Propulsion Industry Research Articles

A comparative study based on control system for a pulse detonation engine

Pulse Detonation Engine has been a point of interest in the propulsion industry for some time and the interest has been rising due to its better output and results. But any system can perform its task efficiently based on the efficiency of its control system. In this paper we have presented a comparative study between multiple control systems- one based on Bluetooth technology, the other based on infrared sensor technology and one based on wired electrical system. For the wireless system, the signal received from either of the media is passed to the various sensors and systems connected through an Arduino board that further controls the solenoid valves and ignition system. Primarily, a control system circuit is developed using Arduino board and different sensors to connect the fuel supply and ignition system. In the next stage, Bluetooth sensors are connected using an android app and then an infrared sensor based system is integrated with the Arduino to control the engine and the performance of the two systems are compared. Whereas for wired system, every sub system is controlled through optical wires including the solenoid valves, the injection system and the sensors.

Эффективность преференциального режима для предприятий российской Арк­тики: инструментарий и результаты оценки

The preferential regime for business activities in the Russian Arctic is a new regulatory mechanism that requires monitoring of implementation and evaluation of effectiveness. The issues of the effects of preferential treatment at the enterprise level fail essential study, which complicates the further development of this regulatory instrument. The authors focus their study at developing and testing tools for assessing the effectiveness of the preferential regime at the level of hotel companies, as well as identifying general trends in the implementation of the regulatory mechanism. They reveal that the revenue of resident companies have increased by an average of 4.6 times since receiving the status. In the structure of production factors, there is an increase in the importance of the labor factor in generating revenue for new resident companies and an increase in the importance of the capital factor for old resident companies (opened before 2020). The value of projects of new residents for the development of the local regions may be largely associated with the implementation of the function of the labor market social stabilization. The significance of the projects of “old residents” for the local regions lies in the intensification of the development of propulsion industries and specialization industries.

Reduction of NO[formula omitted] emissions in ammonia combustion using a double-flame premixed co-combustion concept

Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that can be produced from renewable energy sources and has the potential to replace fossil fuels, exerting a significant impact on the decarbonization of power production and propulsion industries. However, the challenge lies in the high NOx emissions, narrow flammability, and low flame speed of ammonia/air mixtures. In this paper, we study a novel concept of double-flame premixed co-combustion (DFPC) of ammonia and methane in a double-swirl premixed combustion burner, which results in low NOx emissions and high flame stabilization. Large eddy simulations using a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism and planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of OH and exhaust gas NO emission measurements are employed to investigate the fundamental mechanisms behind flame/flame interactions and NO emissions. The main findings are: (a) NO emissions can be reduced by 90% using the DFPC concept along with a significant broadening of flammability; (b) the outer methane/air flame stabilizes the inner ammonia flame in the shear layer of the two flames; (c) combustion products and excess oxygen leaked across the shear layer decrease the equivalence ratio of the inner ammonia/air mixture, reducing the NO formation of close-to-stoichiometric ammonia/air flame but increasing the NO formation in the fuel-rich ammonia/air flames; (d) mixing of the combustion products from the inner and outer flames reduces the NO emissions in the flue exhaust gas.

КЛАСТЕРІЗАЦІЯ ТА ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЯ МАЛОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА ЯК ЗАПОРУКА ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЙОГО КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ В ЕКОНОМІЧНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations of clustering and polarization of business entities in the economic space of communities. The article notes that the design of growth poles, and especially growth centers on the scale of the regional (territorial) economy, not only exists, but has also been proven in world practice in countries with different levels of socio-economic development. At the same time, the main result of the implementation of the cluster policy should be to increase the competitiveness of the enterprises participating in the cluster and the economy of the country as a whole. The article examines the meaning of the definitions "competitiveness", "polarized territorial structure", "cluster", etc. In particular, special attention is paid to ensuring the competitiveness of economic entities in the formation of mutual relations with the external environment. Clusters are considered as one of the effective forms of organizing the interaction of geographically interdependent enterprises-suppliers of equipment, specialized production services, infrastructure, logistics centers, research centers, institutions of higher education and other organizations in order to increase the competitiveness of economic entities and territories. The main systemic effects of cluster development, which have a significant impact on the economy of the territorial community, the region and the country, are highlighted separately. The article substantiates that at the center of the development of any polarized territorial structure, in particular, a cluster, there is always a certain industry that is a priority for this locality (territory). In turn, the determination of priority types of economic activity for a separate territory inevitably leads to the activation of the process of concentration of production around the selected industry, that is, polarized development of the territory. The article notes that the following problems may theoretically arise during the formation of new growth poles: the power of the innovative impulse may be directed not to those regions (territories) that need support, but to highly developed ones, to which the propulsive industries of the growth poles naturally gravitate; shortage of financial, labor and other resources may be acute.

Opportunities for the Russian Federation to Borrow from the World Experience of Preferential Regimes

The presence of underdeveloped territories, a large number of backward and depressed regions has a direct impact on the economic security of both the regions themselves and the state as a whole. One of the tools for the development of space, which has proven its effectiveness in the practice of application in the world, are special (free) economic zones. The regimes emerging in their territories are commonly called preferential. Moreover, there are no uniform rules for the development of such formations. Each state, when establishing preferential regimes, is guided by its own national legislation, certain development goals, as well as the use of international experience in the formation of special economic zones. The main purpose of the article is to study the issues of the development of territories with preferential regimes, their impact on the economy of the home countries and the possibility of using world experience in the subjects of the Russian Federation to attract investment, create new jobs with the support of propulsive industries and the spread of innovations arising in these zones to the nearest areas.

Iodine-Based Sensitization of Copper Alloys to Enable Self-Terminating Etching for Support Removal and Surface Improvements of Additively Manufactured Components.

Advances in selective laser melting (SLM) of metals in the past two decades have made metals additive manufacturing more accessible for industrial adoption. Despite printing process improvements, post-processing of SLM components has not improved much, resulting in considerable costs, delay, and design limitations. Building upon recent advances in sensitization-based self-terminating etching processes, this work details a new set iodine-based sensitization and etching chemistries that simplify the post-processing of copper (Cu) alloy components fabricated using SLM. This work demonstrates that iodine can be used to "sensitize" the surface of copper alloy components to form soluble copper iodide salt that can be then dissolved in common solvents, such as acetonitrile. This process removes a predefined amount of material from all interior and exterior surfaces in a self-terminating manner, enabling facile removal of internal and external supports, removal of any trapped powder, and the smoothing of interior and exterior surfaces. We demonstrate this process on GRCop (Cu-chromium-niobium) alloys due to their widespread use by the rocket propulsion industry along with a demonstration in copper (110) for applications in heat exchangers and electromagnetic transmitters/receivers. Our results provide the first systematic study on the effect of iodization temperature and duration on the thickness of the iodide region in GRCop-84 components. Additionally, the surface roughness before and after each iodization-dissolution was also quantified for GRCop-84 and showed 70% reduction in Ra roughness from a high of 10 μm as-printed to a low of 3 μm after four iodization-dissolution cycles.

Investigation of the shear-layer instabilities in supersonic impinging jets using dual-time velocity measurements

Motivated by applications in the propulsion industry, the fundamental study of phase-locked shear-layer instabilities in supersonic impinging jets has been of research interest for long time. While such flows have been experimentally investigated in various research studies using time-unresolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques, the understanding of the shear-layer dynamics is limited, due to the absence of temporal information. Time-resolved PIV measurements for high-speed flows require a large bandwidth, which is challenging to achieve with the current state of technology. An alternate approach using time-unresolved double-PIV measurements is presented in the current study, which provides multiple samples of dual-time data, depicted in figure 1. Such data can be obtained using two co-visual PIV systems, triggered at a user-selectable time-offset, ∆t. As shown by Sikroria et al. (2020), the application of techniques like dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) on time-unresolved dual-time data provides valuable information about the flow structures governing the shear-layer instabilities. The experimental setup for such measurements in supersonic impinging jets, followed by the determination of the relevant dynamical flow structures from the data, will be presented in the conference.

INFLUENCE ON PISTON ENGINE PERFORMANCE BY THE BIOCOMPONENTS AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF NANO MATERIALS

The obviousness of the finiteness of the planet's energy resources makes us constantly concern ourselves with the search for new energy sources and their rational use. The main energy converter is the internal combustion engine and contrary to forecasts, continues to occupy a leading position. Therefore, the issues of improving its working processes, reducing the consumption of mineral fuel, the possibility of using all kinds of alternative fuels and improving the quality of motor fuel continue to be considered throughout the energy world. On the agenda is the dissemination of advances in nanotechnology to the propulsion industry. Improvement of engine performance when using fuel dispersed with nanomaterials of various types is beyond doubt and is used both for pure petroleum and biodiesel and for their mixtures. In the article, against the background of the analysis of studies on the use of alternative biofuels and the introduction of the practice of introducing nanoparticles into petroleum fuel and biofuels as a potential energy carrier to improve the characteristics of toxicity and engine performance, the results of studies of a number of biofuels have been presented. Presented are the results of a study of the performance of a 1Ch 8.5 / 11 diesel engine carried out in the laboratory of IPMash NAS of Ukraine when operating on diesel fuel dispersed with carbon spheroidal nanoadditives of various concentrations, and some comparative results of studies of the indicators of diesel engines with direct injection 2Ch 10.5 / 12 and 4ChN 7.9 / 7.5 ALH, operating on standard and mixed fuels with biocomponents synthesized from rapeseed, sunflower, mustard and corn oils. The thermophysical properties of the fuel (heat of combustion, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, density, kinematic viscosity, convective heat transfer, ignition temperature, cetane number, etc.) undergo significant changes when nanoparticles are introduced into it. The optimal amount of metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, carbon tubes, graphene in mineral, biodiesel or mixed fuel promotes more complete combustion, significantly improves engine performance, and reduces harmful emissions.

Application of Large Eddy Simulation to Predict Underwater Noise of Marine Propulsors. Part 1: Cavitation Dynamics

Marine propulsors are identified as the main contributor to a vessel’s underwater radiated noise as a result of tonal propeller noise and broadband emissions caused by its induced cavitation. To reduce a vessel’s signature, spectral limits are set for the propulsion industry, which can be experimentally obtained for a complete vessel at the full-scale; however, the prediction capability of the sound sources is still rudimentary at best. To adhere to the regulatory demands, more accurate numerical methods for combined turbulence and two-phase modeling for a high-quality prediction of acoustic sources of a propeller are required. Several studies have suggested implicit LES as a capable tool for propeller cavitation simulation. In the presented study, the main objective was the evaluation of the tip and hub vortex cavitating flows with implicit LES focusing on probable sound source representation. Cavitation structures for free-running propeller test cases were compared with experimental measurements. To resolve the structure of the tip vortex accurately, a priory mesh refinement was employed during the simulation in regions of high vorticity. Good visual agreement with the experiments and a fundamental investigation of the tip cavity structure confirmed the capability of the implicit LES for resolving detailed turbulent flow and cavitation structures for free-running propellers.

Application of Large Eddy Simulation to Predict Underwater Noise of Marine Propulsors. Part 2: Noise Generation

Methods to predict underwater acoustics are gaining increased significance, as the propulsion industry is required to confirm noise spectrum limits, for instance in compliance with classification society rules. Propeller–ship interaction is a main contributing factor to the underwater noise emissions by a vessel, demanding improved methods for both hydrodynamic and high-quality noise prediction. Implicit large eddy simulation applying volume-of-fluid phase modeling with the Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model is confirmed to be a capable tool for propeller cavitation simulation in part 1. In this part, the near field sound pressure of the hydrodynamic solution of the finite volume method is examined. The sound level spectra for free-running propeller test cases and pressure pulses on the hull for propellers under behind ship conditions are compared with the experimental measurements. For a propeller-free running case with priory mesh refinement in regions of high vorticity to improve the tip vortex cavity representation, good agreement is reached with respect to the spectral signature. For behind ship cases without additional refinements, partial agreement was achieved for the incompressible hull pressure fluctuations. Thus, meshing strategies require improvements for this approach to be widely applicable in an industrial environment, especially for non-uniform propeller inflow.

Влияние портов Северного морского пути на формирование очаговых зон освоения восточной Арктики

The authors consider propulsive potential of the ports of the eastern section of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and indicate the influence of the NSR on increasing the efficiency of the key zones formation for the development of the Far Eastern Arctic. They base the work methodology on the theory of cumulative growth, in which the ideas of the “growth poles” formation occupy a decisive position. The authors use the grouping methods, logical and comparative analysis. The Rosstat data serves as an information base of the study. It is shown that the state’s activity on the development of the NSR stimulates the development of the North Yakutsk and Chukotka support zones, enhancing the transport and raw materials specialization of the Eastern Arctic as a whole. At the same time, the authorities proceed from the assumption that the development of ports should reduce the costs of trade, increase employment, and have a multiplier effect both on the port system itself and on the sectors of the region interacting with it. The paper substantiates that in the Far Eastern Arctic, the traditional view of ports as the most important infrastructure assets, which are the business and economic center of territorial development, is insufficient for the recognition of transport infrastructure as a propulsion industry. The propulsive effect of the port economy is low and is mainly of an induced nature, when capacities for processing products are created in the port areas, or when the transport infrastructure stimulates the emergence of transport-intensive extractive industries, which is provided in the western part of the NSR. For the development of the North Yakutsk and Chukotka Arctic support zones, the transport infrastructure will be a backbone project that “connects” these regions in an economically sustainable spatial formation — the Far Eastern Arctic. Transport is a necessary but insufficient condition for the emergence and accelerated development of local “growth poles” in the Eastern Arctic.

Impact of the Ports of the Northern Sea Route on the Development of Focal Zones of the Russian Eastern Arctic

An attempt is made in this work to identify the mechanisms of the influence of the ports of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) on increasing the efficiency of the formation of focal zones for the development of the Eastern Arctic. The propulsive potential of the transport infrastructure is considered; the importance of the NSR for the integration of the southern and Arctic regions of the Far East is indicated. The methodology of the work is based on the theory of cumulative growth, in which the ideas of the formation of "growth poles" occupy a decisive position. The work uses methods of grouping, logical and comparative analysis. The information base of the study was the data of Rosstat. It is shown that the state’s activity on the development of the NSR stimulates the development of the North Yakutsk and Chukotka support zones, enhancing the transport and raw materials specialization of the Eastern Arctic as a whole. The paper substantiates that in the Far Eastern Arctic, the traditional view of ports as the most important infrastructure assets, which are the business and economic center of territorial development, is insufficient for the recognition of transport infrastructure as a propulsion industry. Transport is a necessary but insufficient condition for the emergence and accelerated development of local "growth poles" in the Arctic. The propulsive effect of the port economy is low and is mainly of an induced nature, when capacities for product processing are created in the port territories, or when the transport infrastructure stimulates the emergence of transport-intensive extractive industries.

Technology advancements for channel wall nozzle manufacturing in liquid rocket engines

A regeneratively-cooled or dump-cooled nozzle is a critical component for expansion of hot gases to enable high temperature and performance in liquid rocket engines systems. Regeneratively-cooled channel wall nozzles are a design solution used across the propulsion industry as a simplified method to fabricate the nozzle structure with internal coolant passages. The scale and complexity of the channel wall nozzle (CWN) design can be challenging to fabricate which results in extended lead times and higher costs. Some of these challenges include: 1) Unique and high temperature materials, 2) Tight tolerances on large parts during manufacturing and assembly to contain high pressure propellants, 3) Thin-walled features to maintain adequate wall temperatures, and 4) Unique manufacturing process operations and complex tooling. The United States (U.S.) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and U.S. specialty manufacturing vendors are maturing modern fabrication techniques to reduce complexity and decrease costs associated with channel wall nozzle manufacturing technology. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is one of the key technology advancements under evaluation for channel wall nozzles. Much of additive manufacturing for propulsion components has focused on laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), but the scale is not yet feasible for application to large scale nozzles. NASA is evolving directed energy deposition (DED) techniques for nozzles including arc-based deposition, blown powder deposition, and Laser Wire Direct Closeout (LWDC). There are different approaches being considered for fabrication of the nozzle, and each of these DED processes offer unique process steps for rapid fabrication. The arc-based and blown powder deposition techniques are used for the forming of the CWN liner. A variety of materials are being demonstrated including Inconel 625, Haynes 230, JBK-75, and NASA HR-1. The blown powder DED process is also being demonstrated for forming an integral channel nozzle in a single operation in similar materials. The LWDC process is a method for closing out the channels within the liner and forming the structural jacket using a localized laser wire deposition technique. Identical materials mentioned above have been used for this process in addition to bimetallic closeout (C-18150–SS347, and C-18150–Inconel 625). NASA has completed process development, material characterization, and hot-fire testing on a variety of these channel wall nozzle fabrication technique. This publication presents an overview of the various channel wall nozzle manufacturing processes and materials under evaluation including results from the hot-fire testing. Future development and technology focus areas is also discussed relative to channel wall nozzle manufacturing.

Prospective image of the industrial future

World and facts that will structurally organize it, in the future will be much different from a position in which they are nowadays. Dynamics of development is a result of rapid events and implementation of change. If technology generates a change, a question of survival of functioning and controlling mechanisms for managing businesses in past is being imposed. Chain reaction will show as necessary. The new information will represent the basic of decision of predictive character. The laws of construction and functioning of cybernetic systems are supported. Evolutionary economy [1] and digital Darwinism will mark, from a historical aspect, the content of work and communication. If the natural systems came to be in a spontaneous order, the social organizations are constructed, which especially stands for enterprise, that is set to be efficient and useful creation and whose shaping and management is based solely on a rational behaviour, which means a goal-oriented business direction. In accordance with the topic, the industrial policies, dying industries, propulsive industries in making, occurring technologies will be evaluated that are characterized by AI as well as tendencies of the evolutionary character and digital Darwinism. The result of work should represent the whole model and partial models of industry of the future. IT and communication process (networking) create a symbiosis and that will be a necessity for functioning the organizational systems

“Propulsive Industries” of the Regions of Russia’s Western Borderland under of Geopolitical Turbulence

“Propulsive Industries” of the Regions of Russia’s Western Borderland under of Geopolitical Turbulence

The development of the agro-industrial complex of transboundary regions within the territory of Greater Altai

In this article, the subject of the research is the prospects of integration relations in the border region of Russia based on the concept of polarized development of the territories. In particular, we focus on the Altai Krai with the adjacent territories of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Our analysis of the existing prerequisites and the current state of the integration processes, as well as the specifics of the development of the regions, shows the possibility of using the agriculture sector as a propulsion industry. More than that, an algorithm for creating a cross-border development axis was proposed.

Hydrogen Peroxide as a High Energy Compound Optimal for Propulsive Applications

This paper presents the authors' experience in the field of the safe preparation and utilisation of HTP (98%+), a storable propellant that is finding use in various engineering applications. Brief characterisations of the material as well as examples of its potential use within relevant industries are provided. Additionally, some of the existing data and current research are included to demonstrate the full potential of this material which meets most of the needs of the propulsion industry. The laboratory technique for obtaining the substance that has been developed recently at the Institute of Aviation is briefly described. Utilisation of the method based on a special glass apparatus allows reproducible amounts of the substance to be obtained with relatively little risk.

Economic growth in EU from sectoral imbalances point of view

Imbalances are opposite to sustainability. Following this postulate, this article is aimed at analysing an impact of sectoral imbalances on economic growth in case of EU economies. The basic theoretical background for this empirical analysis is the study provided by Novak (2007, 2008, 2009) on real convergence between old and new EU–member states, and also empirical research provided by Stubelj and Dolenc (2013) and Laporsek and Stubelj (2012). If we sum up the basic findings for EU8 and EU15 economies, we recognise obvious differences, where we especially draw attention to the fact that EU8 economies face the significant impact of production factors reallocation between propulsive and degressive industries, while in the case of EU15 economies we are not able to accept the same conclusion.

The Formation of the Propulsive Industries of Economic Development Acting as the Growth Poles of Regions

Abstract Sci***entific and practi**cal provisions for the formation of the propulsive industries of economic development acting as the growth poles of regions are developed in the article. An analytical review of the theories of Russian and foreign authors concerning the formation of growth poles is carried out; the growth poles theory is adapted to the conditions of a particular region. Methodical principles of the formation of the ‘growth poles’ of the region are developed on the basis of the proposed system of indicators characterizing the industries as propulsive, taking into account the factors of leadership and the factors creating additional effect; On the basis of the qualitative and quantitative methods of regional economy management, the components of the ‘spontaneous’ and ‘planned’ efficiency of the growth poles functioning have been identified.

Comparative Assessment of Two Thermodynamic Cycles of an aero-derivative Marine Gas Turbine

This paper explores the gas turbine potentials that are fully enhanced by the use of intercooling and thermal recuperation as an engineering option available in the design of gas turbines and offered for marine applications. It examines the off-design performance of two different cycle designs of a 25MW aero-derivative engine by modelling and simulating each of them to operate under conditions other than those of their design point. The simple cycle model consists of a single-spool dual shaft layout while the advanced model is represented by an intercooled-recuperated cycle that runs on a dual-spool and is driven through a three shaft configuration. In each case, the output shaft is coupled to a power turbine through which the propulsion power may be transmitted to the propeller of the vessel to operate in a virtual marine environment. An off-design performance simulation of both engines has been conducted in order to investigate and compare the effect of ambient temperature variation during their part-load operation and particularly when subjected to a variety of marine operating conditions. The study assesses the techno-economic impact of the complex design of the advanced cycle over its simple cycle counterpart and demonstrates its potential for improved operating cost through reduced fuel consumption as a significant step in the current drive for establishing the marine gas turbine engine as a viable alternative to traditional prime movers in the ship propulsion industry.