Glycol Monopropyl Research Articles

Coating performance and rheological characteristics of novel soybean oil-based wax emulsions

Aqueous emulsions of soybean oil-based coating materials consist of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol mono- and di-esters of stearic acid (EGMD and PGMD, respectively) and compound emulsions (mixtures of EGMD emulsion with four commercial polymer emulsions) were formulated and tested for paperboard coating. Paper coated with compound emulsions had excellent water resistance and grease resistance. With EGMD accounting for as high as 60% of the emulsion’s solid content, 5-min Cobb value of about 1.0 gsm (gram per square meter) was achieved. Increased number of drawdowns (coating) significantly improved water and grease resistance of the coated papers. With three-drawdown and coat weight of 14.93–23.00 gsm, 5-min Cobb value of less than 2 gsm and oil penetration of less than 2% were achieved. Greater heat exposure during drying resulted in better water resistance. Increasing the drying temperature from 100 to 200 °C for 30 s reduced the 5-min Cobb value of papers coated with PGMD compound emulsions from 34.1 to 1.1 gsm. The addition of cross-linking agent, zinc ammonium carbonate (ZAC), in the emulsions improved water repellency but not grease resistance. The effect of different emulsifiers on coating performance, rheology and stability of W/O and W/O/W PGMD emulsions were also investigated. The yield stress of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) based emulsions (1.61–21.32 Pa) were much higher than those of Tween 80 based emulsions (0.023–0.066 Pa). Both the W/O and W/O/W emulsion had higher viscosity than the compound emulsions. The compound emulsions had comparable surface energy but lower gluability compared to the commercial emulsions.

Propylene glycol mono and di stearates as water in oil emulsifiers for oil-well drilling fluids

The objective of drilling operation is to drill, evaluate and complete a well that will produce oil and/or gas efficiently. The responsibility for performing these functions is held by using drilling mud.The research will focus on the oil base mud system due to the importance of that kind of drilling fluid which helped to address several drilling problems such as formation clays that react, swell or slough after expose to WBFs, increasing down hole temperatures, contaminants, stuck pipe, torque and drag.The research will rely on an economical-low cost prepared emulsifiers that used as W/O emulsifiers for oil base mud instead of the imported emulsifier. The new prepared emulsifiers provide an excellent options with emulsification power for oil-based mud that formulated from diesel oil and water.The nonionic emulsifiers were prepared through the esterification reaction of propylene glycol (1 mol) and stearic acid (1 mol) and/or (2 mol), the products were two oil soluble nonionic emulsifiers with hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) of 3.4 and 2.8 respectively. The chemical structure was confirmed using elemental analysis, FTIR and 1H NMR.The new prepared emulsifiers were evaluated as primary emulsifiers for oil – base mud and the results were compared with the currently used primary emulsifier. The obtained results exhibited interesting rheology properties and shear-thinning behavior, yield value, thixotropy, gel strength and filter loss.

Phase behavior of glycol ether surfactant systems in the presence of brine and hydrocarbon: Experiment and modeling

In this study, liquid–liquid equilibrium measurements were performed for the ternary (water/non-ionic surfactant/decane) systems at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Propylene glycol mono propyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether were selected as surfactant; the first one is propylene glycol ether, while the second one is ethylene glycol ether. New experimental liquid–liquid equilibrium data were presented for the corresponding systems. Effect of salinity and surfactant structure (EO or PO functional group) on the phase behavior of such systems has been studied by both experimental measurements and thermodynamic modeling. The experimental phase behavior data were predicted by the perturbed hard sphere chain (PHSC) equation of state. In the presence of electrolyte, mean spherical approximation (MSA) term has been coupled with the PHSC EoS to account the contribution of long-range interactions. The calculated results indicate acceptable qualitative agreement of PHSC results with the experimental data.

Numerical Simulation of the Odor Spreading in a Factory

Liquid crystal displays (LCD’s) are continuously coated with some chemicals in the clean room of a factory. Spreading of these chemicals is causing serious problems both in controlling clean room quality as well as to the workers inside the factory. It is required to alleviate or properly control the offensive odor which is mainly composed of propylene glycol mono ethyl acetate, novolak resin and photo active compound. The control strategy employed is to bleed the offensive odor gas out the cleanroom. A full scale 3D CFD model was created with anisotropic porous media, chemical species transport with no volumetric reaction, and thermal diffusion with propane gas (tracer gas) to simulate the odor spreading. A segregated implicit solver with standard k-ε model is employed. The detailed CFD analysis made it possible to develop an effective method of ventilating the coater room and optimizing their capacities.

Biodegradation of semiconductor volatile organic compounds by four novel bacterial strains: a kinetic analysis

This study isolated pure microorganisms for further bioreactor applications. Four novel strains of Pseudomonas citronellolis YAIP521, Paracoccus versutus HSAC51, Burkholderia sp. HUEL671, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa JUPG561 were isolated and tested for biodegradation of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), acetone, ethyl lactate (EL), and propylene glycol mono methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), respectively. The maximum biodegradation rates for IPA, acetone, EL, and PGMEA were 5.27, 3.87, 26.86, and 48.93 mg L(-1) h(-1), respectively. The Haldane kinetic parameters determined for these strains when degrading targeted volatile organic compounds were maximum specific growth rate, half-saturation constant, and inhibition constant. The isolated strains have potential application in various bioreactors. The kinetic parameters obtained in this study provide a basis for further bioreactor experiments.

Lyotropic, liquid crystalline nanostructures of aqueous dilutions of SMEDDS revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering: Impact on solubility and drug release

The present study was conducted to characterise the liquid crystalline phases that occur upon diluting a SMEDDS and to elucidate the role of these phases on drug solubilisation and release. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to probe the structures in aqueous dilutions of 3 SMEDDS consisting of propylene glycol mono- and dicaprylate and mono- and dicaprate (PGDCDC) and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS 1000), polysorbate 80 (P80) or polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (P40HC). The scattering patterns revealed the formation of either a random periodic or a lamellar phase when 10% (w/w) water was added. All formulations exhibited lamellar structures at 20% (w/w) aqueous dilution, of which the layer-to-layer distance increased upon further addition of water. At 40% (w/w) water, a hexagonal or lamellar phase was formed, depending on the geometry of the surfactant. Temperature did not alter the phases formed. Incorporation of the drug UC 781 only slightly enlarged the characteristic dimensions of the liquid crystalline phases. Drug solubility decreased upon aqueous dilution, although 10% (w/w) dilutions of PGDCDC-P80 SMEDDS and PGDCDC-TPGS 1000 SMEDDS revealed a highly increased solubility as compared to the pure formulations. Drug release data revealed that UC 781 release could not be linked to the solubilisation capacity of the SMEDDS, but could be associated with the solubility of UC 781 in the phases formed at water concentrations above 10% (w/w).

Development of the Ambroxol Gels for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery

Ambroxol is an expectoration improver and mucolytic agent that has been used to treat acute and chronic disorders. However, ambroxol needs to be administered percutaneously in order to avoid systemic adverse effects, such as headache, drowsiness, dizziness, and insomnia, which can occur after oral administration. The aim of this study was to develop a gel preparation containing a permeation enhancer to enhance the delivery of ambroxol. The ambroxol gels were prepared using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and poloxamer 407. The release characteristics of the drug from the gels were examined according to the receptor medium, drug concentration, and temperature. The rate of drug permeation into the skin was enhanced by incorporating various enhancers such as the ethylene glycols, the propylene glycols, the glycerides, the non-ionic surfactants, and the fatty acids into the gels. The permeation study through mouse skin was examined at 37˚C. The rate of drug release increased with increasing drug concentration and temperature. Among the enhancers used, propylene glycol mono caprylate showed the best enhancing effects. The estimated activation energy of release (Ea), which was calculated from the slope of a log P versus 1000/T plot, was 14.80, 14.22, 13.91, and 12.46 kcal/mol for ambroxol loading doses of 2, 3, 4, and 5%, respectively. The results of this study show that the gel preparation of ambroxol containing a permeation enhancer could be developed for the enhanced transdermal delivery of ambroxol.

Enhanced transdermal delivery of pranoprofen from the bioadhesive gels

Percutaneous delivery of NSAIDs has advantages of avoiding hepatic first pass effect and delivering the drug for extended period of time at a sustained, concentrated level at the inflammation site that mainly acts at the joint and the related regions. To develop the new topical formulations of pranoprofen that have suitable bioadhesion, the gel was formulated using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and poloxamer 407. The effects of temperature on drug release was performed at 32 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C according to drug concentration of 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.12%, 0.16%, and 0.2% (w/w) using synthetic cellulose membrane at 37+/-0.5 degrees C. The increase of temperature showed the increased drug release. The activation energy (Ea), which were calculated from the slope of lop P versus 1000/T plots was 11.22 kcal/ mol for 0.04%, 10.79 kcal/mol for 0.08%, 10.41 kcal/mol for 0.12% and 8.88 kcal/mol for 0.16% loading dose from the pranoprofen gel. To increase the drug permeation, some kinds of penetration enhancers such as the ethylene glycols, the propylene glycols, the glycerides, the non-ionic surfactants and the fatty acids were incorporated in the gel formulation. Among the various enhancers used, propylene glycol mono laurate showed the highest enhancing effects with the enhancement factor of 2.74. The results of this study suggest that development of topical gel formulation of pranoprofen containing an enhancer is feasible.

Densities and relative permittivities of binary mixtures containing dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether

Relative permittivities (e) and densities (ρ) of numerous binary mixtures of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (1)+propylene glycol mono n-butyl ether (2) and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (1)+dipropylene glycol mono n-butyl ether (2) at five temperatures, between (293.15 and 313.15) K, are reported. The excess molar volumes (VE) and the relative permittivity deviations (Δe) were calculated from these experimental data. The results are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions in the bulk of studied the binary mixtures.

Relaxations of Hydrogen-Bonded Liquids Confined in Two-Dimensional Vermiculite Clay

Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (10-2−109 Hz) and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry have been performed to study the molecular dynamics of monomer, dimer, and trimer of propylene glycol mono methyl ether (PGME) confined in a two-dimensional layer-structured Na-vermiculite clay. A slight speeding up of the main α relaxation due to the confinement is observed, while the secondary and more local β relaxation is unaffected by the confinement. It was also found that the fragility increased with increasing Mw in both bulk and confined samples. These effects can be attributed to the network formation via hydrogen bonds. We also found indications for a low-dimensional character of the correlation volume involved in the glass transition of PGME and its oligomers.

Density, relative permittivity and refractive index for propylene glycol mono n-butyl ether + 2-methoxyethanol mixtures

Densities (ρ), relative permittivities (ε) and refractive indexes (n) at five temperatures, between 293.15 and 313.15 K, of binary mixtures of propylene glycol mono n-butyl ether (1) + 2-methoxyethanol (2), are reported. The excess molar volumes (VE ), the relative permittivity and refractive index deviations (Δε and Δn) were calculated from these experimental data. The results are fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation to estimate the binary coefficients and standard errors. Furthermore, the experimental results are used to disclose the nature of binary interactions in the bulk of the binary mixtures studied.

Characterization of the influence of polyol fatty acid esters on the permeation of diclofenac through rat skin

In this study, we investigated the effect of sefsols on the skin to clarify the mechanism of the sefsol enhancement effect. In vitro percutaneous absorption experiments were performed using Franz diffusion cells. Removal of the stratum corneum and delipidization of the skin increased the permeation of diclofenac from aqueous suspension, with the enhancement effects being similar for both treatments. Further enhancement effects of diclofenac permeation by sefsol through the stripped and delipidized skin were not observed. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was employed to investigate the biophysical changes in the stratum corneum lipids by sefsols. One of the sefsols, propylene glycol mono caprylate (S-218), induced higher and broader absorbance shifts in both asymmetric and symmetric C–H bond stretching regions. However, no significant differences were observed among the sefsols with respect to peak heights and areas for both absorbances when compared with H 2O treatment. These results suggest that sefsol may change the lipid-chain fluidity of the stratum corneum without lipid extraction. The accumulated amounts of diclofenac in the skin significantly increased in the presence of sefsol. Also, the amounts of diclofenac in the skin increased with the amount of sefsol in the skin. This sefsol enhancement effect was reversed at 12 h after treatment. Thus, enhancement of the diclofenac flux by sefsols is reversible and may be due to a change in the lipid-chain fluidity of the stratum corneum and improvement in drug partitioning to the stratum corneum.

Evaluation of organic-vapor respirator cartridge efficiency for hexamethylene diisocyanate vapor in the presence of organic solvents.

Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-based polyisocyanates are widely used in formulating polyurethane coatings. These polyisocyanates contain a small amount of HDI monomer and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppb for HDI. Some polyurethane (PU) paint applicators have used air-purifying paint spray respirators with organic vapor cartridges and particulate pre-filters. In this study, the effect of typical paint solvents on the efficiency of organic vapor cartridges (OVC) for HDI vapor was tested. A Teflon-coated polycarbonate exposure chamber was constructed. Three OVCs were simultaneously tested in an atmosphere containing HDI vapor and solvents. The test atmosphere was generated by evaporating a mixture of paint solvents containing n-butyl acetate, propylene glycol mono methyl ether acetate, toluene and methyl ethyl ketone, and neat HDI. The target challenge concentrations were 20 times the TLV for HDI and 10 times the combined TLV for the solvent mixture. The test atmosphere, with 20 or 80 percent relative humidity and at room temperature, was drawn through each cartridge at 32 L/min for 40 hours. However, in the last 8 hours of the test, the atmosphere had only HDI vapor. The pre- and the post-cartridge atmospheres were periodically sampled for HDI and the solvents. The study concluded that under the test conditions there was no detectable breakthrough of HDI from the OVCs. The average calculated efficiency of the OVCs, based on the HDI analytical limit of quantitation, was >99.4 percent for the 40 hours tested. The overall average challenge concentration of HDI was 105 ppb and the average combined solvent concentration was 3,176 mg/m3. The cartridges were saturated with solvents within the first 10 hours of testing; nevertheless, continued challenging with HDI vapor and solvents did not show any HDI breakthrough. Solvent breakthrough and breathing resistance, rather than HDI breakthrough, would be the key parameters in life expectancy calculations for cartridge change out schedules.

Emulsifier/oil system for reduced calorie cakes

AbstractSeveral emulsifiers were tested for their effects on the functionality of white layer cake batters in which plastic shortening was replaced with vegetable oil. The RV‐1 emulsifier, a water dispersion of a mixture of sodium stearoyl lactylate, sorbitan monostearate and polysorbate 60 gave the best results when used in cake batters having the oil (corn oil or canola oil) content reduced as low as 6 or 3% (on flour basis) and sucrose (30%) replaced with either sorbitol or polydextrose. The cakes were comparable in quality with the plastic shortening control. To achieve this comparable quality, the emulsifier was used at 3% on flour basis and at a higher hydration than that of the control. Somewhat lower, but still acceptable, rating was received by cakes prepared with Atlas A. Propylene glycol mono fatty acid Esters (PGME, Atmul P 44 and RV) were found unsuitable for the tested system under the given conditions of formula and procedure.

Anionic-nonionic surfactant interaction by nuclear magnetic resonance

The interaction between anionic (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) surfactant and nonionic (Tri and Tetra propylene glycol monomethyl ether) surfactant was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance measurement. It was observed that the addition of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate to the solution of nonionic surfactant (Tri and Tetra propylene glycol mono methyl ether) caused an upfield shift of the central protons of the nonionic surfactants. The aromatic protons of sodium-dodecyl benzene sulfonate undergo a very small, almost negligible, downfield shift. The changes in the chemical shift values and the integration values of the polypropylene protons and benzene protons was interpreted in terms of mixed micelle formation with the simultaneous presence of highly fluid mixed micelles of varying compositions.

マーガリン, ショートニング中のモノ, ジグリセライドおよびプロピレングライコールモノ脂肪酸エステルの分別定量

A procedure for the quantitative estimation of mono- (MG), diglycerides (DG) and propylene glycol mono fatty acid esters (MP) in margarine and shortening was studied.After the esters was cleaned up by thin layer chromatography, they were estimated individually by programmed temperature gas chromatography. In this procedure cholesterol was added to the sample as internal standard.Samples with known quantities of MG, DG or MP were analyzed, and recoveries of them were about 97-105%.Several commercial samples of margarine and shortening were analyzed by the proposed method, and results obtained as follows: MP was not detected in any sample, but MG and DG were detected in most samples, and quantities of them were different from one another; total quantities of them in margarine were from trace to 2.2mg/100mg, and those in shortening were from trace to 7.1mg/100mg.

A chromatographic method for the analysis of propylene glycol fatty acid esters in shortenings containing mono- and diglycerides.

AbstractA procedure is described for the separation, identification, and quantitative estimation of propylene glycol mono‐ and diesters of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids in shortenings and lard containing mono‐ and diglycerides. Lipid classes are separated on a silicic acid column, and individual esters are estimated by gas chromatography. Analyses of several control mixtures and commercial samples are reported. Recoveries for individual components range from 92 to 105%, and total recoveries range from 96 to 100%.