Proposed Hybrid Energy Storage System Research Articles

Power management system for a hybrid energy storage electric vehicle using fuzzy logic controller

This research work introduces a power management system for a hybrid energy storage system (PMHESS) configuration for urban electric vehicles utilizing a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Consequently, the configuration includes two DC/DC interleaved converters that establish a connection between the battery and ultra-capacitors (UCs), thereby ensuring a substantial power capacity. The FLC is adaptable and sturdy, considering information from sources other than the vehicle, such as other vehicles or road infrastructure. The study explores incorporating road topography into the control structure to improve hybrid storage performance. Simulation results show that combining lithium batteries with UCs improves the energy source’s performance and reliability. The power management algorithm reduces sudden demands on the battery by considering the slope of the ground. The work proposes energy storage integration for electric vehicles, exploring its benefits through simulations. Overall, the proposed hybrid energy storage system (HESS) demonstrates high efficiency and power for urban electric vehicles. The results are validated using MATLAB/Simulink.

Electric vehicle charger energy management by considering several sources and equalizing battery charging

This article proposes a novel energy management structure for electric vehicles, consisting of a supercapacitor and two types of batteries, to improve efficiency and navigable distance. The key features of a suitable energy storage system include high power and energy density, low cost and weight, minimal maintenance, and long life. Although batteries are the primary power storage source in electric vehicles, they have power limitations. Therefore, a high-power-density supercapacitor is added to the battery to create a hybrid energy storage system, reducing stress on the battery and increasing its lifespan. The article presents a new structure for hybrid storage systems based on the existence of a main battery, a replaceable battery, a supercapacitor, and a DC-DC converter. An active charge equalizer circuit for the main battery in standby mode and its control system are also introduced. A control method for dividing power between different sources under different conditions is presented, and the design parameters of the energy storage system are optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize mass and losses. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated through simulation in MATLAB software and tested in a small-scale laboratory sample. The article also provides a detailed analysis of different working modes, including electric motor acceleration, low-speed mode, high-speed mode, and electric regenerative braking mode. Additionally, a control method for energy management between batteries and supercapacitors is introduced, aiming to increase efficiency. The results show that the proposed hybrid energy storage system can effectively improve the efficiency of electric vehicles.

Modeling and simulation of photovoltaic powered battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles

Energy storage is crucial for the powertrain of electric vehicles (EVs). Battery is a key energy storage device for EVs. However, higher cost and limited lifespan of batteries are their significant drawbacks. Therefore, to overcome these drawbacks and to meet the energy demands effectively, batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) are simultaneously employed in EVs. A solar photovoltaic (PV) powered battery-supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system has been proposed for the electric vehicles and its modeling and numerical simulation has been carried out in MATLAB Simulink. The SC is used to supply the peak power demand and to withstand strong charging or discharging current peaks. It also improved the battery pack's durability and extended its life. Different topologies of battery and SC have been explored and their capacity to manage the battery stress is assessed. The passive topology is found to be the most suitable for the proposed model due to its ease of implementation and absence of control scheme. A hybrid topology is used to share the power across batteries, supercapacitors and the PV system. In the proposed hybrid energy storage system, a sudden load on the battery is shifted towards the capacitor and thus, the battery heating is reduced, that ultimately improved the vehicle performance and reduced the charging time. In addition, the supercapacitor stored a lot of energy in a short period of time and delivered more power to the load without experiencing any life-span deterioration. The results indicated that employing a passive DC-DC converter and hybrid energy storage system (HESS) reduced the battery power by 52 %, while the passive HESS system reduced the motor current by 94 %. The supercapacitor also recovered 51 % more energy while starting and can offer peak power more efficiently than a battery.

The structure and control strategies of hybrid solid gravity energy storage system

Hybrid energy storage is an interesting trend in energy storage technology. In this paper, we propose a hybrid solid gravity energy storage system (HGES), which realizes the complementary advantages of energy-based energy storage (gravity energy storage) and power-based energy storage (e.g., supercapacitor) and has a promising future application. First, we investigate various possible system structure schemes for the proposed HGES. In particular, we also obtained two superior system structure approaches through comparative analysis for two typical application scenarios, distribution and transmission grids. Subsequently, we theoretically analyze and mathematically model the energy conversion relationship of HGES based on different subsystems. More specifically, we discuss the control strategies of HGES in detail at three levels: power electronics, single-type energy storage system, and hybrid energy storage system. In addition, we propose complementary capacity configuration schemes for power-based energy storage systems based on the control strategies. Finally, the proposed HGES structures, control strategies, and capacity configuration schemes for distribution and transmission grid scale are simulated and verified based on MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the proposed hybrid energy storage system has the advantages of both energy-based and power-based energy storage, which significantly improved compared to single energy storage technologies.

Variable Voltage Control of a Hybrid Energy Storage System for Firm Frequency Response in the U.K.

The National Grid in the U.K. proposed the firm frequency response (FFR) documents on recent developments regarding tendering options for active balancing mechanism units, specifically for batteries. However, frequent bipolar converting and instantaneous high power demand challenge battery lifetime and operation cost in the FFR. Combining a battery with a supercapacitor (SC) has several advantages, but the system cost may rise. Targeting the FFR service, this article presents a new variable voltage control within a semiactive battery SC hybrid scheme. In the proposed hybrid energy storage system, the dc bus voltage is controllable to improve the SC use ratio while reducing the converter's cost. A power management strategy integrating fuzzy logic with dynamic filtering method is proposed benefiting in broadening the filtering flexibility while reducing battery degradation. In addition, both the long-term simulations and scaled-down experiments are implemented to verify the proposed topology with the control strategy and power management by quantitative comparisons of battery degradations and SC use ratios.

Hybrid energy storage design and dispatch strategy evaluation with sensitivity analysis:Techno‐economic‐environmentalassessment

AbstractInternational Energy Agency reported the net‐zero carbon target by 2050 in its recent annual report. The global energy landscape is expected to anticipate an energy transition with an increase in renewable energy share from 12% to 35% for electricity sector by 2050. Most of the countries in the world had pledged to be become net‐zero or carbon neutral countries by 2050. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy will contribute 50% of energy mix in this context. Solar PV and wind energy are intermittent resources that highly depending on the weather and climate conditions. The intermittency issues caused mismatch between electricity generation and demand profiles. This will greatly affect the requirement of meeting the daily load profile, satisfying the peak demand and resulting in generation of surplus, and so on. Energy storages play a vital role in this scenario by allowing this excess energy to be stored and used to meet the demand during low energy production. Previous literature evaluated the feasibility of utilizing battery energy storage in large‐scale solar PV plant in Malaysia using load following dispatch strategy, which can be further enhanced by utilizing a hybrid energy storage system. This study aims to develop an optimized hybrid energy storage system utilizing battery and supercapacitors to complement a large‐scale solar PV system. This study also evaluates two dispatch strategies that are load following and cycle charging for three different power system configurations. Subsequently, a market leading battery is modelled with parameters such as nominal voltage, capacity, round‐trip efficiency, minimum and maximum state of charge, and maximum and minimum charge and discharge current in four different scenarios utilizing two dispatch strategies. These studies are conducted using power system and energy storage modelling tools with localized energy data for the Malaysia context. The proposed hybrid energy storage system demonstrates an improvement of about 30% in annual throughput under the load following dispatch strategy. The hybrid power system also increases the renewable energy fraction by 5% in the system. This study creates an optimized framework in the development of energy storage for grid integration that permits high level of solar PV penetration in the transmission and distribution network.

Supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system applied to photovoltaic power generation

In order to solve the problem of power pulsation at the DC bus side caused by uneven illumination or load fluctuation, a hybrid energy storage system for supercapacitors is proposed. In the hybrid energy storage circuit, inductors are added to form a high-frequency filter with the supercapacitor, and the supercapacitor absorbs the high-frequency current component of the DC side. The traditional droop control strategy is adopted to effectively filter the high-frequency current component of the battery side, and the battery is responsible for processing the low-frequency current component. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid energy storage system can reduce the voltage pulsation of the DC bus, and the response and recovery speed is faster, which can effectively suppress the power pulsation on the side of the photovoltaic DC bus.

Comprehensive optimized hybrid energy storage system for long-life solar-powered wireless sensor network nodes

Solar energy harvesting is promising to provide long-term power autonomy for wireless sensor networks. Energy storage devices like lithium-ion batteries are usually integrated to solar-powered sensor nodes to overcome the intermittency of solar power. However, the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries is short, which limits the lifetime of the nodes. Therefore, supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage system has been used to extend the cycle life of battery. The design of hybrid energy storage systems significantly affects the performance of wireless sensor network nodes in many ways. However, hybrid energy storage system optimization is a comprehensive problem because the configuration and power-split strategy need to be considered concurrently, which has not been done in the existing studies of solar-powered sensor nodes. In this study, a two-port hybrid diode topology is proposed, accompanied by an adaptive supercapacitor buffer energy management strategy to achieve integrated optimization. The hybrid diode semi-active topology uses a unidirectional DC/DC converter accompanied by two diodes to replace the bidirectional DC/DC converter in the existing semi-active topology. Accordingly, the energy lose is decreased by 15.5% while the cost, size, and controlling complexity are also decreased. Moreover, an adaptive supercapacitor buffer energy management strategy is designed based on the new topology to decrease the battery degradation. Simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed hybrid energy storage system increases the battery lifetime to at least 3 times that of existing hybrid energy storage systems. Finally, a long-life solar-powered wireless sensor network node with a relatively small size and cost is achievable.

Performance Analysis of Power Sharing Control Strategies for Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Based Electric Vehicle

Electric Vehicles (EVs) gaining demand worldwide, still face the challenge of adapting the Energy Storage System (ESS) with high power and energy density. Such an ESS is essential for providing desirable dynamic performance and driving range. The power demand from the ESS varies frequently in a wide range in an urban drive due to frequent stops and starts of the vehicle. This paper proposes an ESS with a hybrid combination of battery and ultracapacitor (UC) along with two power sharing control strategies which assures the desirable EV performance in an urban drive cycle. This proposed hybrid ESS (HESS) also leads to the improvement in the battery cycle life, dynamic response as well as energy efficiency of the EV. This work encompasses the details of the proposed control strategies viz. ‘Speed Related Control’ (SRC) and ‘Fuzzy Based Control’ (FBC). The simulation results show that the performance of FBC is better in limiting and leveling the battery current and hence improving the battery cycle life. The paper also includes the hardware results based on a laboratory prototype of the proposed EV system validating the performance of the proposed control strategies.

Research on the configuration and operation strategy of hybrid energy storage system of PV-ESS micro-grid in mountainous rural areas

The problem of power supply safety in mountainous rural areas always caused by the weakness and undercapacity of rural distribution network, the increasing seasonal electric load and amounts of renewable energy generation connecting to the grid. To meet villagers’ demand in life and development during the upgrading period of distribution network, this work advances a PV-ESS micro-grid system with a hybrid energy storage system and contributes a configuration and operation strategy of hybrid energy storage system by analysing the characteristics of energy storage types and application scenarios of fixed and mobile energy storage. Take a village in Anhui province, China as an example, the proposed hybrid energy storage system has been demonstrated its rationality and economic practicability in rural mountainous areas.

Dynamic Modeling and Optimal Design for Net Zero Energy Houses Including Hybrid Electric and Thermal Energy Storage

Net zero energy (NZE) houses purchase zero net metered electricity from the grid over a year. Technical challenges brought forth by NZE homes are related to the intermittent nature of solar generation, and are due to the fact that peak solar generation and load are not coincident. This leads to a large rate of change of load, and in case of high PV penetration communities, often requires the installation of gas power plants to service this variability. This article proposes a hybrid energy storage system including batteries and a variable power electric water heater which enables the NZE homes to behave like dispatchable generators or loads, thereby reducing the rate of change of the net power flow from the house. A co-simulation framework, INSPIRE+D, which enables the dynamic simulation of electricity usage in a community of NZE homes, and their connection to the grid is enabled. The calculated instantaneous electricity usage is validated through experimental data from a field demonstrator in southern Kentucky. It is demonstrated that when the operation of the proposed hybrid energy storage system is coordinated with solar PV generation, the required size and ratings of the battery would be substantially reduced while still maintaining the same functionality. Methodologies for sizing the battery and solar panels are developed.

비상전원 기능을 갖는 3kW급 하이브리드 ESS 개발

This paper proposes a high-efficiency 3-kW hybrid ESS with emergency power supply. The proposed system enables efficient use of power from photovoltaic (PV) cells and energy storage system (ESS). The proposed system can operate as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) when grid fault occurs, providing seamless transfer from grid-connected mode to stand-alone mode. The LLC converter for PV achieves ZVS turn-on of switches and ZCS turn-off of diodes, and the isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter for ESS achieves ZCS turn-off regardless of load condition, resulting in high efficiency. The efficiency and performance of the proposed hybrid ESS has been verified by a 3-kW prototype.

A Study on Optimal Sizing and Control for Hybrid Energy Storage System with SMES and Battery**This work was supported in part by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2011-0028065) and in part by the Power Generation & Electricity Delivery Core Technology Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and

This paper proposes the new hybrid energy storage system with the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and a lead-acid battery. The SMES is the most effective energy storage device due to its high power density, fast response, and high efficiency. However, its energy density is not higher than that of other batteries. Therefore, the proposed hybrid energy storage system combines these two energy storage devices. The optimal sizes of the SMES and battery are determined by considering the system cost, output power reference, and their proper efficiencies. Also, the new control algorithm is applied to share the charging and discharging powers effectively and therefore to manage the state-of-charge (SOC) in each energy storage device. Then, the performance of proposed hybrid energy storage system is evaluated on a residential photovoltaic (PV) system with respect to energy capacity, peak load leveling, and system efficiency.

A Supervisory Power-Splitting Approach for a New Ultracapacitor–Battery Vehicle Deploying Two Propulsion Machines

Electrification of performance vehicles brings several challenges, such as the necessity of high-power sources, which can satisfy the power requirements during acceleration and efficiently retrieve energy during deceleration without performance and life cycle deterioration of such sources. In addition, the limited space under the hood for these vehicles eliminates the possibility of utilizing large volume high-power propulsion machines. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic supervisory wavelet-transform frequency decoupling-based energy management strategy implemented on a new powertrain deploying two propulsion machines rated at different powers with a hybrid battery/ultracapacitor (UC) energy storage system (ESS). The proposed control and energy management strategy guarantees that battery and UC provide the base and transient-free powers, respectively, while state of charge (SOC) of UC is maintained at an optimal value. The torque demand is split among the propulsion machines by solving the formulated unconstrained optimization problem. With the proposed hybrid ESS and energy/power decoupling strategy, power density of the ESS can be increased, vehicle performance can be improved, and battery lifetime can be prolonged.