Proposed Segmentation Approach Research Articles

PointNu-Net: Keypoint-Assisted Convolutional Neural Network for Simultaneous Multi-Tissue Histology Nuclei Segmentation and Classification

Automatic nuclei segmentation and classification play a vital role in digital pathology. However, previous works are mostly built on data with limited diversity and small sizes, making the results questionable or misleading in actual downstream tasks. In this article, we aim to build a reliable and robust method capable of dealing with data from the ‘the clinical wild’. Specifically, we study and design a new method to simultaneously detect, segment, and classify nuclei from Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained histopathology data, and evaluate our approach using the recent largest dataset: PanNuke. We address the detection and classification of each nuclei as a novel semantic keypoint estimation problem to determine the center point of each nuclei. Next, the corresponding class-agnostic masks for nuclei center points are obtained using dynamic instance segmentation. Meanwhile, we proposed a novel Joint Pyramid Fusion Module (JPFM) to model the cross-scale dependencies, thus enhancing the local feature for better nuclei detection and classification. By decoupling two simultaneous challenging tasks and taking advantage of JPFM, our method can benefit from class-aware detection and class-agnostic segmentation, thus leading to a significant performance boost. We demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed approach for nuclei segmentation and classification across 19 different tissue types, delivering new benchmark results.

Transformer based 3D semantic segmentation of urban bicycle infrastructure

ABSTRACT This work investigates Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation (PCSS) to detect bicycle paths from 3D point cloud data of bicycle-mounted LiDARs. For the task of PCSS, an existing Convolutional Neural Network architecture (CNN) is first pre-trained on the Semantic KITTI data set, an important data set for PCSS in LiDAR scans of driving situations. Furthermore, a new, semantically-labelled 3D LiDAR data set, the Salzburg Bicycle LiDAR Data Set (SBLD), is presented, which consists of 16,008 point clouds recorded by a ROS2-enabled sensor bicycle with five 3D LiDARs covering every direction. After fine-tuning the CNN on the SBLD train set, the segmentation performance is evaluated on the SBLD test set. The CNN shows promising results in recognising bike paths, vegetation, terrain and buildings in the SBLD. To further push the segmentation performance, the existing CNN is enhanced with self-attention blocks. The evaluation of this enhanced architecture shows a performance gain of 2.79% points compared to the original architecture. The proposed segmentation approach shows practical potential for detecting bike paths. The SBLD is provided to the scientific community to further drive research in the field of sensor bicycles.

An Advanced Segmentation Approach to Piecewise Regression Models

Two problems concerning detecting change-points in linear regression models are considered. One involves discontinuous jumps in a regression model and the other involves regression lines connected at unknown places. Significant literature has been developed for estimating piecewise regression models because of their broad range of applications. The segmented (SEG) regression method with an R package has been employed by many researchers since it is easy to use, converges fast, and produces sufficient estimates. The SEG method allows for multiple change-points but is restricted to continuous models. Such a restriction really limits the practical applications of SEG when it comes to discontinuous jumps encountered in real change-point problems very often. In this paper, we propose a piecewise regression model, allowing for discontinuous jumps, connected lines, or the occurrences of jumps and connected change-points in a single model. The proposed segmentation approach can derive the estimates of jump points, connected change-points, and regression parameters simultaneously, allowing for multiple change-points. The initializations of the proposed algorithm and the decision on the number of segments are discussed. Experimental results and comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. Several real examples from diverse areas illustrate the practicability of the new method.

DETECTION AND GRADING OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN RETINAL FUNDUS IMAGE USING SPIKING NEURAL NETWORK

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the world's most significant difficulties of diabetes identified with eye illness which happens when veins in the retina become swollen and release liquid which at last prompts vision misfortune. Early discovery of DR can anticipate the harm to the retina and vision misfortune or at least moderate its movement. The main objective of the proposed work is to detect the severity of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) in the retinal fundus image using the spiking neural network. In this process, the retinal fundus images are collected from the STARE database. The data are pre-processed using the Wiener filter to extract the green channel and remove the noise. Then the Histogram equalization technique is used to enhance the contrast of the fundus image. DR is analyzed by separating blood vessels, veins, optic plates, and exudates from retinal fundus images by using mathematical morphology and finally a Prediction Spiking Neural Network(SNN) classifier and RG-based segmentation approach is implemented to segment the normal and DR from the fundus image. The performance of this segmentation approach is executed for different DR datasets and the outcomes demonstrate that; the proposed segmentation approach produces 96% accuracy for the detection of DR when stood out from different existing strategies. Key Words: Diabetic retinopathy, retinal fundus image, Histogram equalization, Spiking Neural Network, RG- based segmentation.

Personality Segmentation for Optimal Health Care: A Review and Proposed Segmentation Approach

Personality Segmentation for Optimal Health Care: A Review and Proposed Segmentation Approach

A deep learning approach for automatic tumor delineation in stereotactic radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer using diagnostic PET-CT and planning CT.

Accurate delineation of tumor targets is crucial for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aims to develop a deep learning-based segmentation approach to accurately and efficiently delineate NSCLC targets using diagnostic PET-CT and SBRT planning CT (pCT). The diagnostic PET was registered to pCT using the transform matrix from registering diagnostic CT to the pCT. We proposed a 3D-UNet-based segmentation method to segment NSCLC tumor targets on dual-modality PET-pCT images. This network contained squeeze-and-excitation and Residual blocks in each convolutional block to perform dynamic channel-wise feature recalibration. Furthermore, up-sampling paths were added to supplement low-resolution features to the model and also to compute the overall loss function. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC), precision, recall, and the average symmetric surface distances were used to assess the performance of the proposed approach on 86 pairs of diagnostic PET and pCT images. The proposed model using dual-modality images was compared with both conventional 3D-UNet architecture and single-modality image input. The average DSC of the proposed model with both PET and pCT images was 0.844, compared to 0.795 and 0.827, when using 3D-UNet and nnUnet. It also outperformed using either pCT or PET alone with the same network, which had DSC of 0.823 and 0.732, respectively. Therefore, our proposed segmentation approach is able to outperform the current 3D-UNet network with diagnostic PET and pCT images. The integration of two image modalities helps improve segmentation accuracy.

Methodology for quantitative evaluation of mandibular condyles motion symmetricity from real-time MRI in the axial plane

Diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders is currently based on clinical examination and static MRI. Real-time MRI enables tracking of condylar motion and, thus, evaluation of their motion symmetricity (which could be associated with temporomandibular joint disorders). The purpose of this work is to propose an acquisition protocol, an image processing approach, and a set of parameters enabling objective assessment of motion asymmetry; to check the reliability and find the limitations of the approach, and to verify if the automatically calculated parameters are associated with the motion symmetricity. A rapid radial FLASH sequence was used to acquire a dynamic set of axial images for 10 subjects. One more subject was involved to estimate the dependence of the motion parameters on the slice placement. The images were segmented with a semi-automatic approach based on U-Net convolutional neural network, and the condyles’ mass centers were projected on the mid-sagittal axis. Resulting projection curves were used for the extraction of various motion parameters including latency, velocity peak delay, and maximal displacement between the right and the left condyle. These automatically calculated parameters were compared with the physicians’ scores. The proposed segmentation approach allowed a reliable center of mass tracking. Latency and velocity peak delay were found to be invariant to the slice position, and maximal displacement difference considerably varied. The automatically calculated parameters demonstrated a significant correlation with the experts’ scores. The proposed acquisition and data processing protocol enables the automatizable extraction of quantitative parameters that characterize the symmetricity of condylar motion

Open-source, fully-automated hybrid cardiac substructure segmentation: development and optimisation

Radiotherapy for thoracic and breast tumours is associated with a range of cardiotoxicities. Emerging evidence suggests cardiac substructure doses may be more predictive of specific outcomes, however, quantitative data necessary to develop clinical planning constraints is lacking. Retrospective analysis of patient data is required, which relies on accurate segmentation of cardiac substructures. In this study, a novel model was designed to deliver reliable, accurate, and anatomically consistent segmentation of 18 cardiac substructures on computed tomography (CT) scans. Thirty manually contoured CT scans were included. The proposed multi-stage method leverages deep learning (DL), multi-atlas mapping, and geometric modelling to automatically segment the whole heart, cardiac chambers, great vessels, heart valves, coronary arteries, and conduction nodes. Segmentation performance was evaluated using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), mean distance to agreement (MDA), Hausdorff distance (HD), and volume ratio. Performance was reliable, with no errors observed and acceptable variation in accuracy between cases, including in challenging cases with imaging artefacts and atypical patient anatomy. The median DSC range was 0.81–0.93 for whole heart and cardiac chambers, 0.43–0.76 for great vessels and conduction nodes, and 0.22–0.53 for heart valves. For all structures the median MDA was below 6 mm, median HD ranged 7.7–19.7 mm, and median volume ratio was close to one (0.95–1.49) for all structures except the left main coronary artery (2.07). The fully automatic algorithm takes between 9 and 23 min per case. The proposed fully-automatic method accurately delineates cardiac substructures on radiotherapy planning CT scans. Robust and anatomically consistent segmentations, particularly for smaller structures, represents a major advantage of the proposed segmentation approach. The open-source software will facilitate more precise evaluation of cardiac doses and risks from available clinical datasets.Graphical abstract

Improving myocardial pathology segmentation with U-Net++ and EfficientSeg from multi-sequence cardiac magnetic resonance images

Background:Myocardial pathology segmentation plays an utmost role in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). However, manual segmentation is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and requires a lot of professional knowledge and clinical experience. Methods:In this work, we develop an automatic and accurate coarse-to-fine myocardial pathology segmentation framework based on the U-Net++ and EfficientSeg model. The U-Net++ network with deep supervision is first applied to delineate the cardiac structures from the multi-sequence cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images to generate a coarse segmentation map. Then the coarse segmentation map together with the three-sequence CMR data is sent to the EfficientSeg-B1 for fine segmentation, that is, further segmentation of myocardial scar and edema areas. In addition, we apply the Focal loss to replace the original cross-entropy term, for the purpose of encouraging the model to pay more attention to the pathological areas. Results:The proposed segmentation approach is tested on the public Myocardial Pathology Segmentation Challenge (MyoPS 2020) dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that our solution achieves an average Dice score of 0.7148 ± 0.2213 for scar, an average Dice score of 0.7439 ± 0.1011 for edema + scar, and the final average score of 0.7294 on the overall 20 testing sets, all of which have outperformed the first place method in the competition. Moreover, extensive ablation experiments are performed, which shows that the two-stage strategy with Focal loss greatly improves the segmentation quality of pathological areas. Conclusion:Given its effectiveness and superiority, our method can further facilitate myocardial pathology segmentation in medical practice.

Service design in healthcare: a segmentation-based approach

PurposeThe study aims to explore how segmentation as a methodology can be adapted to the healthcare context to provide a more nuanced understanding of the served population and to facilitate the design of patient-centric services.Design/methodology/approachThe study was based on a collaborative project with a national healthcare organization following the principles of action design research. The study describes the quantitative segmentation performed during the project, followed by a qualitative interview study of how segments correspond with patient behaviors in an actual healthcare setting, and service design workshops facilitated by segments. A number of design principles are outlined based on the learnings of the project.FindingsThe segmentation approach increased understanding of patient variability within the service provider organization and was considered an effective foundation for modular service design. Patient characteristics and life circumstances were related to specific patterns of health behaviors, such as avoidance or passivity, or a persistent proactivity. These patterns influenced the patients' preferred value co-creation role and what type of support patients sought from the care provider.Practical implicationsThe proposed segmentation approach is immediately generalizable to further healthcare contexts and similar services: improved understanding of patients, vulnerable patients in particular, improves the fit and inclusivity of services.Originality/valueThe segmentation approach to service design was demonstrated to be effective in a large-scale context. The approach allows service providers to design service options that improve the fit with individual patients' needs for support and autonomy. The results illuminate how patient characteristics influence health and value co-creation behaviors.

An interactive dual-branch network for hard palate segmentation of the oral cavity from CBCT images

Automatic and accurate segmentation of the hard palate from Cone Beam and Computed Tomography (CBCT) images is a fundamental task for the insertion of orthodontic mini-implants. U-Net and its variants fail to handle it well when facing the hard palate with diversity of shape. Further, hard palate has low-density soft tissues and high-density hard bones so as to exhibit different intensity of regions in CBCT images, which may result in mis-segmentation or missing-segmentation. Motivated by these challenges, a novel Interactive Dual-Branch Network (IDBNet) is presented to achieve automatic and accurate segmentation of the hard palate in the oral cavity from CBCT images. Specifically, we introduce the designs for hard palate segmentation as follows: (1) Dual-branch encoder–decoder is developed for hard palate with the ability of data expansion and extracting multi-scale interactive features. (2) Channel map interaction module is proposed to reinforce the cross-channel information communication between different level features, thereby enhancing feature representations for variable hard palate. (3) Guide map interaction module is designed to model the similarities and differences of dual-branch hard palate boundaries. Owing to the remarkable designs, our IDBNet has the ability to gradually mine ambiguous hard palate affected by different intensity of regions. Moreover, we collected an in-house dataset with 30 challenging cases, which contained 2260 CBCT slices. Among them, 70% for training and 30% for testing are considered. Five-fold cross-validation experiments on this dataset demonstrate that our method outperforms the Res-UNet method by 8.05% of mean Dice score and 7.97% of structure measure. The utilization of our proposed segmentation approach for hard palate of the oral cavity warrants further investigation on implantable area, which could aid in formulating clinical plans on the insertion regions of palatal mini-implants.

A novel compound-based loss function for glioma segmentation with deep learning

The glioma segmentation from the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is known to be a tedious task because of the variability in the tumor’s morphology, extent and localization. The commonly used deep learning loss functions need advancement to segment the extremely small and multiple objective areas present in a single MRI. Dice loss is well known for segmenting imbalance classes, but it removes background details that represent a lot of details. Also, in binary cross-entropy (BCE), the segmentation classes are equally valued, eliminating the features of smaller regions. So, this work proposes a new compound-based loss function that incorporates background details and enhances the segmentation accuracies by predicting even small and multiple tumor regions. This loss function adds a negative logarithm of the dice coefficient, which can be recognized as implicit regularization and optimizes the training process. In addition, a dual-modal system with the proposed loss function is utilized to highlight the modality correlation with Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2. It achieves the highest values of evaluation metrics on the test set, indicating better generalization capabilities of the proposed loss function. The accuracy of the proposed segmentation approach has been validated on Multimodal brain tumor segmentation (BraTS) challenge 2018 and BraTS 2019 datasets. The experiments showed that the proposed approach outperforms the other state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms while achieving mean dice coefficient and mean Hausdorff distance as 0.960 and 2.30 respectively for BraTS 2018 whereas 0.962 and 2.29 for BraTS 2019.

One-Shot Learning-Based Animal Video Segmentation

Deep learning-based video segmentation methods can offer a good performance after being trained on the large-scale pixel labeled datasets. However, a pixel-wise manual labeling of animal images is challenging and time consuming due to irregular contours and motion blur. To achieve desirable tradeoffs between the accuracy and speed, a novel one-shot learning-based approach is proposed in this article to segment animal video with only one labeled frame. The proposed approach consists of the following three main modules: guidance frame selection utilizes “BubbleNet” to choose one frame for manual labeling, which can leverage the fine-tuning effects of the only labeled frame; Xception-based fully convolutional network localizes dense prediction using depthwise separable convolutions based on one single labeled frame; and postprocessing is used to remove outliers and sharpen object contours, which consists of two submodules—test time augmentation and conditional random field. Extensive experiments have been conducted on the DAVIS 2016 animal dataset. Our proposed video segmentation approach achieved mean intersection-over-union score of 89.5% on the DAVIS 2016 animal dataset with less run time, and outperformed the state-of-art methods (OSVOS and OSMN). The proposed one-shot learning-based approach achieves real-time and automatic segmentation of animals with only one labeled video frame. This can be potentially used further as a baseline for intelligent perception-based monitoring of animals and other domain-specific applications. <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¹</xref> <fn id="fn1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><label>¹</label> The source code, datasets, and pre-trained weights for this work are publicly [Online]. Available: <uri>https://github.com/tengfeixue-victor/One-Shot-Animal-Video-Segmentation</uri>. </fn>

A novel fuzzy clustering based method for image segmentation in RGB-D images

Automatic image segmentation is a challenging task in computer vision applications, especially in the presence of occluded objects, varying color, and different lighting conditions. The advancement of depth-sensing technologies has introduced RGB-Depth cameras which are capable to generate RGB-Depth images and brought significant changes in computer vision applications. However, the segmentation of RGB-Depth images is a difficult task. Therefore, in this paper, a new segmentation method for RGB-Depth images has been introduced and named as random Henry gas solubility optimization-fuzzy clustering method. Firstly, a random Henry gas solubility optimization algorithm has been developed. Next, the proposed optimization algorithm has been employed to obtain optimal fuzzy clusters which are finally merged through segmentation by aggregating superpixels. The standard NYU depth V2 RGB-Depth indoor image dataset is used for performance evaluation. The proposed segmentation approach has been compared with five different methods namely, kmeans, fuzzy c-means, Henry gas solubility optimization algorithm, chaotic gravitational search algorithm, and J-Segmentation in terms of qualitative and quantitative measures. The result analysis shows that the proposed RGB-D segmentation method outperforms the other considered methods.

An Efficient CNN-Based Hybrid Classification and Segmentation Approach for COVID-19 Detection

COVID-19 remains to proliferate precipitously in the world. It has significantly influenced public health, the world economy, and the persons’ lives. Hence, there is a need to speed up the diagnosis and precautions to deal with COVID-19 patients. With this explosion of this pandemic, there is a need for automated diagnosis tools to help specialists based on medical images. This paper presents a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based classification and segmentation approach for COVID-19 detection from Computed Tomography (CT) images. The proposed approach is employed to classify and segment the COVID-19, pneumonia, and normal CT images. The classification stage is firstly applied to detect and classify the input medical CT images. Then, the segmentation stage is performed to distinguish between pneumonia and COVID-19 CT images. The classification stage is implemented based on a simple and efficient CNN deep learning model. This model comprises four Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs), four batch normalization layers, and four convolutional (Conv) layers. The Conv layer depends on filters with sizes of 64, 32, 16, and 8. A 2 × 2 window and a stride of 2 are employed in the utilized four max-pooling layers. A soft-max activation function and a Fully-Connected (FC) layer are utilized in the classification stage to perform the detection process. For the segmentation process, the Simplified Pulse Coupled Neural Network (SPCNN) is utilized in the proposed hybrid approach. The proposed segmentation approach is based on salient object detection to localize the COVID-19 or pneumonia region, accurately. To summarize the contributions of the paper, we can say that the classification process with a CNN model can be the first stage a highly-effective automated diagnosis system. Once the images are accepted by the system, it is possible to perform further processing through a segmentation process to isolate the regions of interest in the images. The region of interest can be assesses both automatically and through experts. This strategy helps so much in saving the time and efforts of specialists with the explosion of COVID-19 pandemic in the world. The proposed classification approach is applied for different scenarios of 80%, 70%, or 60% of the data for training and 20%, 30, or 40% of the data for testing, respectively. In these scenarios, the proposed approach achieves classification accuracies of 100%, 99.45%, and 98.55%, respectively. Thus, the obtained results demonstrate and prove the efficacy of the proposed approach for assisting the specialists in automated medical diagnosis services.

Automated Segmentation of Visceral, Deep Subcutaneous, and Superficial Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Volumes in MRI of Neonates and Young Children.

To develop and evaluate an automated segmentation method for accurate quantification of abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) depots (superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue [SSAT], deep subcutaneous adipose tissue [DSAT], and visceral adipose tissue [VAT]) in neonates and young children. This was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data, which used abdominal MRI data from Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes, or GUSTO, a longitudinal mother-offspring cohort, to train and evaluate a convolutional neural network for volumetric AAT segmentation. The data comprised imaging volumes of 333 neonates obtained at early infancy (age ≤2 weeks, 180 male neonates) and 755 children aged either 4.5 years (n = 316, 150 male children) or 6 years (n = 439, 219 male children). The network was trained on images of 761 randomly selected volumes (neonates and children combined) and evaluated on 100 neonatal volumes and 227 child volumes by using 10-fold validation. Automated segmentations were compared with expert-generated manual segmentation. Segmentation performance was assessed using Dice scores. When the model was tested on the test datasets across the 10 folds, the model had strong agreement with the ground truth for all testing sets, with mean Dice similarity scores for SSAT, DSAT, and VAT, respectively, of 0.960, 0.909, and 0.872 in neonates and 0.944, 0.851, and 0.960 in children. The model generalized well to different body sizes and ages and to all abdominal levels. The proposed segmentation approach provided accurate automated volumetric assessment of AAT compartments on MR images of neonates and children.Keywords Pediatrics, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks, Water-Fat MRI, Image Segmentation, Deep and Superficial Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue, Visceral Adipose TissueClinical trial registration no. NCT01174875 Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2021.

Neuron Image Segmentation via Learning Deep Features and Enhancing Weak Neuronal Structures.

Neuron morphology reconstruction (tracing) in 3D volumetric images is critical for neuronal research. However, most existing neuron tracing methods are not applicable in challenging datasets where the neuron images are contaminated by noises or containing weak filament signals. In this paper, we present a two-stage 3D neuron segmentation approach via learning deep features and enhancing weak neuronal structures, to reduce the impact of image noise in the data and enhance the weak-signal neuronal structures. In the first stage, we train a voxel-wise multi-level fully convolutional network (FCN), which specializes in learning deep features, to obtain the 3D neuron image segmentation maps in an end-to-end manner. In the second stage, a ray-shooting model is employed to detect the discontinued segments in segmentation results of the first-stage, and the local neuron diameter of the broken point is estimated and direction of the filamentary fragment is detected by rayburst sampling algorithm. Then, a Hessian-repair model is built to repair the broken structures, by enhancing weak neuronal structures in a fibrous structure determined by the estimated local neuron diameter and the filamentary fragment direction. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed segmentation approach achieves better segmentation performance than other state-of-the-art methods for 3D neuron segmentation. Compared with the neuron reconstruction results on the segmented images produced by other segmentation methods, the proposed approach gains 47.83% and 34.83% improvement in the average distance scores. The average Precision and Recall rates of the branch point detection with our proposed method are 38.74% and 22.53% higher than the detection results without segmentation.

SHAPE CHARACTERIZATION OF MEDIASTINUM IN TUBERCULOSIS CHEST RADIOGRAPHS USING LEVEL SET SEGMENTATION

Mediastinum is considered as one of the substantial anatomical regions for the gross diagnosis of several chest related pathologies. The geometric variations of the mediastinum in Chest Radiographs (CXRs) could be utilised as potential image markers in the early detection of Tuberculosis (TB). This study attempts to segment mediastinum in CXRs using level sets for the shape characterization of TB conditions. The CXR images for this study are considered from a public database. An edge-based distance regularized level set evolution is employed to segment the lungs followed by a region-based Chan-Vese model that extracts mediastinum region. Features such as mediastinum area and lungs area are extracted from the segmented images. Further, mediastinum to lungs area ratio is calculated. Statistical analysis is performed on the features to differentiate normal and TB images. Results show that the proposed segmentation approach is able to segment the lungs and extract the mediastinum in CXRs. It is found that features namely mediastinum area and mediastinum to lungs area ratio are statistically significant in the differentiation of TB. Larger mediastinum area is observed in TB images as compared to normal. The performance of lung field segmentation is also observed to be in line with the literature. The mediastinum segmentation approach in CXRs obtains to be a novel method as compared to the existing methods. As the proposed approach based on mediastinum image analysis provides better shape characterization, the study could be clinically useful in the differentiation of TB conditions.

Fetal Contour Extraction Using Level Set Image Segmentation Approach

This paper deals with phase of designing a new hybrid approach of segmentation. The brief description of proposed scheme is presented, followed by the design. The chapter begins with the introduction followed by discussion of experimental results. The proposed segmentation approach is followed by its evaluation and comparisons with existing methods.

Detection of DR from retinal fundus images using prediction ANN classifier and RG based threshold segmentation for diabetes

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the world’s most significant difficulties of diabetes identified with eye illness which happens when veins in the retina become swollen and releases liquid which at last prompts vision misfortune. Early discovery of DR can anticipate the harm to the retina and vision misfortune or atleast moderate its movement. There are various strategies used to distinguish DR in retinal fundus imageries which give inadmissible outcome for certain situations due to the morbidities of fundus images. In this paper, DR is analyzed by separating veins, optic plate and exudates from retinal fundus images by utilizing prediction ANN classifier and RG based segmentation approach. The performance of this segmentation approach is executed for different DR datasets and the outcomes demonstrates that the proposed segmentation approach produces 99% of accuracy in detection of DR which stands out from the various existing strategies.