Proportion Of Chloride Research Articles

Estimation of some physical and chemical properties of some types of laundry detergent powder in (Libyan market)

Commercial powdered laundry detergents are very in develop countries and there is a great demand for their different branded types, they are complex chemical compounds whose effectiveness and on several factors and chemical and physical properties. Therefore, some of these properties were studied for ten samples of laundry soaps (powder) circulating in Libyan market, locally made and imported, according to reliable analysis methods. PH and electrical conductivity EC of all samples was measured, and proportions of chloride and caustic soda in the components of the samples were determined. The results were as follows: PH values ranged from 10.08 – 11.28, EC values from (19, 64 – 31.1) ms, CL¯ ratios of samples ranged from (0.02 – 0.07) %, and NaOH ratios from (0.008 – 0.5) %. Through the obtained results, the quality of the Libyan washing powder was studied and compared with some imported soap powders. The PH values of two samples were 10.23, 10.08, EC values 31.1 ms and 24.3 ms, CL¯ ratio of the two samples 0.03%. And NaOH ratio of the two samples 0.02% and 0.03 %. The results indicate that local soap samples have good chemical and physical properties. We recommend studying the environmental pollution resulting from these detergents and their impact on human health. Keywords: powdered laundry detergents, physical and chemical properties, PH, caustic soda, conductivity.

Fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete containing of cement kiln dust

There are many wastes form the cement industry among them cement kiln dust (CKD). This residue is obtained after the process of burning the raw materials of cement in the rotary kiln where it is suctioned by fans during the clinker exit of the rotary kiln. Cement dust is a major environmental and economic problem in terms of high quality air pollution ranging from (20-100) microns and the proportions of chlorides, sulphates, alkali and lime living in a way that threatens the general health of human, as well as water pollution if the waste is discharged by rivers and waterways. This investigation’s main objective is to present the potential of using CKD as a cement replacement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Eight mixes incorporating CKD with partial cement replacement of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 75% in addition to control mix were investigated. The properties of all mixture were determined. Based on the experimental program results, it was found that SCC mixture incorporating 5% to 10% of CKD was almost similar to that of control mixture. The workability of SCC concrete decreased as CKD replacement increased. This established benefits of substituting cement by CKD to make SCC.

The Impact of Wastewater Treatment Effluent on the Biogeochemistry of the Enoree River, South Carolina, During Drought Conditions

Drought conditions should magnify the effect of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent on river biogeochemistry. This study examined the impact of WWTP effluent on the Enoree River in the piedmont region of South Carolina during a period of significant drought. The Enoree River lacks impoundments, upstream agricultural runoff, and significant industrial point sources, so the single most important human influence on river chemistry is WWTP effluent. Water samples were collected from 28 locations on the Enoree River, 13 of its tributaries, and the effluent of four WWTPs. Effluent from the WWTP furthest upstream increased the salinity of the river and temporal variation and concentrations of most ions, especially nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, sodium, and chloride. The upstream WWTP set the downstream chemical composition of the river, with increasing proportions of chloride, sodium, and sulfate and decreasing proportions of dissolved silicon and bicarbonate. Downstream WWTPs had little or no impact on the chemical composition of the river. Mixing model results show that dilution was the dominant process of the downstream decrease in solute concentrations, but in-channel uptake mechanisms also contributed to declines in concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, and carbon dioxide. Despite dilution and uptake, the chemical signature of WWTP effluent was still evident 135 km downstream. These results lead to a better understanding of the effects of WWTP effluent on the biogeochemistry of rivers.

Impact of soil and groundwater corrosion on the Hierakonpolis Temple Town archaeological site, Wadi Abu Sufian, Idfu, Egypt

Hierakonpolis, Greek for City of the Hawk, nearly 25 km NW of Idfu (Egypt), is an important and extensive archaeological discovery covering a large area. Its richness in archaeological artifacts makes it a valuable site. It has a valid claim to be the first nation state, as indicated by the Palette of Narmer discovered in its main mound. Geological and hydrogeological investigations at the Hierakonpolis Temple Town site documented nearly a 4.0-m water table rise from as early as 1892 to the present. In addition to the rising water levels, the increase of both subsoil water salinity and humidity threatens and damages fragile carvings and paintings within tombs in Kingdom Hill, the foundation stability of the site, and the known and still to be discovered artifact that recent pottery finds dates at least 4,000 BCE. Representative rock and soil samples obtained from drilled cores in the study area were chosen for conducting detailed grain size and X-ray analysis, light and heavy mineral occurrences, distribution of moisture and total organic matter, and scanning electron microscopy investigations. Mineralogical analysis of clays indicated that the soil samples are composed of smectite/illite mixed layers with varying proportions of smectite to illite. Kaolinite is the second dominant clay constituent, besides occasional chlorite. Swelling of the clay portion of the soil, due to the presence of capillary groundwater, in contact with buried mudbrick walls expands and causes severe damage to important exposed and buried mudbrick structures, including the massive ancient "fort" believed to date from the Second Dynasty (from 2,890 to 2,686 BC). The "fort" is 1.0 km south of the Temple Town mounds near to confluence of Wadi Abu Sufian. Groundwater samples from the shallow aquifer close by the intersection of Wadi Abu Sufian and the Nile flood plain were analyzed for chemical composition and stable isotope ratios. The groundwater in the upper zone (subsoil water) within fine-grained Nile alluvium is characterized by high salinity which varies from 415 to 4,500 mg/L total dissolved solids. In contrast, most of the groundwater samples in the lower zone (Quaternary aquifer) are characterized by a low salinity in the order of 164-792 mg/L. Values of δD and δO(18) obtained from this deep (9-20 m) aquifer ranged from 16.98 to 19.87 ‰ and from 1.67 to 2.99 ‰, respectively. These values indicated that the Quaternary aquifer waters are recharged directly from recent Nile water. Subsoil water is very shallow in the area; it ranged from 0 to 2.6 m with a mean of 1.1 m within the main mound of the Hierakonpolis Temple Town site by 2003, in contrast to its more than 4.5-m depth in 1897. The exposure of subsoil water to increased evaporation is expected, with a consequent increase in the concentrations of dissolved solids and usually large proportions of chloride and sulfate. Artifacts recovered from the Temple Town site are becoming damaged and destroyed by crystallization processes caused by repeated wetting and drying of salt and the accumulation of new salts.

Modeling of geochemical processes occurred during the formation of the Schlema deposit, Erzgebirge. II. Formation of pre-uranium veins

By means of computer modeling, it was shown that the pre-uranium quartz and quartz-sulfide veins of the Schlema deposit with their typomorphic assemblages could be formed at the expense of cooling of hot pore solutions from the Aue granite cupola underlying the mineralized zones. As was shown previously [1], the ore metal content of these pore solutions changes with decreasing temperature and pressure in the granite-water system and an increase in the intensity of granite “flushing” with a water phase. The dependence of the composition of precipitated material on the proportions of chlorides and carbon dioxide in the pore solutions was evaluated in the models. It was shown that silica mobilization from the granite and redeposition were accompanied by the oxidation of ferrous iron in the granite and extraction of sulfide sulfur in molal amounts similar to or even higher than those of silica. This provided conditions for uranium migration after these stages and formation of hydrothermal uranium ores.

Comment on “The influence of hyperchloraemia on acid--base interpretation in diabetic ketoacidosis” by Taylor et al.

Sir: I read with great interest the paper “The influence of hyperchloraemia on acid–base interpretation in diabetic ketoacidosis” [1], especially after the introduction, “Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus in children. . . . The importance of acid–base monitoring during therapy is widely acknowledged, yet many guidelines do not provide detailed instructions on how to interpret and act upon acid–base abnormalities in this setting”. However, in the following seven pages the authors did not say what is life-threatening in DKA. Nor did they give “instructions on how to interpret and act upon acid–base abnormality” with the aim of treating life-threatening situations and preventing them. In DKA, immediately lifethreatening is coma, and according to Alberti et al. [2] the cause of coma is very low blood pH (= very high concentration of hydrogen ions H+). This inhibits the activity of the pH-dependent glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase, resulting in impaired utilization of glucose, deleterious especially for brain cells whose main energy-yielding substrate is glucose. Zero lethality in comatose patients with DKA is reported only by authors who have administered to the comatose patients, as soon as possible, infusions of alkalizing solutions to increase the low blood pH (e.g., Wagner et al., reference 18 in the authors’ paper, Umpierrez et al. [3], and Yordam et al. [4]). No doubt, very interesting is the authors’ observation that in DKA the proportion of chloride in the base deficit increases from 2% to 98% during the first 20 h after admission. However, the anions usually measured in DKA – chloride, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, bicarbonate – are not life-threatening per se. If an anion is life-threatening, e.g., cyanide CN–, then it is life-threatening as acid HCN and also as alkaline salt KCN or NaCN, regardless of the pH of the solution. In DKA, life-threatening is the high concentration of H+ regardless of the accompanying anion (or anions). References

Chemical composition and acidity of rainfall in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory, Australia

Rainfall in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory, is essentially restricted to the period October to April. Rainwater samples from eight sites show that pH is consistently between 4.0 and 5.0, and confirms previous observations of the widespread occurrence of acidic rainwater across the northern parts of Australia. Measurements of anions (sulfate, nitrate, chloride, phosphate) and weak organic acids (formate and acetate) in rainfall, together with pH and conductivity, have shown the presence of local concentrations of ions and the presence of free acidity in excess of that attributed to dissolved carbon dioxide. Much of the acidity was associated with the presence of weak acids; for example, for all Magela samples 47% was weak acids compared with 25.5, 13 and 8% for hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids, respectively. Acidity due to sulfate was therefore low, but sulfate in excess of that derived from sea-salt was of large magnitude; for example, 83% of sulfate for all Magela samples was excess. Possible sources of acidity are natural (burning of vegetation, soil dust, lightning, biogenic emissions from soils and oceans and volcanoes), and anthropogenic (sulfuric acid plant and electricity generating stations and minor emissions from calciners and sulfuric acid aerosols in open vats locally at Jabiru and nearby Nabarlek). The impact of sulfur emissions from the Ranger uranium mine/mill complex (sulfuric acid plant and electricity generating station) on rainwater acidity in the surrounding Jabiru area was examined, but the fate of the sulfur dioxide emissions was not known. Difficulties in establishing the significance of contributions from anthropogenic sources against this background of natural acidity are attributed to a lack of information on the proportions of chloride, sulfate and nitrate from these sources.

Traubenertrag, Mineralstoffgehalt von Blättern und 1‐jährigen Trieben sowie Frostanfälligkeit der Knospen von Vitis vinifera L. bei verschiedenen CI−/SO42−Relationen

The influence of different Cl−/SO42− ratios in nutrient solutions applied to vines (Vitis vinifera L), on grape yields, mineral composition of leaves and stems, and bud suspectibility to frostA nutrient culture experiment with vines was carried out to investigate the influence of different Cl−/SO42− ratios on grape yields, the mineral composition of leaves and one year old stems, as well as the frost susceptibility of the buds.Cuttings of the cultivar „Grüner Veltliner”︁ were grown for a two year period in hydroponic cultures before the onset of the experiment in the third year. The four treatments applied which differed only in Cl−/SO42− ratio were as follows, the ratios being expressed in me/l: 1) 4 Cl−/0.5 SO42−, 2) 2.5 Cl−/2.0 SO42−, 3) 1 Cl−/3.5 SO42− and 4) traces of Cl−/4.5 SO42−.The results may be summarized as follows: When the proportion of chloride in the nutrient solution was high (treatments 1 and 2) grape yields were on average only about half those obtained in the higher sulphate treatments (treatments 3 and 4). In the transition from the chloride to sulphate treatments, the Ca, Mg and K contents of the leaves fell. The same was also true for the contents of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. In the one year old stems the Fe content increased markedly, and to about the same extent as the fall in Zn content. A distinct negative correlation was observed between the chloride and nitrate contents in the leaves as well as in the one year old stems. The highest frost suspectibility of the buds was obtained with a ratio of 1 me Cl− to 3.5 me SO42−.

Dietary chloride requirement of broiler chicks fed on a wheat‐soyabean diet

1. A diet based on soybean meal and wheat contained insufficient chloride to support normal growth in chicks. 2. Ammonium chloride and sodium chloride were equally good sources of supplementary chloride for the chick. 3. When seven diets providing increasing proportions of chloride from 608 to 1808 mg/kg, were fed to chicks, maximal growth at 21 d was obtained at about 1200 mg chloride/kg diet.

A Relationship Between the Conductivity and the Chloride Content in the Soil Extract and the Electromotive Force of the Soil Solution In Situ

AbstractThe electromotive force (emf) of a silver — silver chloride electrode in contact with moist clay loam, was found to be related to the specific conductivity of the 1:3 soil‐water extract. The chloride concentration of the extract was also well correlated with conductivity. Data from other sources show a generally similar trend existing for the variation of chloride concentration with conductivity of soil extracts from widely different soils. The proportion of chloride in the solution increases with total concentration, approaching a constant value at high concentrations. The relation of emf to the concentration, and its possible practical significance is noted.