Proposed Medium Access Control Research Articles

MAC based model to Differentiate Flash crowd and Malicious traffic in SDN

The nature of computer network flash crowd traffic, which is generated by legitimate users accessing servers or other network resources are similar to the traffic generated by Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) like attacks. With advancement in spoof packet generation tools, attacker may generate Multi-source Multi-destination Multi-protocol (MMM) traffic; characteristics of such traffic are very similar to on-going genuine/ flash crowd traffic in the network. In the case of Software Defined Network (SDN), attacker’s target is controller plane. Controller plane in SDN is a centralized processing unit of the underlying network, which manages several data planes. Controller plane frames the policies and pushes forwarding rules to the data planes. Data planes just maintain the forwarding rules. Thus by overloading the SDN controller, functionality of complete computer network will be hampered. In this paper, we have proposed Media Access Control (MAC) address based Model to Differentiate Flash crowd and Malicious traffic in SDN (MDFMS). Novelty of the proposed model is to detect, locate and mitigate the source of Traditional DDoS (T-DDoS) and MMMDDoS traffic. MDFSM has been implemented on separate machine to avoid any additional computing load on SDN controller. It also preserves the original design of the SDN architecture. Proposed model has been evaluated under various scenarios and encouraging results have been obtained to differentiate T-DDoS and MMM-DDoS from benign flash crowd traffic.

Packet-Level Slot Scheduling MAC Protocol in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

With the development of the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT), underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have become an enabling system to support real-time and continuous data transmission. Existing scheduling-based medium access control (MAC) protocols ignored the limitations between the generation time and the transmission time of forwarding packets. This results in unavailability of some scheduled slots, and makes packets endure more waiting time on relay nodes and thereafter longer end-to-end delay. To reduce transmission latency, this article develops a novel scheduling-based MAC protocol, which schedules slots in the packet level. All packets to be generated and transmitted in a frame are predicted and scheduled. Considering our defined packet collision constraint and traffic-flow constraint, we formulate the slot scheduling problem in a frame into a combinatorial optimization problem, which ensures that all source packets transmitted in a frame can be delivered to the sink node with the minimum average end-to-end delay within the same frame. To solve this problem, two algorithms are proposed, namely, an optimal packet-level slot scheduling (PLSS) algorithm and a heuristic approximate PLSS (PLSS-A) algorithm. The performances of our proposed protocol using both algorithms are evaluated with different network scales, packet lengths, and offered traffic loads. Numerical results demonstrate that both PLSS and PLSS-A perform well in terms of average end-to-end delay and service fairness, and have an advantage in the network throughput in large-scale networks. Our proposed PLSS MAC protocol is predicted to be promising in large-scale UASNs with demand for real-time and long-term monitoring.

An M/M/1 Preemptive Queue based Priority MAC Protocol for WBSN to Transmit Pilgrims’ Data

Every year during Hajj in Saudi Arabia and Kumbh Mela in India, many pilgrims suffering from different medical emergencies thus need real-time and fast healthcare services. Quick healthcare can be facilitated by setting up Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) on pilgrims because of its suitability for a wide range of medical applications. However, higher delay, data loss and excessive energy consumption may occur in the network when multiple emergency data aggregate at the coordinator for accessing the data communication channel simultaneously. In this context, for low delay and energy-efficient data transmission, an M/M/1 preemptive queue technique is proposed and minimal backoff period is considered to develop a priority Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for WBSN. Our proposed MAC is designed based on IEEE802.15.6 standard that supports modified MAC superframe structure for heterogeneous traffic. The proposed priority MAC protocol has been simulated using the Castalia simulator to analyze the results. In the first scenario considering varying nodes, the delay is calculated as 13 ms and 33 ms for the emergency, and the normal medical condition. Besides, for emergency and normal medical condition energy consumption per bit is calculated at around 0.12 µj and 0.19 µj. In the second scenario, we consider variation in traffic size. For 16 bytes traffic size, delay of extremely very high critical traffic is 5.8 ms and 14.5 ms for extremely low critical traffic. Similarly, extremely very high critical traffic consumes 0.035 µj energy per bit, whereas extremely low critical traffic consumes 0.37 µj. in the third scenario, the delay, data loss rate, average energy consumption and throughput for the proposed priority MAC are analyzed. Result demonstrates our proposed priority MAC protocol outperforms the state-of-the-art protocols.

Accounting for Reliability in Unacknowledged Time-Constrained WSNs

Wireless sensor networks typically consist of nodes that collect and transmit data periodically. In this context, we are concerned with unacknowledged communication, such as where data packets are not confirmed upon successful reception. This allows reducing traffic on the communication channel—neither acknowledgments nor retransmissions are sent—and results in less overhead and less energy consumption, which are meaningful goals in the era of the Internet of Things. However, packets can be lost, and hence we do not know how long it takes to convey data from one node to another, which hinders any form of real-time operation and/or quality of service. To overcome this problem, we propose a medium access control protocol, which consists of transmitting each packet at a random instant but within a specified time interval from the last transmission. In contrast to existing approaches from the literature, the proposed medium access control can be configured to meet reliability requirements—given by the probability that at least one data packet reaches its destination within a specified deadline—in the absence of acknowledgments. We illustrate this and other benefits of the proposed approach based on detailed OMNeT++ simulations.

Systematic Medium Access Control in Hierarchical Airborne Networks With Multibeam and Single-Beam Antennas

A heterogeneous medium access control (MAC) scheme (with both scheduled and random communications) is proposed for airborne networks. These networks have a hierarchical topology with a small number of powerful aircraft nodes with multibeam antennas and long-distance links at the higher level, and high-density unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) nodes with single-beam directional antennas at the lower level. Our proposed MAC scheme has the following three parts: First, multibeam, long-distance MAC for aircraft to aircraft links : a dynamic, scheduled MAC is proposed to take advantage of the multibeam features to achieve high-throughput transmissions, and the beam locking/synchronization issues are solved; second, uplink MAC for UAV to aircraft communication : conventional IEEE 802.11n MAC is enhanced with fame aggregation and compressive-sensing-based request polling; and third, MAC for UAV to UAV links : IEEE 802.11e DCF MAC is enhanced through parameter adjustment for channel access. Our simulation results show the significant performance improvement over conventional MAC protocols.

A Multi-channel Cooperative Demand-Aware Media Access Control Scheme in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

The application of VANET can be divided into two types: security and non-security. Non-secure applications are primarily used to provide entertainment information. Secure applications will provide information to the driver in advance. Therefore, the delay and reliability of communication are strictly required for secure applications. In this paper, we propose a kind of demand-aware medium access control protocol based on multichannel cooperation in vehicular ad hoc networks. First, the scheme uses RSU (the roadside unit) to broadcast the secure query packets, and the node sends the emergency information of the vehicle node through the advance reservation control slot. Then, time slot will be divided dynamically according to the demand of the secure data, and each node will be coordinated by RSU to reduce the collision probability and safe data packet delay. The simulation results show that the proposed medium access control scheme can improve the network throughout and reduce the end-to-end transmission delay compared with the traditional 802.11p protocol.

A Bandwidth-Efficient MAC Scheme for Mission-Critical Applications in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) have the potential to contribute significantly to a variety of wireless sensing endpoints, such as cable replacement, mobility, flexibility and cost reduction. However, the harsh and varied industrial environment entails addressing severe challenges, such as dust, heat, electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference from the other heterogeneous networks. One of the important challenges is the link burstiness in industrial wireless environments, which has not been heavily researched. In this paper, we propose a new timeslot scheduling algorithm to address this problem. The algorithm allows transmissions on the same link to be separated at least by a minimum timeslot distance. Moreover, to provide a synergistic complement to the timeslot scheduling, we also propose a timeslot reuse scheme, which facilitates improved efficiency and reliability in the bandwidth utilization and retransmission and decreases the average delay of the packet arrival. We evaluate the proposed algorithm and scheme by a real implementation, targeting a specific industrial application. The experimental results generally indicate that the proposed media access control (MAC) scheme greatly improves the reliability and decreases the packet arrival delay. Compared with the existing popular methods, the execution of our scheme indicates a minimal link burstiness influence and possesses more efficient bandwidth utilization.

A Performance Evaluation Approach for MAC Protocols of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

The performance evaluation and comparison of any proposed medium access control (MAC) protocol with existing MAC protocol is not always an easy step. Seen that, the re-implementation of existing MAC protocols that will be used in comparison takes significant time. As well, there are points that limit the exploitation of the results of an evaluation in future comparison. In this paper, we propose a performance evaluation approach that resolves these points, and offers other advantages. This approach allows assigning MAC protocol after a predefined evaluation steps to a well-predefined performance class. As well, a performance label is generated for the protocol, which contains information on guaranteed quality of service (QoS) that will allow determining strengths and weakness. The generated label for the evaluated protocol will be used in all future MAC protocols comparison, thing that will eliminate time lost in re-implementation and performance evaluation of the protocol.

A performance evaluation approach for MAC protocols of wireless multimedia sensor networks

The performance evaluation and comparison of any proposed medium access control (MAC) protocol with existing MAC protocol is not always an easy step. Seen that, the re-implementation of existing MAC protocols that will be used in comparison takes significant time. As well, there are points that limit the exploitation of the results of an evaluation in future comparison. In this paper, we propose a performance evaluation approach that resolves these points, and offers other advantages. This approach allows assigning MAC protocol after a predefined evaluation steps to a well-predefined performance class. As well, a performance label is generated for the protocol, which contains information on guaranteed quality of service (QoS) that will allow determining strengths and weakness. The generated label for the evaluated protocol will be used in all future MAC protocols comparison, thing that will eliminate time lost in re-implementation and performance evaluation of the protocol.

Distributed medium access control protocol based on successive collision detection for dense wireless sensor networks

The medium access control protocol plays an important role to decrease access collisions in dense wireless sensor networks where multiple sensors in the same vicinity attempt to transmit a packet simultaneously. In this article, we propose a distributed medium access control protocol that uses successive multiple collision detection phases for dense wireless sensor network environments by enhancing the typical carrier sense multiple access with collision resolution protocol that uses only a single collision detection phase. In the proposed medium access control protocol, colliding stations are filtered in each collision detection phase and only surviving stations compete again in the next collision detection phase. Therefore, the collision detection probability becomes higher as the collision detection phases proceed. Utilizing the successive multiple collision detection phases, we analyze the throughput numerically and find optimal operating parameters—such as the number of collision detection phases and the number of collision detection slots per phase—that maximize the throughput. Analysis and simulation results show that the proposed medium access control protocol using the successive collision detection technique significantly outperforms the conventional carrier sense multiple access with collision resolution protocol.

A Batch-Based MAC Design With Simultaneous Assignment Decisions for Improved Throughput in Guard-Band-Constrained Cognitive Networks

The adjacent channel interference (ACI) resulting from imperfect filtering can severely degrade the performance of any wireless communication system. Despite this fact, most of previously proposed medium access control (MAC) protocols for cognitive radio networks (CRNs) were designed while ignoring the effects of ACI (assuming ideal filtering). The effect of ACI can be reduced by introducing guard bands (GBs). However, this solution comes at the expense of degrading spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we develop an efficient GB-aware MAC protocol that attempts at maximizing network throughput while improving fairness in CRNs. Unlike most of previously proposed GB-aware MAC protocols that perform channel assignment sequentially, our MAC performs the channel assignment for multiple CR links simultaneously (the so-called batch method). Batching enables concurrent channel assignment for multiple CR links, which consequently allows for concurrent data transmissions. Batching can be realized by introducing an admission control phase for CR users to share their control information. The batch method can effectively provide distributed decisions that achieve better throughput while reducing the number of GBs. Our MAC also allows the CR users to utilize the reserved GBs of primary networks under predefined FCC power constraints. Simulation results indicate that our protocol achieves significant performance improvement compared to previous GB-aware protocols.

Cognitive Self-Scheduled Mechanism for Access Control in Noisy Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Within the challenging environment of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), networked control systems such as platooning guidance of autonomous vehicles require innovative mechanisms to provide real-time communications. Although several proposals are currently under discussion, the design of a rapid, efficient, flexible, and reliable medium access control mechanism which meets the specific constraints of such real-time communications applications remains unsolved in this highly dynamic environment. However, cognitive radio (CR) combines the capacity to sense the radio spectrum with the flexibility to adapt to transmission parameters in order to maximize system performance and has thus become an effective approach for the design of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) mechanisms. This paper presents the enhanced noncooperative cognitive division multiple access (ENCCMA) proposal combining time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) schemes with CR techniques to obtain a mechanism fulfilling the requirements of real-time communications. The analysis presented here considers the IEEE WAVE and 802.11p as reference standards; however, the proposed medium access control (MAC) mechanism can be adapted to operate on the physical layer of different standards. The mechanism also offers the advantage of avoiding signaling, thus enhancing system autonomy as well as behavior in adverse scenarios.

A routing framework for energy harvesting wireless nanosensor networks in the Terahertz Band

Wireless NanoSensor Networks (WNSNs) will allow novel intelligent nanomaterial-based sensors, or nanosensors, to detect new types of events at the nanoscale in a distributed fashion over extended areas. Two main characteristics are expected to guide the design of WNSNs architectures and protocols, namely, their Terahertz Band wireless communication and their nanoscale energy harvesting process. In this paper, a routing framework for WNSNs is proposed to optimize the use of the harvested energy to guarantee the perpetual operation of the WNSN while, at the same time, increasing the overall network throughput. The proposed routing framework, which is based on a previously proposed medium access control protocol for the joint throughput and lifetime optimization in WNSNs, uses a hierarchical cluster-based architecture that offloads the network operation complexity from the individual nanosensors towards the cluster heads, or nano-controllers. This framework is based on the evaluation of the probability of saving energy through a multi-hop transmission, the tuning of the transmission power of each nanosensor for throughput and hop distance optimization, and the selection of the next hop nanosensor on the basis of their available energy and current load. The performance of this framework is also numerically evaluated in terms of energy, capacity, and delay, and compared to that of the single-hop communication for the same WNSN scenario. The results show how the energy per bit consumption and the achievable throughput can be jointly maximized by exploiting the peculiarities of this networking paradigm.

A Cooperative MAC Scheduling Scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks

The long propagation delay in underwater acoustic sensor networks renders existing media access control (MAC) protocols for terrestrial wireless networks undesirable. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative MAC protocol for underwater sensor networks that is used to detect objects and monitoring the environment. Our proposed MAC protocol tries to prevent data collisions through short term scheduling among neighbor nodes with exchange of short data message. By adapting the all sensor nodes to the transmitting schedules in which time is optimized we can minimize the collision rate between nodes. Through simulations, we show our proposed protocol can minimize data collisions and not only offers a higher throughput, but also indicates a better end-to-end delay.

Survey of MAC Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

A vehicular ad hoc network is a special kind of mobile ad hoc network, and can be divided into two further types of networks, a vehicle-to-vehicle network or a vehicle-to-infrastructure network. However, unlike existing mobile ad hoc networks, vehicular ad hoc networks have unique characteristics, including high node mobility and a rapidly-changing topology. Vehicular ad hoc networks should be designed to accommodate these characteristics when we design them. To do this, many researchers have proposed Media Access Control protocols to improve the performance. Most of these studies deal with quick message transmission to support the high mobility of nodes, multiple channels for multiple connections in high-density urban node areas, and channel coordination. In this paper, we provide a survey of Media Access Control protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks and classify the existing Media Access Control protocols into the three major categories of time-based, dedicated short-range communication-based, and directional antenna-based. Moreover, we discuss the characteristics of these Media Access Control protocols and show their advantages and disadvantages. In addition we define some open issues and future work related to Media Access Control protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks.

Stable throughput and delay performance in cognitive cooperative systems

The cognitive cooperative system with coexisting scenario of multiple primary users and one secondary capable of relaying is considered in this study. The primary users transmit packets in orthogonal subchannels. According to the cognitive principle, the secondary activity cannot interfere with the primary performance. Therefore in this study, the secondary user makes use of the spectrum when sensed idle. Based on the proposed media access control (MAC) protocol, the authors derive the stable throughput and delay slots expressions of each primary user with secondary relaying. They also achieve the stable network constraints of relaying probability ɛ, the feasible range of primary arrival rates and the maximum allowed secondary transmitting power which is to make a tradeoff between the stable throughput of the primary and secondary user. Simulation results show that secondary relaying can increase the primary and secondary throughput and also reduce the delay slots when designing an appropriate ɛ.

A novel medium access control protocol for passive optical network supporting local area networking capabilities

An alternate solution for Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON) providing local area networking (LAN) capabilities is proposed in this article. Our solution adopts a star coupler-based PON architecture and uses radio frequency subcarrier multiplexed transmission for the LAN traffic delivery. The proposed medium access control (MAC) protocol supports a fully distributed control plane among the optical network units (ONUs) for ONU---ONU communication as well as upstream access to the OLT. The simulation results indicate that the proposed MAC protocol outperforms the others in terms of the average packet end-to-end delay, especially for LAN traffic.

Scheduling and power control for MAC layer design in multihop IR‐UWB networks

AbstractRecently, a number of researchers have proposed media access control (MAC) designs for ultra‐wideband (UWB) networks. Among them, designs based on scheduling and power control seem to be of great promise, particularly for quality‐of‐service (QoS) traffic. We investigate the efficiencies of many different choices for scheduling and power allocation for QoS traffic in a multihop impulse radio (IR)‐UWB network, with the objective of achieving both high spectral efficiency and low transmission power. Specifically, we compare different scheduling schemes employing a protocol interference‐based contention graph as well as a physical interference‐based contention graph. We propose a relative distance to determine adjacency in the protocol interference‐based contention graph. Using our improved protocol interference model with graph‐based scheduling, we obtained better performance than the physical interference‐based approach employing link‐by‐link scheduling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Above the nominal limit performance evaluation of multiwavelength optical code-division multiple-access systems

We provide an analysis for the performance of a multiwave- length optical code-division multiple-access MW-OCDMA network when the system is working above the nominal transmission rate limit imposed by passive encoding-decoding operation. We address the prob- lem of overlapping in such a system and how it can directly affect the bit error rate BER. A unified mathematical framework is presented under the assumption of one-coincidence sequences with nonrepeating wave- lengths. A closed form expression of the multiple access interference limited BER is provided as a function of different system parameters. Results show that the performance of the MW-OCDMA system can be critically affected when working above the nominal limit, an event that can happen when the network operates at a high transmission rate. In addition, the impact of the derived error probability on the performance of two newly proposed medium access control MAC protocols, the S-ALOHA and the R 3 T, is also investigated. It is shown that for low transmission rates, the S-ALOHA is better than the R 3 T, while the R 3 T is better at very high transmission rates. In general, it is postulated that the R 3 T protocol suffers a higher delay mainly because of the presence of additional modes. © 2009 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation

MCCA: A high-throughput MAC strategy for next-generation WLANs

Wireless LAN technology has been shown to he a revolutionary development during the last decade. Recently popularized IEEE 802.11a/g-based products can support up to 54 Mb/s physical layer rate and provide wireless access to the Internet. However, in order to deal robustly with the unreliable wireless nature, the 802.11 medium access control protocol has a relatively large overhead and hence, the throughput performance is much worse than the underlying physical layer rate. Moreover, along with many emerging applications and services over WLANs, such as voice over WLAN and audio/video streaming, the demand lor faster and higher- capacity WLANs has been growing recently. In this article, we propose a new medium access control protocol for the next-generation high-speed WLANs. The proposed medium access control, called multi-user polling controlled channel access, is composed of two components: multi-layer frame aggregation, which performs aggregation at both the medium access control and the physical layers; and multi-user polling, used to reduce the contention overhead and in turn, achieve higher network utilization. Multi-user polling controlled channel access is compared with the 802.11e-enhanced distributed channel access medium access control. Highly enhanced medium access control efficiency can be achieved by applying multi-user polling controlled channel access. We show the improved medium access control performance in terms of the aggregate throughput of non-QoS Hows with relevant QoS requirements.