Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate Research Articles

Cu/Zn phthalocyanine dyes with up to 40% solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) for color filters

Color filters play an important role in the quality of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductors and thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal displays. Although pigment nanoparticles have traditionally been used as color filter colorants, the use of molecular dyes for preparing high-quality color filters is an emerging strategy. However, few studies have investigated the relation between the structure of dyes and their color filter characteristics, such as solubility, and thermal stability and photostability. In this study, six phthalocyanine dyes with different branched substituents and central metals (zinc and copper) were developed. These dyes displayed high levels of solubility in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (up to 40.8 wt%), high light transmission, and satisfactory thermal stability and photostability, indicating their potential application in color filters. They may provide a way to explore more molecular dyes for color filters with excellent dissolution properties.

Enhanced Optical and Thermal Properties of a Novel Yellow Quinophthalone Derivative for Color Filter Colorants in Image Sensors

Herein, the design and synthesis of novel yellow quinophthalone derivatives, 4,5,6,7‐tetrachloro‐2‐(6‐chloro‐2‐(3‐hydroxy‐1‐oxo‐1H‐cyclopenta[b]naphthalen‐2‐yl)quinolin‐4‐yl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione (pC‐QP) and 4,5,6,7‐tetrachloro‐2‐(7‐chloro‐2‐(3‐hydroxy‐1‐oxo‐1H‐cyclopenta[b]naphthalen‐2‐yl)quinolin‐4‐yl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione (mC‐QP), are used for use as yellow colorants in image sensors. The synthesized compounds are designed to modulate the optical properties based on the substituted positions of the chloride group within the quinophthalone structure. The solubility of pC‐QP and mC‐QP in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate solvent is found to be 0.08 and 0.15 wt%, respectively. The molar extinction coefficient values of pC‐QP and mC‐QP in solution are determined to be 3.14 × 104 and 3.62 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1, respectively. The transmittance of mC‐QP meets commercial requirements, exhibiting less than 0.3% between 412 and 475 nm and over 91% above 530 nm. Both pC‐QP and mC‐QP demonstrate high thermal stability with decomposition temperatures of 464 and 393 °C, respectively. As a result, mC‐QP emerges as an excellent candidate material for use as a yellow colorant in image sensors due to its outstanding properties.

Novel Yellow Azo Pyridone Derivatives with Different Halide Atoms for Image-Sensor Color Filters.

Novel yellow azo pyridone dye derivatives were synthesized for use in image-sensor color filters. The synthesized compounds have a basic chemical structure composed of azo, hydroxy, amide, and nitrile groups as well as different halide groups. New materials were evaluated on the basis of their optical, thermal, and surface properties under conditions mimicking those of a commercial device fabrication process. A comparison of their related performance revealed that, among the four prepared compounds, 5-((4,6-dichlorocyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)diazenyl)-6-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (Cl-PAMOPC) exhibited the best performance as an image-sensor color filter material, including a solubility greater than 0.1 wt% in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate solvent, a high decomposition temperature of 263 °C, and stable color difference values of 4.93 and 3.88 after a thermal treatment and a solvent-resistance test, respectively. The results suggest that Cl-PAMOPC can be used as a green dye additive in an image-sensor colorant.

Facile and precise quantitative determination of silicon in naphtha by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

The amount of silicon in naphtha must be controlled because it results in silica deposits in vehicle components, such as spark plugs, catalytic converters, and oxygen sensors, which can lead to fuel economy degradation, increased emissions, and damage to catalytic converters. Naphtha has low specific gravity and high volatility; plasma does not form during analysis using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Therefore, the analysis of silicon in naphtha has been conducted using a dilution method with organic solvents. On the other hand, a high dilution factor increases the LOQ (limit of quantitation), making it difficult to analyse below 100 ppb. In this study, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) was used to solve this problem because it has excellent naphtha solubility, low volatility, and is used widely in semiconductor processing. A LOQ and LOD (limit of detection) of up to 3.3 ppb and 1.0 ppb, respectively, could be achieved using a concentration method by diluting naphtha in PGMEA and heating it. In addition, the reference materials were prepared with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane to ensure analysis accuracy; excellent results were obtained with an 88% recovery rate.

Influence of spin casting solvent on the self‐assembly of silicon‐containing block copolymer thin films via high temperature thermal treatment

AbstractThe present paper focuses on the influence of different solvents (toluene, mesitylene, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) and ethyl acetate) on the self‐assembly behaviour of cylinder‐forming polystyrene‐block‐poly(dimethylsiloxane‐random‐vinylmethylsiloxane) diblock copolymer films deposited on thin brush layers of polystyrene (PS) or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymers grafted to a silicon substrate. The morphology and the key metrics for all samples were determined from the analysis of the SEM images and their evolution was investigated, as a function of the annealing time at 310 °C, for each solvent and for both PS and PMMA brushes. In general, shorter correlation lengths ξ are observed on PS brushes than on PMMA brushes. In addition, SEM data analysis reveals that tetrahydrofuran, PGMEA and ethyl acetate solvents promote a morphological change from fingerprint‐like parallel cylinders to a hexagonally packed dot pattern for annealing time tA > 30 s. Finally, the line edge roughness and linewidth roughness values are weakly dependent on both the casting solvent and the nature of the grafted brush. The reported data reveal that the choice of the polymer brush nature and of the solvent employed during the spin coating of the diblock copolymer film could substantially affect the self‐assembly process and requires accurate optimization due to their subtle interplay. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

Investigating the Role of EPA and DHA on Cellular Oxidative Stress; Profiling Antidiabetic and Antihypertensive Potential.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) remain part of the diet and are essential for growth and development. Furthermore, omega - 3 fatty acids boost various cardiovascular disease risk factors as well as lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The effects of PUFAs on glycemia in type 2 diabetes patients are unclear. In the present study, the anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive potential of eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-two polyunsaturated fatty acids-were examined. Using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells fed with PUFAs, the antioxidant capacity of EPA and DHA was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay/test. The DPPH activity of EPA and DHA was 49.72 and 50.51%, respectively, indicating a reduction in oxidative stress. The number, size, and total lipid content of adipocytes in adipose tissue were used to study the anti-diabetic effect of EPA and DHA. Both PUFAs were revealed to have a much lower capacity for cell lysis of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes when compared to propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA). In 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells that had been treated with EPA and DHA, the gene expression profiles for ATP synthase 6 were examined. The results demonstrated a similar trend of reducing total lipid content in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells treated with EPA and DHA. The amount of cell lysis was then examined for 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells exposed to DHA and EPA, and the results showed 38.45% and 41.26%, respectively. In the 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells, treatment with PUFAs, EPA, and DHA dramatically lowered total lipid content after 48 hours. The study also revealed that exposing 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells to EPA at 90 g/ml for 48 hours reduced the total lipid content by a significant amount. According to the findings, EPA and DHA therapy reversed oxidative stress in mitochondria and upregulated the ATP synthase 6 gene. This discovery shows how EPA and DHA have anti-diabetic and hypertension properties.

Pressure Swing-Based Reactive Distillation and Dividing Wall Column for Improving Manufacture of Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate

Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) is a commonly used solvent in the rapidly developing semiconductor industry. Ultra-high purity PGMEA is required for this ultra-precision industry and to satisfy the current strict waste management regulations. The traditional PGMEA production process consumes considerable energy and has a high production cost. In this study, a novel heat integrated and intensified design, which applies a dividing wall column, reactive distillation, and pressure swing techniques, was proposed for improving the energy efficiency and reducing the cost of PGMEA production. Heat integration was applied to maximize the heat recovery of the process. All processes were simulated using the commercial simulator Aspen Plus V11. The economic and environmental parameters of the process alternative were assessed for a fair comparison with the conventional process. The results showed that heat integration of the optimal pressure swing-based reactive distillation and dividing wall column processes could reduce the energy requirement and TAC by 29.5%, and 20.8%, respectively, compared to that of the optimal conventional process. The improved design provides a strong basis for achieving more sustainable PGMEA production.

Highly efficient degradation of organic pollutant mixtures by a Fe(III)-based MOF-catalyzed Fenton-like process in subcritical water

Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) photoresist solvent and monoaromatics are typical organic pollutants found in the wastewater discharged from semiconductor manufacturing processes. Conventional treatment technologies, however, remain mostly ineffective to eliminate these pollutants from aqueous streams. Herein, we developed a novel strategy for highly efficient degradation of PGMEA and archetypal monoaromatics (i.e., benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol, and cresol) in aqueous solution by heterogeneous Fenton-like process with a flexible Fe-MOF (MIL-88B) under mild subcritical water (SCW) condition (100 °C). The as-synthesized MIL-88B(Fe) microbipyramids possess large pore channels (∼32 nm) and open iron sites. The results showed that the SCW-mediated heterogeneous Fenton-like process at 100 °C with an optimal catalyst loading of 1 wt% exhibited a remarkable degradation performance toward target organic pollutants in a multicomponent system, affording a 92% total organic carbon (TOC) removal in 60 min. This mineralization efficiency was found to be notably superior to those of traditional homogeneous Fenton (FeSO4/H2O2; ∼54%) and Fenton-SCW (∼60%) processes. The practicability of this approach was demonstrated using real world water samples (i.e., river water, fishpond water, and wastewater) with >80% TOC removal efficiency. This study showed that the heterogeneous Fenton-like process utilizing an inexpensive, nontoxic, and reusable MIL-88B(Fe) MOF under mild SCW conditions is a promising strategy for treating semiconductor waste effluents and environmental water matrices containing toxic recalcitrant organics in an eco-friendly and efficient manner.

Sustainable concept design including economic, environment and inherent safety criteria: Process intensification-reactive pressure swing distillation

In this paper, a systematic framework for concept design of sustainable chemical process is used to investigate process intensification-the reactive pressure swing process considering inherent safety, environment performance and economic performance comprehensively. The transesterification reaction between propylene glycol monomethyl ether and methyl acetate for propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate production is used as case to accomplish this research. The total annual cost, the total greenhouse gases and two inherent indexes referred to process route index and process stream index are used to account for economic performance, environment performance and inherent safety of the overall route and individual parameter, respectively. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates reaction pressure swing as process intensification has strong interaction behavior and nonlinearity degree in term of economic performance. The inherent safety, environment performance and economic performance of reactive pressure swing distillation is evaluated and compared with conventional three-columns process. Compared with conventional process, the main contribution to inherent safety level is reduction of pressure factor in term of process route index for reaction pressure swing distillate process. The results illustrate the reaction pressure swing as process intensification can achieve sustainable chemical process with inherent safer, environmentally friendly and economic performance.

Comprehensive approach for reducing health risks due to indoor air pollutants

Individuals living in an indoor environment are typically exposed to a greater variety of air pollutants than in an outdoor environment. Numerous sources of chemical emissions are found in the indoor environment, depending on the building materials as well as the lifestyle of the occupants. The quality of the indoor environment considerably impacts public health. Japan has established Indoor Air Quality guidelines (IAQGs) for 13 chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, xylene, ethylbenzene, styrene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, and toluene. However, the pollutant types and concentrations have been inconsistent over time because of altered lifestyles and the development of novel household products and building materials. Therefore, a comprehensive approach and action plan for the overall reduction of health risks because of indoor air pollutants are required for public health protection. To determine the high-risk indoor air pollutants that should be reduced, a preliminary risk assessment using data from nationwide exposure assessments and existing hazard data was conducted. As the result, 11 indoor air pollutants: 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, 3-methoxy-3-methylbutanol, diethylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, and methyl isobutyl ketone were identified. Subsequently, we reviewed the hazard or toxicological data for the 13 chemicals with established IAQGs and the 11 novel chemicals without established IAQGs to update their hazard assessments. The reference values for acute and chronic effects were determined from the reviewed information. The process and result of the preliminary risk assessment and the progress of the updated hazard assessments are reported.

Electrochemical, Photophysical and Theoretical Studies of Novel Zinc Phthalocyanines.

In this research, we successfully synthesized three novel zinc phthalocyanines and applied for electrochemical and photo physical properties. These phthalocyanines are naphthoxy derivatives with methyl, benzyl and butyl-benzyl, with halo substitution (PCME, PCBN and PCBBN) and poses very good solubility in all industrial solvents. To check the preliminary results of LCD green color filter properties of these molecules, we taken the UV-Visible absorption and transmittance studies in Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate and achieved around 90% of transmittance in the region of 400-550 nm. Further understand the solubility of our phthalocyanines, we checked the aggregation property in PGMEA and we observed no any aggregation. All compounds showed very nice electro chemical properties with nice oxidation and reduction peaks. These phthalocyanines are fit for LCD color filter applications. Finally to get insights of the electronic and UV-Visible properties of the new dyes, the DFT calculations were performed.

Desorption of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate from activated carbon in supercritical CO2: Measurement and predictive modeling

The desorption behavior of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), which is a volatile organic compound (VOC) used in semiconductor manufacturing, from activated carbon (AC) was experimentally and theoretically studied over a wide range of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) conditions at T=(313 K to 353 K) and P=(10.0 MPa to 20.0 MPa) for the design of AC regeneration processes using scCO2. The experimental results reveal that the desorption ratio of PGMEA depended on the density of CO2, and is affected by its chemical structure and diffusivity of the VOC. A kinetic model based on the material balances of the VOC in the bulk phase and adsorption equilibria in the adsorbed phase described by the Dubinin–Astakhov equation was newly proposed to predict the desorption behavior. The model successfully predicted the desorption behavior using parameters determined from adsorption equilibrium and kinetic measurements of PGMEA on AC in scCO2.

Exposure to Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds and Hypertension among Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display Workers

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the concentration of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to investigate the association between indoor VOCs exposure and the prevalence of hypertension among thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) workers. A total of 20 canisters were used to collect VOCs samples in the array, cell and module areas over 12 hours and VOCs concentrations were analyzed by the gas chromatography with mass spectrum. Individual information of health examination and lifestyles by self-administrated questionnaire were provided by 155 volunteers. The multivariate regression models were used to evaluate the associations between VOCs exposure, blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension. The four dominant VOCs were ethanol (1870.8 ± 1754.0 ppb), acetone (689.9 ± 587.4 ppb), isopropyl alcohol (177.1 ± 202.3 ppb) and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (98.2 ± 100.8 ppb), which were identified with the highest level in the module area for ethanol and acetone and in the array area for the others. Subjects exposed to a total level of ethanol, cyclohexanone and toluene ≥ 2500 ppb had an increased systolic blood pressure of 5.95 mmHg (95% confidence interval: 0.20–11.71; p = 0.043) compared with those exposed to <2500 ppb. Exposure to mixed VOCs in the indoor environment might be associated with elevated blood pressure among TFT-LCD workers.

Solubility study of lignin in industrial organic solvents and investigation of electrochemical properties of spray-coated solutions

In the present study, six organic solvents that are commonly used in the paint industry (1-butanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-propanol, butyl acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether) were tested for their ability to dissolve two distinct lignins: an industrial kraft lignin (KL) and a pilot-scale organosolv lignin (OL). Among the solvents investigated, 1-methoxy-2 propanol (Dowanol™ PM, DPM) and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (Butyl Carbitol™, BC) demonstrated high degrees of solubility (> 98 wt. % at 25 °C) that were comparable to the commonly used lignin solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Lignin coatings were prepared by spray-coating the new lignin-solvent solutions on iron-phosphated steel, prior to investigation of their subsequent morphological and electrochemical performance characteristics. It was found that KL/DPM coatings demonstrate suitable short-term (1 h, 5% NaCl) anticorrosive characteristics with an increased charge transfer resistance (Rct) compared to the bare steel (1.5 × 105 Ω. cm2cf. 1.9 × 103 Ω. cm2). However, a prolonged (24 h) immersion resulted in a decrease in Rct values (1.1 × 104 Ω. cm2), which may indicate that the lignin coating alone is unable to provide long-term protection under these aggressive conditions.

Measurement and correlation of adsorption equilibria of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate on activated carbon in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide

The adsorption equilibria of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), a major volatile organic compound (VOC) used in the semiconductor industry, on activated carbon were measured in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) at temperatures from 313 K to 353 K and pressures from 10.0 MPa to 20.0 MPa. The amount of adsorbed PGMEA considerably depended on the pressure and temperature conditions in scCO2, which could be explained by the effects of CO2 density and VOC fugacity. The Dubinin–Astakhov (DA) equation has two fitting parameters, interaction energy between adsorbate and adsorbent (EVOC) and saturated adsorption capacity of VOC on adsorbent (W0,VOC), and was used to correlate the measured adsorption equilibria. Correlation by the DA equation was useful for analyzing the adsorption equilibria of PGMEA on activated carbon in scCO2 by considering the affinity of the adsorbate for the adsorbent and competitive adsorption of CO2.

Reactive Pressure-Swing Distillation toward Sustainable Process of Novel Continuous Ultra-High-Purity Electronic-Grade Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate Manufacture

Ultra-high-purity propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) is required as an electronic-grade solvent to meet the stringent requirements of the rapidly developing semiconductor industry. The high demand for ultra-high-purity PGMEA has created the need for an efficient sustainable process for reducing energy consumption as well as satisfying tight waste management regulations. Here, a potentially sustainable and novel process for efficient continuous electronic-grade PGMEA manufacturing is presented. This study covers the extensive design of the novel PGMEA manufacturing process and its intensification from the conceptual level to rigorous simulation. The base case of the proposed PGMEA manufacturing process highlights the feasibility of renewable resource use, single ultra-high-purity PGMEA, nonrequirement of an additional solvent, less waste generation, and reduction in the usage of raw materials. The advanced intensification of PGMEA manufacturing by exploiting reactive pressure-swing distillation achieves total reduction in energy, cost, and CO₂ emissions of approximately 38.65, 35.05, and 36.25%, respectively, compared to the base case with rigorous optimal reactive distillation and pressure-swing distillation. Furthermore, heat integration of intensified case reduced the total heat utility by 47.27%.

Low Loss Photodielectric Materials for 5G HS/HF Applications

Abstract Fifth generation network technology, often referred to as 5G, holds great potential for higher communication speeds, higher data transmission rates and improved connectivity, however, current dielectric materials lack sufficiently low dielectric loss (Df) at desired form factors for next-generation devices. While photoimageable dielectrics will certainly play a role in 5G manufacturing, many of the chemistries that have evolved and are suitable for photodielectrics (aqueous developed and polar solvent developed materials) have a Df that is too high for a 5G devices. Arylalkyl thermoset polymers (ATPs) have long been known for its low dielectric properties and found use in many high frequency applications, especially GaAs devices. An existing ATP photodielectric, CYCLOTENE™ 4000 Series Dielectric is characterized and compared to a newly designed experimental platform herein called 5G-XP-1. The platform developed utilizes new monomer and polymer chemistry to deliver a system capable of low temperature cure within 1 hour between 170–200°C, self-priming adhesion on silicon, copper, silicon nitride and polyimide and low Df at high frequency in a full formulation (<0.005 20–40GHz). 5G-XP-1 is deposited as a spin on photodielectric material but is still capable of achieving a variety of final film thicknesses from 15–25 μm. More importantly the formulation can achieve high aspect ratio imaging with 1:1 AR vias using an i-Line Karl Süss Mask Aligner. Moreover, this photodielectric material can be developed using environmentally-friendly solvents, such as esters like propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA). The new experimental material 5G-XP-1 spin on photodielectric material demonstrates considerable promise for next-generation 5G devices, with future improvements on mechanical properties already in progress.

Designing of low-cost, eco-friendly, and versatile photosensitive composites / inks based on carboxyl-terminated quantum dots and reactive prepolymers in a mixed solvent: Suppression of the coffee-ring strain and aggregation

Today, solution processable quantum dots (QDs) are receiving great attention as photon down converters for various photoluminescent device architectures such as next-generation solid-state lighting (SSL) and micro-light emitting diodes (LEDs). However, fabrication of QDs in commercial applications is still limited due to the lack of suitable QD composites that can address current technical issues such as polymer induced QD aggregation, ring-like deformation (called the coffee-ring effect), and so on. In the present study, carboxyl-terminated QD based composites are proposed as a potential solution. As a ligand molecule for model carboxyl-terminated QDs, 3-mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) was used and MSA-capped QDs (MSA-QDs) showed excellent dispersion properties (up to 70%, by weight) in industrial solvents such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA). For photosensitive composites (e.g., photoresist, ink), photoreactive bisphenol A-based epoxy resins (e.g., SU-8) and cardo-based acrylic resins as binders are studied under co-solvent systems. As a result, the bisphenol A-based composite (e.g., SU-8/MSA-QD composites) were found to exhibit good QD uniformity in the matrix. In addition, corresponding resin-based QD inks are shown to significantly suppress ring-like deformation in droplets when cyclopentanone (CP) is used as co-solvent.

Novel Process Design Combined with Reactive Distillation and Pressure-Swing Distillation for Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate Synthesis

A reactive distillation and pressure-swing distillation combined process (RDPSD) for propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate synthesis is proposed in this study. The energy requirements of RDPSD ...

Process Design Alternatives for Producing Ultra-high-purity Electronic-Grade Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate

Ultra-high-purity propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) is required as a solvent to meet the stringent requirements of the electronic-grade semiconductor industry. Here, a comparative s...