Proposed Image Encryption Algorithm Research Articles

Design and analysis of image encryption based on memristor chaotic systems with hidden attractors

Chaotic systems with hidden attractors are important research hotspots in nonlinear science. In recent years, continuous chaotic systems with special equilibrium points have been widely studied, especially continuous chaotic systems without equilibrium points. A four-dimensional chaotic system devoid of equilibrium point is proposed by using a composite cosine piecewise-linear (COS-PWL)function and a memristor model based on the modified Sprott-C system. The dynamical behaviors of the new system are studied through numerical analysis methods. The results reveal it is extremely sensitive to control parameters as well as initial conditions, which make it particularly suitable for application to image encryption algorithms. In light of these findings, a novel image encryption algorithm is introduced. This algorithm integrates the new four-dimensional chaotic system with ribonucleic acid (RNA) coding technology. Furthermore, the simulation results and security analyses validate the rationality of the encryption mechanism and the robustness of the encryption security of the proposed image encryption algorithm.

Color image encryption based on planetary encoding paradigm and 5D hyper chaotic lorenz system

Image encryption is the process of converting a meaningful color image into a senseless collection of pixels, which when decoded gives the original meaningful image. The proposed encryption algorithm involves two phases namely diffusion and confusion. The diffusion process is done at the pixel level in the three channels of the color image. Confusion process is carried out at the bit level of the three-color channels. In order to perform confusion process over the channels, they are flattened to produce bit-tapes and then confusion process is done. The main contribution of this study is the novel planetary encoding paradigm, which not only produces remarkable results but also paves the way for new encoding systems to be researched and designed in this field. Proposed image encryption algorithm has been tested over images from USC-SIPI dataset. Differential and statistical analysis is performed over the obtained encrypted images in order to evaluate the efficacy of proposed algorithm.

An innovative image encryption algorithm enhanced with the Pan-Tompkins Algorithm for optimal security

This study introduces a cutting-edge image encryption algorithm aimed at elevating security standards. The Pan-Tompkins Algorithm (PTA) for key generation is proposed for the first time in this study. Additionally, employing steganography through the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method for embedding keys within the encrypted image enhances secure key distribution, thereby fortifying the encryption process. On the other hand, the integration of advanced algorithms, such as Zigzag scanning, the Affine Image Encryption Algorithm (AA), and the Vigenere Image Encryption Algorithm (VA), constitutes the fundamental innovation of the proposed image encryption algorithm. The proposed algorithm is named PanAAVA:Affine Algorithm and Vigenere Algorithm Encryption with PTA-Based Key Generation. The PanAAVA algorithm ensures unparalleled security by encrypting the positions and values of pixels using AA and VA. Notably, using PTA for key generation marks a distinctive and new key generation method feature of the algorithm. To assess the effectiveness of the PanAAVA, a comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted against well-established encryption methodologies, including Lena, Baboon, Airplane, and Pepper.The PanAAVA demonstrates exceptional proficiency in histogram analysis. The PanAAVA demonstrates a Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) of 33.4044%. Additionally, the Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) is measured at 99.7442%, showcasing the algorithm’s effectiveness in inducing significant pixel changes. The proposed algorithm’s Mean Square Error (MSE) is calculated at 3.20679E5%. The proposed algorithm’s Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is recorded at 9.512475. The Key Space Size of the proposed algorithm is measured at 2209. Regarding correlation analysis, the PanAAVA achieves a high correlation score of 7.9996. The proposed algorithm successfully passes the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) analysis, demonstrating a remarkably strong correlation close to 0 and a Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) of 0.9977. Furthermore, regarding quantum communication, the proposed algorithm maintains stable key rates of 47.5 ± 0.8 kHz during the day and 50.9 ± 0.7 kHz at night. Additionally, PanAAVA achieves low Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) values of 4.77 ± 0.02, ensuring reliable and secure communication. The PanAAVA also demonstrates robust asymmetries at 49.81 ± 0.02 and 50.14 ± 0.03 for a crystal length of 20 mm. highlighting PanAAVA’s adaptability and effectiveness in different scenarios. PanAAVA outperforms other encryption algorithms concerning performance measurements and comparisons. In conclusion, the PanAAVA emerges as a beacon of superior security capabilities and innovation in image encryption, showcasing the potential to redefine standards in the field.

Novel chaotic image cryptosystem using dynamic DNA coding

This study aims to solve the problem of small key space in image cryptosystems based on logistic mapping. First, a new one-dimensional (1D) chaotic system, with a wide continuous chaotic interval, a large Lyapunov exponent and obvious chaotic characteristics are presented. Subsequently, a novel image encryption algorithm based on the new 1D chaotic system and dynamic DNA encoding is designed. Compared with other DNA coding methods, the proposed image encryption algorithm encodes chaotic sequences and ensures that the sequence elements at different positions correspond to different DNA coding schemes. This will help to overcome the fixity of DNA coding and make the proposed dynamic DNA coding easy to operate and implement. Finally, the cipher image is obtained by scrambling and bit XOR operation based on the chaotic sequences. The fixed DNA coding method is compared with other chaotic image encryption schemes, and the experimental results indicate that the image encryption algorithm has higher security and can resist common attacks.

The Probabilistic Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Galois Field GF(257)

Image encryption technology is an essential measure to protect image information from illegal access. A new probabilistic image encryption algorithm with 480-bit external secret key was proposed in this paper. A chaotic pseudo-random generator is employed to produce the equivalent keys. Then the plain image is covered by the equivalent keys under exclusive or operation to obtain a pending sequence. The pending sequence is transformed into a cipher sequence by arithmetic operations based on GF(257). Finally, the cipher sequence is also covered by the equivalent keys to obtain the cipher image. In the transformation, a 1024-bit pseudo-random number sequence is introduced as the base numbers for the power operation to assist the encryption. The proposed image encryption algorithm has the characteristic of probabilistic encryption. Encrypting the same plain image with the same secret key will result in completely different cipher images. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm has the low time complexity (9.67pi/bit) and space complexity (13.07bit/bit), and high sensitivities on the auxiliary sequence (49.94%), secret key (BACI 26.7698% typically), and plain image (BACI 26.7845% typically), and is a preferred image encryption scheme for commercial and personal image information security.

A visual DNA compilation of Rössler system and its application in color image encryption

This paper proposes the use of visual DNA compilation for the Rössler chaotic system in the context of semi-synthetic biology, which has promising prospects for the development of next-generation computers. The proposed method utilizes DNA toehold mediated strand displacement circuit and fluorescent labeling to construct a DNA circuit as a pseudo-random number generator with high information entropy. To overcome the degeneration of the key space due to the finite precision of concentration detection, the key space is expanded based on the keys of dk. Additionally, concentrations of DNA strand detected in valid time are transformed into diverse multiple blocks to construct chaotic sequences. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed encryption approach is highly secure and has a strong ability to resist common attacks. Specifically, the proposed image encryption algorithm provides positive security and is resistant to diverse attacks, thus ensuring the information security of the plaintext image.

A New Hybrid Method for Secure Data Transmission Using Watermarking based on Fuzzy Encryption in IoT

Irregular fuzzy mapping is used for encryption and scrambling of image information in this paper. The proposed image encryption algorithm has many characteristics including large key space, few relationships between the pixels of the encrypted image, high sensitivity to the key and high security, which can effectively protect the security of the encrypted image. Therefore, a robust audio watermarking method that hides encrypted image information in the time domain is presented. After dividing the audio signal into consecutive parts, five parameters are calculated independently, including the average frequency, edge, energy, zero crossing rate, and standard deviation for different parts of the signal. With the LBP method, the encoded image is placed in different parts based on the weights determined by the fuzzy system defined on the five parameters for each part of the audio signal. Consequently, the distortion caused by hiding the watermark will not result in adverse listening effects, and the watermark will remain resistant to attacks and common audio processing. Based on the simulation results of the proposed technique under MATLAB software, it reveals the resistance of the watermark against various attacks and increasing the speed of calculations. Due to the combination of watermarking and simultaneous encoding of image information, as well as examining a large number of image evaluation criteria, including information entropy criteria and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), number of pixel change rate (NPCR), unified average changing intensity (UACI), we have been able to create a good improvement for the security of information transmission in the IoMT field.

Image encryption based on 8D hyperchaotic system using Fibonacci Q-Matrix

One of the key tenets of the enormous and still-expanding digital realm is the security of images. In recent years, the interest in image encryption has increased among researchers. This paper proposes an image encryption scheme using an 8D hyperchaotic system with Fibonacci Q-Matrix (FQ-matrix). The strength of the proposed image encryption algorithm is estimated by checking the statistical attacks (Histogram analysis, correlation coefficient, and information entropy) and differential attacks (NPCR, UACI).

A DNA Based Colour Image Encryption Scheme Using A Convolutional Autoencoder

With the advancement in technology, digital images can easily be transmitted and stored over the Internet. Encryption is used to avoid illegal interception of digital images. Encrypting large-sized colour images in their original dimension generally results in low encryption/decryption speed along with exerting a burden on the limited bandwidth of the transmission channel. To address the aforementioned issues, a new encryption scheme for colour images employing convolutional autoencoder, DNA and chaos is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme has two main modules, the dimensionality conversion module using the proposed convolutional autoencoder, and the encryption/decryption module using DNA and chaos. The dimension of the input colour image is first reduced from N × M × 3 to P × Q gray-scale image using the encoder. Encryption and decryption are then performed in the reduced dimension space. The decrypted gray-scale image is upsampled to obtain the original colour image having dimension N × M × 3 . The training and validation accuracy of the proposed autoencoder is 97% and 95%, respectively. Once the autoencoder is trained, it can be used to reduce and subsequently increase the dimension of any arbitrary input colour image. The efficacy of the designed autoencoder has been demonstrated by the successful reconstruction of the compressed image into the original colour image with negligible perceptual distortion. The second major contribution presented in this paper is an image encryption scheme using DNA along with multiple chaotic sequences and substitution boxes. The security of the proposed image encryption algorithm has been gauged using several evaluation parameters, such as histogram of the cipher image, entropy, NPCR, UACI, key sensitivity, contrast, and so on. The experimental results of the proposed scheme demonstrate its effectiveness to perform colour image encryption.

A novel encryption algorithm using multiple semifield S-boxes based on permutation of symmetric group

There is a need of secure and robust encryption algorithm that can be implemented on each and diverse software and hardware platforms. In this paper, we investigate semifield substitution boxes using permutation of symmetric group on a set of size 8 S_8 and establish an effective procedure for generating S_8 semifield substitution boxes having same algebraic properties. Further, the strength analysis of the generated substitution boxes is carried out using the well-known standards, namely bijectivity, non-linearity, strict avalanche criterion, bit independence criterion, XOR table and differential invariant. As application, an encryption algorithm is proposed that can be employed to strengthen any kind of secure communication. The presented algorithm is mainly based on the Shannon idea of substitution–permutation network where the process of substitution is performed by the proposed S_8 semifield substitution boxes and permutation operation is performed by the binary cyclic shift of substitution box transformed data. In addition, the proposed encryption algorithm utilizes two different chaotic maps. To ensure the appropriate utilization of these chaotic maps, we carry out in-depth analyses of their behavior in the context of secure communication and apply the pseudo-random sequences of chaotic maps in the proposed image encryption algorithm accordingly.

A novel conservative chaos driven dynamic DNA coding for image encryption

Recently, many image encryption algorithms based on hybrid DNA and chaos have been developed. Most of these algorithms utilize chaotic systems exhibiting dissipative dynamics and periodic windows/patterns in the bifurcation diagrams along with co-existing attractors in the neighborhoods of parameter space. Therefore, such algorithms generate several weak keys, thereby making them prone to various chaos- specific attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel conservative chaotic standard map-driven dynamic DNA coding (encoding, addition, subtraction and decoding) for image encryption. It is the first hybrid DNA and conservative chaos-based image encryption algorithm having effectively infinite key space. The proposed image encryption algorithm is a dynamic DNA coding algorithm i.e., for the encryption of each pixel different rules for encoding, addition/subtraction, decoding etc. are randomly selected based on the pseudorandom sequences generated with the help of the conservative chaotic standard map. We propose a novel way to generate pseudo-random sequences through the conservative chaotic standard map and also test them rigorously through the most stringent test suite of pseudo-randomness, the NIST test suite, before using them in the proposed image encryption algorithm. Our image encryption algorithm incorporates unique feed-forward and feedback mechanisms to generate and modify the dynamic one-time pixels that are further used for the encryption of each pixel of the plain image, therefore, bringing in the desired sensitivity on plaintext as well as ciphertext. All the controlling pseudorandom sequences used in the algorithm are generated for a different value of the parameter (part of the secret key) with inter-dependency through the iterates of the chaotic map (in the generation process) and therefore possess extreme key sensitivity too. The performance and security analysis has been executed extensively through histogram analysis, correlation analysis, information entropy analysis, DNA sequence-based analysis, perceptual quality analysis, key sensitivity analysis, plaintext sensitivity analysis, classical attack analysis, etc. The results are promising and prove the robustness of the algorithm against various common cryptanalytic attacks.

A New Image Encryption Algorithm Based on DNA State Machine for UAV Data Encryption

Drone-based surveillance has become widespread due to its flexibility and ability to access hazardous areas, particularly in industrial complexes. As digital camera capabilities improve, more visual information can be stored in high-resolution images, resulting in larger image sizes. Therefore, algorithms for encrypting digital images sent from drones must be both secure and highly efficient. This paper presents a novel algorithm based on DNA computing and a finite state machine (FSM). DNA and FSM are combined to design a key schedule with high flexibility and statistical randomness. The image encryption algorithm is designed to achieve both confusion and diffusion properties simultaneously. The DNA bases themselves provide diffusion, while the random integers extracted from the DNA bases contribute to confusion. The proposed algorithm underwent a thorough set of statistical analyses to demonstrate its security. Experimental findings show that the proposed algorithm can resist many well-known attacks and encrypt large-sized images at a higher throughput compared to other algorithms. High experimental results for the proposed algorithm include correlation coefficients of 0.0001 and Shannon entropy of 7.999. Overall, the proposed image encryption algorithm meets the requirements for use in drone-based surveillance applications.

Color Image Encryption Through Chaos and KAA Map

The unprecedented growth in production and exchange of multimedia over unsecured channels is overwhelming mathematicians, scientists and engineers to realize secure and efficient cryptographic algorithms. In this paper, a color image encryption algorithm combining the KAA map with multiple chaotic maps is proposed. The proposed algorithm makes full use of Shannon’s ideas of security, such that image encryption is carried out through bit confusion and diffusion. Confusion is carried out through employing 2 encryption keys. The first key is generated from the 2D Logistic Sine map and a Linear Congruential Generator, while the second key is generated from the Tent map and the Bernoulli map. Diffusion is attained through the use of the KAA map. An elaborate mathematical analysis is carried out to showcase the robustness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm, as well as its resistance to visual, statistical, differential and brute-force attacks. Moreover, the proposed image encryption algorithm is also shown to successfully pass all the tests of the NIST SP 800 suite.

An image encryption algorithm based on heat flow cryptosystems

<abstract><p>Image encryption has been an important research topic in information security. Different from traditional encryption methods, heat flow cryptosystem is a new encryption method. This paper proposes an image encryption algorithm based on heat flow cryptosystem. First, a class of heat flow cryptosystem based on nonlinear pseudo-parabolic equations are given in this paper. Second, a numerical method with high precision namely barycentric Lagrange interpolation collocation method is proposed to solve the nonlinear pseudo-parabolic equation. Third, an image encryption algorithm based on the heat flow cryptosystem is designed, the detailed process of encryption and decryption algorithm is given, the flow diagram of algorithm is showed. Finally, the proposed encryption algorithm is applied to various image with gray and RGB format and compared with the current popular chaotic encryption algorithm. Many indicators such as histograms, information entropy and correlation are used to objectively evaluate the image encryption algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed image encryption algorithm is better in most indicators and the algorithm is sensitive to the change of key and plaintext.</p></abstract>

A novel image encryption algorithm based on hybrid chaotic maps using a key image

One of the most important data currently shared on the Internet is images of various sizes and types, gray and color, private and public, civilian and military, medical and scientific, commercial, and others. The biggest challenge and problem is the secure transmission of these images in this insecure environment. In this context, this paper proposes a new image encryption algorithm using a hybrid of three modified and improved chaotic one-dimensional (1D) maps to avoid the shortcomings of 1D maps and multidimensional (MD) maps. A key image is used to initialize the chaotic maps and is also used as a mask in the diffusion phase with the eXclusive OR (XOR) operator. The encryption process uses ExtraParam extracted from the original image, which is very sensitive to bit changes during the initialization of the chaotic maps. The proposed encryption process consists of two main phases: confusion and diffusion processes. The proposed image encryption algorithm has successfully passed numerous tests and cryptanalysis. We also measure the proposed algorithm with various analysis experiments such as histogram and entropy analysis, the number of pixel change rate (NPCR), the unified average changing intensity (UACI), the mean square error(MSE), the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and Key Space. The experimental results and comparative analysis show that the proposed encryption algorithm has excellent performance, is strong enough to withstand various attacks, and provides excellent privacy to digital images.

Improved affine encryption algorithm for color images using LFSR and XOR encryption.

In this study, a novel Improved Affine Algorithm (IAA) for color image encryption is proposed. Affine Algorithm (AA) is generally known as an algorithm used for plain text encryption. In the proposed IAA algorithm, Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR), XOR encryption, and the AA are combined for color images encryption. The plane image is firstly split into three channels: R, G, and B. The RGB channel image is encrypted using AA encryption with ten keys based on pixel locations and pixel values. The rows and columns of the image are encrypted with LFSR keys and XOR encryption procedures. Finally, the proposed algorithm is tested in Matlab environment to obtain the Histogram, Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI), Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), and Entropy analyses. The values are compared with other algorithms. The results show that the proposed image encryption algorithm is secure and powerful, outperforming other algorithms.

A Hash-Based Fast Image Encryption Algorithm

Many specialists and academics have recently become interested in the security of digital images in applications for the Internet of Things. Hash-based digital image encryption algorithms with high unified average changing intensity ( UACI > 30.96 percent) and only one pixel difference from the plain image would therefore adjust plenty of the pixels in the cipher image and have indeed been suggested to maintain the protection of images in the Internet of Things ( NPCR > 98.77 percent). Theoretical study and simulation results show that the suggested approach can fix these issues while retaining all the advantages of the original. The proposed image encryption algorithm has important application value for strengthening the security of the Internet of Things.

Deep Image Steganography Using Transformer and Recursive Permutation.

Image steganography, which usually hides a small image (hidden image or secret image) in a large image (carrier) so that the crackers cannot feel the existence of the hidden image in the carrier, has become a hot topic in the community of image security. Recent deep-learning techniques have promoted image steganography to a new stage. To improve the performance of steganography, this paper proposes a novel scheme that uses the Transformer for feature extraction in steganography. In addition, an image encryption algorithm using recursive permutation is proposed to further enhance the security of secret images. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. We reveal that the Transformer is superior to the compared state-of-the-art deep-learning models in feature extraction for steganography. In addition, the proposed image encryption algorithm has good attributes for image security, which further enhances the performance of the proposed scheme of steganography.

Chaos-Based Fast Image Encryption Scheme with Double Zigzag Permutation and Secure SHA256

Encryption is generally used to protect the content of images. This paper proposes a simple chaos-based color image encryption algorithm with permutation and diffusion stages dependent on the plain image to increase plain text sensitivity by collaboratively leveraging a sampled random noise signal, SHA-256, Henon chaotic map, double zigzag scanning and Lorenz system. Specifically, a hash value of the plain image and a sampled true random noise signal are generated using SHA-256 hash function and considered as an initial one-time key, which is then used to locate values from the sampled true random noise signal array to define the initial values and parameters for chaotic Henon map and Lorenz system. The Henon chaotic map creates an output that defines the starting point for double zigzag pixel scanning in the permutation stage, whereas the Lorenz system generates three sequences to diffuse the image’s three components; red, green, and blue using the XOR operation in order to get an encrypted image. Finally, statistical analysis results are offered to evaluate the complexity and ascertain security functionality for the proposed algorithm. Results show that the proposed image encryption algorithm is superior in comparison to other existing algorithms.

Dynamic analysis and image encryption application of a sinusoidal-polynomial composite chaotic system

Due to complex properties of ergodicity, non-periodic ability and sensitivity to initial states, chaotic systems are widely used in cryptography. In this paper, we propose a sinusoidal-polynomial composite chaotic system (SPCCS), and prove that it satisfies Devaney’s definition of chaos: the sensitivity to initial conditions, topological transitivity and density of periodic points. The experimental results show that SPCCS has better unpredictability and more complex chaotic behavior than the classical chaotic maps. Furthermore, we provide a new image encryption algorithm combining pixel segmentation operation, block chaotic matrix confusing operation and pixel diffusion operation with the proposed SPCCS. The detailed simulation results verify superiority and effectiveness of the proposed image encryption algorithm.