Proposed Shear Wall Research Articles

Buckling-restrained behavior of woven steel strip shear walls: Experiment and numerical simulation

A novel woven Buckling-Restrained Steel Strip Shear Wall (WBR-SSSW) is proposed for low and medium-rise buildings in this study. The proposed shear wall, comprising inclined arrangements of steel strips with varying dimensions, is categorized into compression and tension steel strips under horizontal loads. By weaving the steel strips, the out-of-plane buckling deformation of the compression strips is significantly alleviated. Cyclic tests were carried out on two 1/3-scaled single-story single-span SSSW specimens to investigate the seismic behavior of woven and non-woven SSSW. Finite element models of two types of SSSW were established and validated by test results. The results showed that the WBR-SSSW exhibited a distinct stress transfer path and stable bearing capacity, with the tension steel strip bearing the majority of the shear load. Compared to specimen SSSW, the WBR-SSSW reduced out-of-plane displacement by over 35 % at each loading level. Parametric analysis of the thickness, number, and width-to-spacing ratios of the steel strips was conducted to optimize the woven-net size. Additionally, a simplified theoretical model for WBR-SSSW was developed, showing good accuracy compared to finite element results, which can be used to estimate the structural shear bearing capacity.

Numerical Study on the Seismic Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls with Steel Sheathing and Gypsum Board.

The cold-formed steel shear wall with steel sheathing has gained increasing popularity due to its excellent shear capacity. To extend the applicability of this system to multi-story residences, aside from experimental investigations on the shear walls, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive study on the seismic performance of buildings. In this paper, numerical simulations were conducted on specimens subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. Subsequently, seismic analysis of mid-rise building models was also carried out to investigate the influence of the proposed shear wall on building seismic performance. The research findings indicate that this study's modeling method can effectively simulate the shear performance of the proposed shear wall under monotonic and cyclic loading. In addition, the proposed shear wall significantly enhances the structural stiffness and improves the seismic performance of the structure under seismic action.

Experimental and numerical investigation of a new type of steel plate shear wall with diagonal tension field guiding stiffeners

A novel type of steel plate shear wall for withstanding lateral forces was proposed. Inclined stiffeners (acting as tension field guiding stiffeners) were added at the corners of the shear wall and a middle link beam was created, similar to the eccentrically braced frames (EBF). Therefore, upon adding diagonal members to the shear wall, the system resembled a combination of a steel plate shear wall system with an EBF system.To study the cyclic performance of the system equipped with the guiding stiffeners, a scaled specimen of the shear wall was made and subjected to cyclic loading. Finite element model of the wall was simulated and validated using the corresponding laboratory data. Then, a comparison between the proposed shear wall and the corresponding unstiffened steel plate shear wall was made. In the proposed system, the guiding stiffeners can alter the pattern of the tension field, pushing away the plastic strains from the column face toward the link beam. This helps the columns and connections remain intact. As a result, the system failure mechanism includes two-stage ductile fuses, including the steel plate yielding in tension, and flexural stresses or shear plastic hinges at the link beam ends. Compared to the unstiffened steel shear wall, the fuses help dissipate more energy in the proposed shear wall. In general, diagonal tension field guiding stiffeners can enhance the lateral force capacity, ductility, energy absorption, and stiffness of the system simultaneously.

Experimental and numerical study on seismic behavior of prestressed concrete composite shear wall

In this study, a novel type of prestressed concrete composite shear wall is proposed. The proposed shear wall consists of two precast prestressed concrete slabs with steel trusses and in-filled concrete. The thickness of this precast slab was reduced to 35 mm, and the weight was correspondingly reduced. The prestressed steel in the precast slab acted as horizontal steel in the composite shear wall, thereby improving the shear resistance of the composite shear wall. Four prestressed concrete composite shear walls and one cast-in-situ shear wall were tested under cyclic loading to study the seismic behavior. The seismic behaviors, including failure modes, hysteretic curves, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation, are analyzed and compared. The effect of the type of boundary element on the composite shear wall was also examined. The test results revealed that the composite shear walls had almost the same seismic performance as the cast-in-situ shear wall. Compared with the cast-in-situ shear wall, the energy dissipation capacity of the composite shear wall was enhanced. The horizontal prestressed steel in the composite shear wall reduced diagonal crack propagation. Among the prestressed concrete composite shear walls, specimen PW1, whose boundary elements were completely cast-in-situ, exhibited better seismic performance. To investigate the effects of the axial compression ratio and initial prestress level on the seismic performance of the composite shear wall, a finite element model was established for the cast-in-situ shear wall and prestressed concrete composite shear wall. The analysis results indicated that under a high axial compression ratio, the bearing capacity and ductility of the composite shear wall were higher than those of the cast-in-situ shear wall. Under a higher axial compression ratio, the ductility of the composite shear wall improved as the initial prestress increased. Above all, the proposed prestressed concrete composite shear wall is suitable for practical projects.

Seismic behavior of prefabricated concrete filled steel tube-bordered monolayer reinforced shear wall

This paper proposes a new prefabricated concrete filled steel tube-bordered monolayer reinforced shear wall structure, which is composed of concrete filled steel tube borders and reinforced concrete wallboard. The shear wall can be assembled conveniently by connecting with the beams of the main frame via high-strength bolts, and it can resist horizontal earthquake forces with the frame. Six shear wall specimens were designed and tested under lateral cyclic loads. The effects of the axial compression ratio and rebar support on the seismic performance were analyzed. The test results indicated that the concrete filled steel tube borders and the concrete wallboard work well with each other. The peak load of each specimen increased with increasing axial compression ratio. With rebar support in the wallboard, the peak load, initial stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens increased. In addition, the deformation capacity of the proposed shear wall structure can meet the requirement of the elastic–plastic interstory drift ratio (1/100) of seismic design in practical engineering. A finite element method analysis was conducted, and the simulation results showed good agreement with the test results. Finally, based on the test and finite element simulation results, a calculation model of the normal section was proposed to predict the bearing capacity of the structures, which was verified by the small errors with calculation results.

Experimental and numerical investigation of assembled multi-grid corrugated steel plate shear walls

The aim of this study is to develop an assembled multi-grid corrugated steel plate shear wall (CoSPSW), which can significantly increase the out-of-plane pre-buckling stiffness and be suitable for factory standardization. The proposed shear wall comprises several corrugated steel plates which are embedded in small grids enclosed by the longitudinal- and transverse-connecting stiffeners, frame beams and columns. To verify the seismic behaviour of the multi-grid CoSPSW, three 1:3 scale-specimen quasi-static cyclic tests were performed and demonstrated that the multi-grid CoSPSW can sustain a better energy dissipation capacity. Numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the seismic behaviour and the parameter optimization of the proposed shear wall. Based on the validated finite element model, parametric studies included the effects of the corrugated profile, corrugated steel plate layouts (vertical, transverse, and 45° oblique corrugated), and connecting stiffener parameters, which revealed the trapezoidal corrugated steel plate and the horizontal and vertical layouts in the small grids showed a higher buckling capacity and initial lateral stiffness. Both of the experimental results and the numerical analysis showed that the energy dissipation capacity and out-of-plane stiffness of the multi-grid CoSPSW was further improved compared to the ordinary CoSPSW by setting the longitudinal- and transverse-connecting stiffeners.

Research on the specially-shaped corrugated steel plate shear walls with horizontal corrugation

A specially shaped corrugated steel shear wall (S-CSSW) system was proposed for the application of steel residential buildings. The proposed shear wall system featured a main shear wall with small section concrete filled steel tube (CFST) boundary columns and horizontally corrugated shear plates and side short pier CSSWs in the perpendicular direction. Quasi-static cyclic tests were performed on the S-CSSWs with and without reinforcing beams to investigate the shear strength, failure modes and hysteretic responses. Finite element simulations were introduced to further study the shear bearing mechanisms of S-CSSWs for a comparison with traditional flat plate shear walls with similar wall configurations. An additional parametric simulation was performed to investigate the influence of the corrugated plate width on failure modes. Results indicated that the proposed S-CSSWs possessed good ductility. Compared with the flat plate shear walls, the proposed shear walls had higher initial stiffness and elastic shear strength. The width of the corrugated shear panels was an important factor influencing the failure modes and lateral bearing abilities and needed to be carefully controlled to avoid early buckling occurring ahead of the shear yielding mode. Some design remarks are concluded regarding the design of the corrugated shear panels and stiffening beams.

Experimental study on seismic performance of shear wall with precast concrete hollow molds

AbstractA new type of connection between shear walls is proposed for the shear wall with precast concrete hollow molds (PCHM). The overlapping reinforcements are inserted into the PCHM before pouring concrete into the hollow in this method. Full‐scale test specimens are tested under low cyclic loading test to analyze their seismic performance, such as failure modes, hysteretic characters, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and ductility. For the precast specimen, although the penetrating crack appears at the horizontal connection, there is no large slippage leading to anchorage failure and disengagement of interfaces. Generally, compared with cast‐in‐situ shear walls, shear walls with PCHM have no large difference in bearing capacity, failure mode, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation and ductility. Therefore, the proposed shear wall with the new type of connection method is worth popularizing and utilizing in practical engineering projects with similar design procedure to cast‐in‐situ structures.

Seismic behavior of concrete shear walls with bolted end-plate DfD connections

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the seismic behavior of newly developed concrete shear walls with the bolted end-plate design for deconstruction (DfD) connections, with the aim of applying reused structural components to mid-rise buildings. This DfD connection was characterized by pre-buried end-plates and welding shear studs. The proper design was proposed to facilitate the application for future deconstruction and reconstruction. Four concrete shear walls with different aspect ratios were designed and tested according to a cyclic loading test to evaluate the seismic behavior. The principle of reuse and recycle were firstly both applied to concrete structures in the domain of this research. It can be found that the existence of the proposed DfD connection changed the cracking pattern and failure modes of the concrete shear wall. The interface between the DfD connection and the concrete wall turned to be the weak part of the whole structure. Moreover, the proposed DfD connection had a limited effect on the load bearing and transferring mode for the slender shear wall, while significantly changed the load resistance of the squat shear wall. The disassembly and assembly for the proposed shear wall with DfD connections were calibrated during the test process, proving that deconstruction and reconstruction purpose for this shear wall can be achieved.

Experimental study on seismic behavior of shear wall with fiber reinforced polymer concrete

In order to improve the seismic performance of common concrete shear wall with concealed bracings, fiber reinforced polymer modified concrete instead of ordinary concrete was applied to the shear wall as described in this paper. In this paper, the experimental study on the seismic performance of two different types of shear walls under cyclic loading was carried out, and also the failure characteristics, bearing capacity, ductility, hysteretic curve, stiffness attenuation and energy dissipation performance of the proposed shear wall were analyzed systematically. The test results show that the seismic performance of fiber-reinforced polymer modified concrete shear wall is significantly improved because its the damping ratio, deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity are greatly improved compared with ordinary concrete shear wall with concealed bracings, which ensures its better stiffness stability in the later stage.

Nonlinear Finite Element Modeling of Novel Partially Connected Buckling-Restrained Steel Plate Shear Walls

It has been demonstrated that the buckling-restrained steel plate shear wall (SPSW) is an efficient and economic lateral load-resisting system exhibiting high performance on initial stiffness, ductility, shear resistance, and energy dissipation capacity. In present study, a novel partially connected buckling-restrained SPSW is presented to reduce the stiffness requirement for the vertical boundary elements. Meanwhile, nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis is performed to evaluate the behavior of the proposed shear wall system so that a large expense of conducting additional test can be saved. The experimental results from the literature and the test conducted by the authors are used to establish the validation of FE models. Based on the validated FE models, a further extensive parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of initial imperfection, stiffness of boundary elements, slenderness ratio (Height/Thickness) of the infill panel, aspect ratio (Height/Width) of the infill panel, RC cover panel thickness and bolt spacing on the behavior of the partially connected buckling-restrained SPSW.

Seismic behavior of composite shear walls incorporating concrete-filled steel and FRP tubes as boundary elements

A new form of a composite shear wall consisting of a reinforced concrete (RC) wall web and two boundary columns, in the form of square concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) incorporating a carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP)–confined concrete core, is proposed in this study. To evaluate its seismic performance, the proposed shear wall was tested under constant axial compression force and lateral cyclic loading. Three additional shear walls with different boundary column configurations were also tested: (i) an ordinary shear wall, (ii) a shear wall with CFST boundary columns, and (iii) a shear wall with double-skin CFST boundary columns. The failure mode, load-bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, stiffness degradation, strength degradation, and deformation mode of the four shear walls were thoroughly examined and compared. The results show that the deformation of the proposed shear wall was dominated by bending and that the distribution of axial strain generally satisfied the plane section assumption. The results also show that the seismic performance of the proposed shear wall was superior to that of the ordinary shear wall and the shear wall with CFST boundary columns. The proposed shear wall had the similar load-bearing capacity as the shear wall with double-skin CFST columns, but it had better ductility and larger dissipation capacity. This pilot study demonstrates that the composite shear wall has good potential for improving the performance of buildings constructed in seismic regions.

Testing and numerical analysis on cold-formed steel shear walls using corrugated steel sheathing

Cold-formed steel framed shear wall sheathed with corrugated steel sheets is a promising shear wall system for low- and mid-rise constructions at high wind and seismic zones due to its advantages of non-combustibility, high shear strength, and high shear stiffness. Monotonic and cyclic tests on full-scale wall assemblies using corrugated steel sheathing was conducted. To investigate the effect of vertical/gravity loading, shear wall specimens were tested under two different loading conditions: lateral loading, and a combined lateral and vertical/gravity loading. The test results are presented and discussed in this paper. Besides, finite element model of the proposed shear wall was created in Abaqus software. The validity of the numerical model was verified based on the test results. A series of parametric analysis were conducted, including the thickness of framing members, the cross section of stud members, yield strength of the frame members, stud spacing, and the influence of gravity loads. The detailed modeling information, relevant parametric analysis and recommendations for practical application of this type of shear resisting system are also presented.

Panel action of novel partially connected buckling-restrained steel plate shear walls

A novel partially connected buckling-restrained steel plate shear wall as a robust and effective lateral load-resisting system is proposed in this paper. The influence of the superposition of the tension field and the high-order buckling deformation of the inner steel plate which is called “panel action” on the behavior of the new system is investigated. A modified method considering the effect of the panel action is developed to determine the minimum stiffness requirements of the vertical boundary elements so that the tension field will fairly uniformly form in the diagonal area. In addition, the nonlinear finite element method is adopted to carry out the push-over analysis to evaluate the effect of the initial imperfection on the behavior of the proposed shear wall. Meanwhile, based on the FE models validated using the available test data, an extensive parametric study is also performed to examine the effect of a change in the second moment of area of VBEs on the behavior of the novel shear wall. Finally, the FE results are compared with that predicted by the proposed method and a reasonable agreement is generally achieved between them.

Experimental and Theoretical Studies On High-Rise Building Structure With New Special-Shaped Shear Walls

On the basis of concept design that involves both structural and architectural performance, this paper puts forward a new reinforced concrete high-rise building structure with a new special-shaped shear walls, presents an experimental study of the seismic performance of the new special-shaped shear walls under low reversed cyclic loading using MTS electro hydraulic servo system. Compared with experimental results, a finite element analysis on this special-shaped shear wall structure, which considers the nonlinearity of concrete structure, is found suitable. It shows that the experimental results fairly confirms to the calculated values, which indicates that this new structure has advantages as good architectural function, big effective space, high overall lateral stiffness, fine ductility, advanced seismic behavior, etc.. That is, the close agreement between the theoretical and experimental results indicates the proposed shear wall structure has wide applications.

Structural Behavior of a Steel Grid Shear Wall Subjected to Combined Axial and Cyclic Lateral Loads

The effects of earthquakes can be devastating especially to existing structures that are not based on earthquake resistant design. This study proposes a steel grid shear wall that can provide a sufficient lateral resistance and can be used as a seismic retrofit method. An experiment was performed on reinforced concrete (RC) frames with and without the steel grid shear wall proposed in this study. These frame specimens were subjected to combined axial and cyclic lateral loads that were applied by using two actuators with a maximum capacity of 500 kN and a single actuator with a maximum capacity of 2,000 kN, respectively. The experimental results showed that the RC frame specimen with the proposed shear wall retained high lateral strength and ductility.