of curricular materials, I analyze these constructions using a boundary-construction approach, where both the content of what separates immigrants from host society members, and the brightness of the boundary are used as a basis for viewing immigrants as outsiders versus citizens. I use the terms suspect outsiders and prospective citizens to describe the nature of the immigrant/German boundary based on these constructions. The findings show that three themes—gender and family norms, democracy and rights, and religious freedom—form the content of the immigrant/German boundary. Within these themes, Germany’s civic integration courses generally construct immigrants as prospective citizens by blurring the immigrant/German boundary. The nature of the immigrant/German boundary is crucial for both the integration of immigrants and for Germany. A bright boundary that invokes the notion of immigrants as fundamentally different places the burden of integration on them to change, while a blurred boundary potentially redefines what it means to be German.

The weaponisation of language: English proficiency, citizenship and the politics of belonging in Australia

Calls for greater protection of national boundaries – both physical and ideological – and the politicising of immigration and citizenship are increasingly characteristic of the global geo-political landscape. Several signatory countries to the UNHCR refugee convention have sought to legislate higher levels of language proficiency for citizenship eligibility. Most recently, this has been attempted in Australia, reigniting controversy about the use of language testing to assess a potential citizen’s ‘worthiness’. In this paper, we identify contested conceptions of belonging and citizenship, manifested in mediatised debates around language proficiency and citizenship which emerged following the announcement of proposed changes to Australian citizenship rules. We use Graff’s (1981) concept of the ‘Literacy Myth’ to analyze associations between language proficiency and ‘morality’ evident in Australian media articles, to explore the underpinning discourses of these proposals, and to probe the relationship between citizenship, belonging and language. We argue that these myths work discursively to frame language proficiency as a proxy measure of the morality of prospective citizens and their willingness to ‘integrate’ or ‘assimilate’ into resettlement contexts. Relatedly, these myths can be deployed to justify the denial of the possibility of belonging to those who do not possess the linguistic capital privileged by policy and media elites.

Effects of successful adoption of information technology enabled services in proposed smart cities of India

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the effects of successful adoption of information technology (IT)-enabled services to be provided in the proposed smart cities of India from end-user-experience perspective.Design/methodology/approachThis paper has taken a sincere endeavor to understand to what extent the success of the smart cities depends on the users’ experience of the IT-enabled services, the backbone of smart cities, and how using IT-enabled services can improve the quality of the users’ lifestyle. Initially, few hypotheses have been developed from literature review, followed by structured questionnaires. Once the data were collected, they were analyzed using different statistical tools. This paper will be useful for the policymakers, specifically those who are involved in technology and IT-governance-related areas, in policymaking for the proposed smart cities in India.FindingsThis study tries to find how the IT-enabled services would transform the lives of residents both socially and technologically; to what extent the prospective citizens will be engaged to use the modern services; to what extent the threat of privacy and security issues affects the overall performance of the proposed smart cities of India; and how gaining trust of the citizens could help in successful adoption of IT services. This paper tries to find out few of these questions from the city residents’ perspective.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is undertaken keeping Indian smart cities in perspective. However, in India, the proposed smart cities are in different states. In fact, the respondents selected by the authors are not the true representatives of the whole population, which is spread covering all parts of India. This paper could have implications for policymakers in drafting the smart city policy in India especially from IT-governance and user-experience perspective.Practical implicationsAs this study discusses proposed smart cities of India from IT-enabled services and from the citizens’ perspective, it will have a huge practical implication once these smart cities become operational in India.Social implicationsThis study discusses the IT-enabled services expected to be provided to the citizens of the proposed smart cities of India. As the paper discusses about the citizens’ perspective and the proposed smart cities of India, it definitely has social implications especially since the study is related to the citizens of proposed smart cities of India.Originality/valueThe research reported in this manuscript is the outcome of in-depth study on proposed Indian smart cities especially from IT adoption and from users’ perspective. Very few studies have been carried out on proposed Indian smart cities from IT adoption perspective and how that could improve the lifestyle of the residents.

THE FUNCTIONING OF THE COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF LOWER SILESIANS WITHIN THE MULTICULTURAL COMMUNITY OF BORNE SULINOWO

In the context of multiculturalism, the processes of seeking and creating of collective identity of the local community are quite specifi c. In these processes, it is the collective memory that plays a major role as a deciding and organizing factor of the integration of the community at all levels. A town unique – Borne Sulinowo – has existed within the state borders for only 21 years now. In the past, it was a military base of for the Third Reich, and aft er the World War II, it served as a military base for Soviet Army. Th e community of Borne Sulinowo is still in the process of seeking of its identity and its place in history. In 1993, when the town was created and organized, the prospective citizens came from 36 regions of Poland. Th e interesting process of entering of incoming people into the new achitectural and cultural space, the space which never belonged to the cultural heritage of Poland, has begun. People from diff erent backgrounds, diff erentiated in view of the place where they came from, in view of age, profession, education and life experience, were trying to accustom the new space. Th e process of shaping the local community in Borne Sulinowo is still in progress and has not fi nished yet. One of the major factor that infl uence the above mentioned process is the collective memory of particular groups of people, such as the groups from Upper and Lower Silesia or Western Pomerania.

A Grounded Approach to Citizenship Education: Local Interplays Between Government Institutions, Adult Schools, and Community Events in Sacramento, California

Following a grounded, bottom-up approach to language policy (Blommaert 2009; Canagarajah 2005; McCarty, 2011; Ramanathan, 2005), this paper investigates available resources and discourses of citizenship in Sacramento, California to those situated within the citizenship infrastructure. It analyzes how the discursive framing of local and national educational policies affects prospective citizens and the ways that resources and discourses differ across educational sites. These sites include a government field office, citizenship classes at adult schools and community centers, and a law school-sponsored citizenship fair. This article argues that adult schools and community events introduce their own de facto and de jure policies, in conjunction with top-down governmental policies, that tend to reduce the complexity of naturalization at the expense of full participation. Both top-down and bottom-up educational policies consequently affect prospective citizens’ understanding and enactment of citizenship.

Roman Gardens, Imagination, and Cognitive Structure

The article deals with the Roman garden and sets it in the context of identity, imagination, and cognitive development. Although the implications of the argument are empire-wide, the focus here is primarily on the urban gardens of the city of Rome ca. 60 b.c.-a.d. 60. The person experiencing one garden sees through it other gardens, real, historical, or poetic. ‘The garden’ and representations of the garden become places for thinking about literature, history, and identity. Our evidence for this ‘thinking’ is a lateral or synchronic layer in the sense that the thinking for which we have textual evidence is all done by fully developed adults. However, there is another, vertical or diachronic, aspect to the process which involves the cognitive development from childhood of the garden-user and the role of the garden in structuring the prospective citizen’s understanding of the world. The garden is a central feature of the urban residence, where the Roman citizen lives and moves through the course of his cognitive development. It is inside the house, and the house is inside the city, which is inside Italy. The concluding part of the article investigates how the core notion of the garden as enclosed space maps on to larger sets of inside-outside dyads in the Roman world: the garden is a secluded interior, but on a larger scale Rome is a safe interior surrounded by more perilous environment; again, Italy is a civilised interior surrounded by a more dangerous outer world. The garden is experienced by the child largely through play, and this also feeds into the garden-related imaginative acts described in the first part of the paper.1

Introduction: The Dirt on Dirt Today

Dirt is the literal ground without which there would be no terrestrial life, and which is always shifting and on the move. On the darker side, dirt and dust can be highly toxic or radioactive, and thus can impose a destructively agentic influence onto most of the living things they contact. Dirt theory must encompass the full range of life-sustaining and toxic agencies in the soil without flinching. Thinking dirt is therefore challenging. Heather I. Sullivan Well grubbed, old mole! Karl Marx In 2013, the rockefeller university (founded in 1901 by its industrialist namesake to foster cutting-edge biomedical research) launched drugsfromdirt.org, an online science that asks What chemical language does your soil's microbiome speak? The question guides a compound venture: to conduct an initial of dirt from all fifty U.S. states (the priority), as well as globally, and then to deepen the profile of dirt from especially biodiverse regions--a venture feasible only to the extent that citizen scientists buy in by harvesting soil samples and sending them to Rockefeller University. At stake in the project is an attempt to use the genetic matter from soils in the U.S. and worldwide to identify and produce new kinds of antibiotics, to harness dirt in the service of human health. Drugs From Dirt invites us--or at least prospective citizen scientists, a category that, in the website's nomenclature, includes school groups, naturalists, soil junkies, and awesome individuals--to reach down and grasp the microbial pharmacy beneath our feet: to assist in finding, in mere dirt, the great key to universal wellness. As with any pharmakon, what we might ordinarily take to be poison--grubby, scummy, defiling dirt--proves likewise capable of realizing its own cure. In counterpoint to the four-decades-long War on Drugs (in which the resonance between drugs and dirt remains altogether dire) these emergent dirty drugs hold alchemical promise: the alluring capacity to transubstantiate alluvial dross into pharmaceutical gold. Whether aspiring citizen scientists, the unpaid ras in the Drugs From Dirt online lab, will by labouring in the dirt actually manage to combat global illness or only line the pockets of the shareholders of Big Pharma is a topic on which drugsfromdirt.org proves unsurprisingly silent. The biopolitical enterprise of the Drugs From Dirt project serves to underscore, among many aspects of contemporary global life, the profoundly ambivalent status--the promise and menace--of dirt in the world today. (1) For our relation at present to dirt and its digging is vexed, ambivalent, even paradoxical. We reach anxiously for the hand sanitizer after every foray into public even as we explore the immunological benefits of a paleo lifestyle. We contemplate questionable bits on the menu at the hip new locavore charcuterie spot, yet we still close our eyes and purchase the factory-farmed poultry bargains at the co-op megastore. We cannot say no to garbage bags infused with air freshener, just as we cannot say no to every sordid disclosure in Rob Ford's interminable descent. Drugs From Dirt trades on such ambivalence when it seeks to hail citizen scientists (at least in the global north) with its redemptive dirt narrative, to enlist them in the effort to use dirt to transcend itself toward some perpetual future of hygiene. In what ways and to what ends could such interpellation speak to the millions, cast off by the contemporary world, who dwell in dirt altogether differently: those who struggle to get by living on the streets of cities worldwide or those who populate, more precariously still, what Mike Davis calls the planet of slums scavenging a desperate subsistence, in shantytowns and landfills, on the refuse left by late capitalism? …

Laissez-faire and its discontents: US naturalization and integration policy in comparative perspective

In the 1990s and early 2000s, conflicts over citizenship and nationhood erupted in US naturalization policy, part of a recurring pattern since the eighteenth century. Since these most recent controversies, major immigrant-receiving countries in Western Europe, as well as Australia and Canada, have introduced or revised naturalization requirements, preparatory courses, and formal ceremonies for prospective citizens. The USA's approach to naturalization is, by comparison, less demanding. The US approach is undergirded by an essentially laissez-faire philosophy in which the nation admits large numbers of immigrants without much attention to skills, values, or English-language ability and who are expected to integrate without significant government assistance. While this laissez-faire philosophy represents a gain for core liberal principles, I argue that it may also reflect reduced social solidarity and contribute to the vitriolic conflicts over immigration that are now waged regularly at the local, state, and federal level. The essay concludes by considering several efforts in the USA to clarify the bargain of mutual expectations and obligations on the part of newcomers and citizens.

The Politics of Seasonal Labour Migration in Switzerland, France and Spain

This article analyses the effects of the politics of seasonal foreign worker admissions on migrant legality in the context of the post-1945 and the post-1990 seasonal foreign worker policy in Switzerland, France and Spain respectively. It seeks historical evidence attesting to the ability of seasonal admissions to restrict workers to their non-resident status. It presents implications for circular migration, the dernier cri in European migration policy aimed to strike a compromise between a perceived post-crisis demand for the admission of foreign workers and the reluctance to make them prospective citizens. Policy Implications Migration policy stakeholders have shaped foreign worker admissions according to their interests. Under some conditions, low-skilled seasonal foreign worker admissions have contributed to irregular migration, either through workers' overstays or through parallel irregular entries There are both differences and similarities between the seasonal admissions advocated under the post-2007 circular migration schemes, and those of the 1950s–1960s, as well as those of 1990s to early 2000s. The similarities could, under some conditions, trigger the repetition of some of the unexpected outcomes revealed by historical seasonal foreign worker admissions under the post 2007 schemes.

Germanness or Rights? Second Generation Young Adults and Citizenship in Contemporary Germany

Scholarship on citizenship-in its definition as nationality or formal membership in the state-has been both the basis for evaluating and comparing national citizenships as "ethnocultural" or "civic," and used to imply the meaning of citizenship to prospective citizens, particularly immigrants and non-citizen residents. Doing so ignores a perspective on citizenship "from below," and oversimplifies the multiplicity of meanings that individuals may attach to citizenship. This article seeks to fill this gap in scholarship by examining young adult second-generation descendants of immigrants in Germany. The second generation occupies a unique position for examining the meaning of citizenship, based on the fact that they were born and grew up in Germany, and are thus more likely than adult immigrants to be able to become citizens as well as to claim national belonging to Germany. Among the varied meanings of citizenship are rights-based understandings, which are granted to some non-citizens and not others, as well as identitarian meanings which may depend on everyday cultural practices as well as national origin. Importantly, these meanings of citizenship are not arbitrary among the second generation; citizenship status and gender appear to inform understandings of citizenship, while national origin and transnational ties appear to be less significant for the meaning of citizenship.