Proportion Of C18 Research Articles

Effects of an essential oil blend rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol on rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid profile in the longissimus lumborum of growing lambs.

Essential oils extracted from cinnamon bark and oregano are rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol and show potential for promoting animal performance. However, their impact on rumen biohydrogenation and the fatty acid composition of meat has not been reported. The hypothesis of this study was that a blend of essential oils rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol would inhibit rumen biohydrogenation and promote the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in lamb meat. The present study evaluated the effect of a blend essential oil (EO) rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol on the nutrient digestibility, rumen biohydrogenation, growth performance, and fatty acid profile of the longissimus lumborum of lambs. Sixty male lambs with an average age of 84 ± 0.98 days and initial body mass of 25.4 ± 0.29 kg (mean ± standard deviation) were assigned randomly to four diets, and supplemented with 0 (EO0), 30 (EO30), 60 (EO60), and 120 (EO120) mg kg-1 dry matter of EO for 60 days. Although dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility all showed a linear decrease (P ≤ 0.02) with increasing quantities of EO, final body mass and average daily gain increased linearly (P = 0.04), and average daily weight gain (ADG)/dry matter intake (DMI) tended to increase linearly (P = 0.07). Increasing EO supplementation resulted in a linear decrease in total volatile fatty acid concentration, acetate molar percentage, and acetate-to-propionate ratio (P ≤ 0.03), with the EO120 treatment being lower than the other EO treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Seven lambs from the EO120 treatment and seven lambs from the EO0 treatment were randomly slaughtered. It was observed that the proportions of C18:2n6c and PUFA in longissimus lumborum were higher in the EO120 treatment than the EO0 treatment (P ≤ 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the rumen was decreased by the EO120 treatment in comparison with the EO0 treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the predicted relative abundances of genes encoding for conjugated linoleic acid reductase tended to decrease with the EO120 treatment (P = 0.06). We demonstrated that supplementation of the EO blend rich in cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol can enhance lamb growth performance and promote the deposition of desirable PUFAs in meat. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Integrated metabolomics and microbiome analysis reveal blended oil diet improves meat quality of broiler chickens by modulating flavor and gut microbiota

This study was to evaluate the effects of different dietary oils in chicken diets on meat quality, lipid metabolites, the composition of volatile compounds, and gut microbiota. Nine hundred female 817 crossbred broilers at one day old with an average body weight of 43.56 ± 0.03 g were randomly divided into five treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates of 30 birds. The control group received soybean oil (SO); other groups received diets supplemented with rice bran oil (RO), lard (LO), poultry fat (PO), and blended oil (BO), respectively. All diets were formulated as isoenergic and isonitrogenous. Compared with SO, RO decreased ADG and 42 d BW (P < 0.05). Compared with the RO, BO increased ADG and 42 d BW and decreased FCR (P < 0.05). Compared with SO, BO increased 24 h a* value and reduced the malondialdehyde (P < 0.05), and further improved drip loss of breast muscle. The proportions of C18:0 and saturated fatty acid were the highest in LO, and the proportions of C16:1, C18:1, and monounsaturated fatty acids were the highest in BO. The content of C18:2, C18:3, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were the highest in SO. The contents of glyceryl triglycerides and total esters in BO were significantly higher than those in the SO and LO group (P < 0.05). There was a substantial increment in the relative abundance of PPARα, ACOX1 and CPT1A transcripts in breast of chickens fed BO (P < 0.05). Further, dietary BO increased the relative cecal abundance of Firmicutes phylum, Ruminococcus_torques and Christensenellaceae_R-7 genera, and decreased that of Campylobacterota, Proteobacteria, and Phascolarctobacterium (P < 0.05). Genera g_Lactobacillus and Christensenellaceae_R-7 may mainly be involved in the formation of volatile flavor compounds in breast muscle. In conclusion, dietary BO improved the flavor of chickens by increasing the concentration of triglycerides and volatile flavor compounds, improving gut microbiota structure, and suppressing lipid oxidation. The potential positive effects of BO may be associated with the regulation of lipid metabolism.

Effects of dietary astaxanthin on growth performance, immunity, and tissue composition in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

This study examined the effects of feeding largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with diets containing different doses of astaxanthin (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. The results showed that the values of weight gain significantly increased from 620.32 ± 50.38% to 826.14 ± 33.49% as dietary astaxanthin levels increased from 0 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg. When the astaxanthin level exceeded 150mg/kg, the weight gain rate showed a downward trend, but there was no significant difference among of the 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were also improved by adding astaxanthin to diets (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, adding astaxanthin to the feed increased the length and thickness of intestinal villus and muscle layer thickness (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The astaxanthin supplementation increased the expression of the NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) gene and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the expression of apoptosis genes Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 (P &amp;lt; 0.05), indicating that it has a good antioxidant ability. Furthermore, adding astaxanthin increased the content of non-specific immune markers and decreased the expression levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin-15 (IL-15) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Moreover, fish fed diets with astaxanthin exhibited lower blood cortisol levels (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The proportions of C20:4n6 (ARA) and C20:5n3 (EPA) in the liver decreased with increasing dietary astaxanthin levels. Based on WGR and SGR values, the optimal addition level of astaxanthin in largemouth bass feed is 134.8 mg/kg ~ 135.75 mg/kg. In summary, the appropriate dietary astaxanthin enhanced the antioxidant capacity and immune response of largemouth bass and had a positive effect on its intestinal health.

Evaluation of the effects of diets containing different lipid levels for juvenile yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus

This study evaluated the effect of dietary lipid levels on growth, body composition, amino acid and fatty acid profile, and nutrient utilization of juvenile yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). Six diets with different crude lipid levels at 7% (CL7), 9% (CL9), 11% (CL11), 13% (CL13), 15% (CL15), and 17% (CL17) were designed, and each diet was fed to 4 cages (50 fish per cage; 19.00 ± 0.01 g per fish) for sixteen weeks. Results indicated that weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were highest at 13% dietary lipid level, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowest (P < 0.05). Intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) increased with increasing dietary lipid level from 7% to 17%. The lipid efficiency ratio (LER), lipid retention (LR), and nitrogen excretion (NE) decreased significantly with increasing dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). Crude protein and lipid of the whole body decreased or increased with increasing dietary lipid level, respectively (P < 0.05). The dorsal muscle and liver lipid content significantly increased with increasing dietary lipid (P < 0.05). With the dietary lipid increasing, total fatty acid content was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Results about the fatty acid profile of the whole body indicated that the proportions of C14:0, C16:1, C20:4, C20:5, and C20:6 were significantly decreased with increased dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). In contrast, the proportions of C18:0, C18:1, and C22:1 were increased with increased dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). The retention of fatty acids was decreased with increasing dietary lipid (P < 0.05). Form a nutritional, environmental, and economic point of view, 13% dietary crude lipid was recommended. Excess dietary lipid levels in diets negatively affect the structure of the liver, leading to lipid accumulation and inflammation development.

Effects of graded levels of dietary pomegranate peel on methane and nitrogen losses, and metabolic and health indicators in dairy cows

This study aimed to quantify the effects of dietary inclusion of tannin-rich pomegranate peel (PP) on intake, methane and nitrogen (N) losses, and metabolic and health indicators in dairy cows. Four multiparous, late-lactating Brown Swiss dairy cows (796 kg body weight; 29 kg/d of energy corrected milk yield) were randomly allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized cyclic change-over design with 3 periods, each comprising 14 d of adaptation, 7 d of milk, urine, and feces collection, and 2 d of methane measurements. Treatments were formulated using PP that replaced on a dry matter (DM) basis 0% (control), 5%, and 10% of the basal mixed ration (BMR) consisting of corn and grass silage, alfalfa, and concentrate. Gaseous exchange of the cows was determined in open-circuit respiration chambers. Blood samples were collected on d 15 of each period. Individual feed intake as well as feces and urine excretion were quantified, and representative samples were collected for analyses of nutrients and phenol composition. Milk was analyzed for concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, milk urea N, and fatty acids. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in milk and plasma were determined. In serum, the concentrations of urea and bilirubin as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transferase were measured. The data were subjected to ANOVA with the Mixed procedure of SAS, with treatment and period as fixed and animal as random effects. The PP and BMR contained 218 and 3.5 g of total extractable tannins per kg DM, respectively, and thereof 203 and 3.3 g of hydrolyzable tannins. Total DM intake, energy corrected milk, and methane emission (total, yield, and intensity) were not affected by PP supplementation. The proportions of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 in milk increased linearly as the amount of PP was increased in the diet. Milk urea N, blood urea N, and urinary N excretion decreased linearly with the increase in dietary PP content. Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in milk and plasma were not affected by the inclusion of PP. The activity of ALT increased in a linear manner with the inclusion of PP. In conclusion, replacing up to 10% of BMR with PP improved milk fatty acid composition and alleviated metabolic and environmental N load. However, the elevated serum ALT activity indicates an onset of liver stress even at 5% PP, requiring the development of adaptation protocols for safe inclusion of PP in ruminant diets.

Effects of Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels in Practical Formulation on Growth, Feed Utilization, Body Composition, and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Growing Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli.

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment (protein levels, 42%, 46%, 50%; lipid levels, 9%, 12%) with three replicates was conducted in a circulating water system to investigate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, body composition, and serum biochemical parameters of growing rockfish Sebastes schlegeli (initial weight, 29.98 ± 0.10 g). After an 8 weeks feeding trial, growth performance in terms of final body weight, percent weight gain, and specific growth rate increased with the increase of dietary protein level when fish fed diets containing a consistent level of dietary lipid. The feed conversion rate and daily feed intake were significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid levels, and decreased as dietary protein level increased from 42% to 46% or dietary lipid level increased from 9% to 12% (P < 0.05). Survival rate, viscerosomatic index, and hepatosomatic index were unaffected by dietary protein level (P > 0.05), but significantly increased with the increase of dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). On the contrary, condition factor was unaffected by dietary lipid level (P > 0.05), but significantly increased with dietary protein level increasing up to 46% (P < 0.05). The moisture contents of muscle and liver significantly decreased, but the whole-body crude lipid content, the crude protein and lipid contents of muscle increased as dietary protein or lipid level increased (P < 0.05). The contents of isoleucine, leucine, histidine, glycine, alanine of muscle, as well as the proportions of C14 : 0, C20 : 1, and C22 : 1n-9 in total fatty acids were higher in fish fed diets containing 12% lipid than those fed 9% lipid (P < 0.05), while C18 : 1n-9 and C18 : 2n-6 followed an opposite trend. The contents of phenylalanine, lysine, and tyrosine as well as the proportions of C18 : 0, C18 : 2n-6, C22 : 1n-9, and C22 : 6n-3 in total fatty acids decreased with the increase of dietary protein level (P < 0.05). Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins increased significantly with dietary protein or lipid levels increasing, but TG concentration was elevated significantly in fish fed diets containing 12% lipid. Considering the present results in terms of growth and feed utilization, the suitable protein and lipid levels in diet for growing rockfish were 46% and 12%, respectively.

Impact of the duration of rearing and finishing periods on steer performance and carcass and meat quality characteristics

The present study evaluates the effects of extending the rearing period on pasture for 0, 49, and 98 d (beyond 300 kg of live weight) and of finishing on a concentrate diet for 49 and 98 d on beef carcass quality, meat and subcutaneous fat color, shear-force, fatty acid profile and on consumer sensory quality of meat. No major interactions were observed throughout the study. Increasing the rearing period increased slaughter and carcass weight and fat thickness with no other effects on meat quality. Extending the finishing period increased slaughter and carcass weight, fat thickness, and longissimus muscle area with no effects on meat color, shear-force and cooking loses. Longissimus fatty acid profile was altered by extending the finishing period with greater amounts of total FA and proportion of C18:1 cis-9 while decreasing the proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated FA. There were no effects of extending the rearing and finishing periods on consumer evaluation of sensory traits. However, evaluation of consumer clusters found greater overall and flavor liking scores for meat from steers with the shortest rearing period for Cluster-1 while Cluster-2 gave greater flavor liking scores to beef from steers where the finishing period was extended. The results suggest slaughter weight can be increased by extending the finishing period without negatively affecting consumer quality, while extending the rearing period may have a negative impact on.

Impact of dietary dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz.) supplementation on carcase traits, breast meat quality, muscle fatty and amino acid composition and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens

This trial was performed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of dry dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz.) on carcase traits, breast meat quality, muscle fatty and amino acid composition and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens. A total of 120 Arbour Acres broiler chickens were randomly allotted to three groups and fed basal diet (CON), basal diet supplemented with 0.5 g/kg (LD) or 1.0 g/kg (HD) of dandelion. The results showed that compared with LD group, the eviscerated percentage of HD group tended to be higher (p = 0.090), while the abdominal fat yield tended to be lower (p = 0.078). In addition, dandelion quadratically increased redness, water loss rate, the proportion of C20:2, C20:4n-6, C22:6n-3 and the sum of n-3 PUFA and decreased cooking loss of Pectoralis major (PA) muscle (p < 0.05). The crude protein content of PA muscle showed a linear decrease trend with increasing dandelion levels (p = 0.057). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values on d 3 and d 5 were linearly and quadratically decreased (p < 0.05). The results indicated that dandelion could be used as natural antioxidant in broiler chickens’ diets to benefit meat quality and lipid oxidative stability. Highlights Dietary dandelion quadratically increased redness value and proportion of PUFA, while decreased cooking loss of Pectoralis major muscle. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of Pectoralis major muscle on d 3 and d 5 were linearly and quadratically decreased by dietary dandelion supplementation. The beneficial effect of 0.5 g/kg of dandelion was superior to 1.0 g/kg.

Carcase traits, meat quality, and lipogenic gene expression in muscle of lambs fed wheat bran feruloyl oligosaccharides

This study investigated the effects of dietary feruloyl oligosaccharides derived from fermented wheat bran (FOs-FWB) supplementation on carcase traits, meat quality, muscle fatty acid composition, and the expression of lipogenic genes in lambs. In a completely randomised design, 50 Dorper × thin-tailed Han lambs (20.21 ± 3.36 kg) were randomly divided into five treatments with ten replications. The lambs in the control group were fed a basal diet, while those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg FOs-FWB. The shear forces of longissimus dorsi (LD) in lambs fed 50 and 100 mg/kg FOs-FWB were significantly lower than that of the control group (p < .05). Lambs fed with 200 mg/kg FOs-FWB had higher crude protein and lower fat contents in LD muscle (p < .05), the ash content in LD muscle was increased by FOs-FWB supplementation (p < .05). Lambs fed 50 mg/kg FOs-FWB had significantly higher proportions of C18:1n − 9, C20:1, C18:3n − 3, C18:3n − 6 and total n − 3 (p < .05). The proportion of C18:3n − 6 was significantly increased by 100 mg/kg FOs-FWB supplementation (p < .05). Feeding 200 mg/kg FOs-FWB significantly decreased proportions of C14:0 and total saturated fatty acid (SFA), but increased proportions of C18:1n − 9, C18:2n − 6, total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) to SFA ratio (p < .05). Moreover, increases in the proportion of C22:6n − 3 and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were observed in lambs fed FOs-FWB (p < .05). The relative expression levels of ACC, FAS, and SCD genes in the LD muscle of lambs fed 200 and 400 mg/kg FOs-FWB were higher than the control group (p < .05). Dietary supplementation with 100, 200, 400 mg/kg FOs-FWB significantly increased the relative mRNA expression level of LPL (p < .05). Furthermore, a decrease in the relative mRNA expression level of PPARγ was observed in lambs fed 50 mg/kg FOs-FWB (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with FOs-FWB reduced shear force, enhanced intramuscular fat content and PUFAs proportion and stimulated lipogenic gene expression in LD muscle of lambs, especially at a level of 200 mg/kg addition. Highlights Dietary FOs-FWB improved the tenderness of the meat. Dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg FOs-FWB increased the content of intramuscular fat and PUFAs, as well as the ratio of UFA to SFA. Dietary FOs-FWB affected the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism.

Improving acid resistance of Escherichia coli base on the CfaS-mediated membrane engineering strategy derived from extreme acidophile.

Industrial microorganisms used for the production of organic acids often face challenges such as inhibited cell growth and reduced production efficiency due to the accumulation of acidic metabolites. One promising way for improving the acid resistance of microbial cells is to reconstruct their membranes. Herein, the overexpression of cfa2 from extreme acidophile endowed E. coli with high-performance on resistance to the acid stress. The engineered strain M1-93-Accfa2, constructed by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated chromosome integration, also exhibited a significantly higher resistance to severe acid stress. The analysis of fatty acid profiles indicated that the proportion of Cy-19:0 in the cell membrane of M1-93-Accfa2 increased by 5.26 times compared with the control, while the proportion of C18:1w9c decreased by 5.81 times. Correspondingly, the permeability and fluidity of the membrane decreased significantly. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the contents of intracellular glutamic acid, arginine, methionine and aspartic acid of M1-93-Accfa2 were 2.59, 2.04, 22.07 and 2.65 times that of the control after environmental acidification, respectively. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscopy observation indicated that M1-93-Accfa2 could maintain a plumper cell morphology after acid stimulation. M1-93-Accfa2 also exhibited higher-performance on the resistance to organic acids, especially succinic acid stress. These results together demonstrated the great potential of M1-93-Accfa2 constructed here in the production of organic acids.

Ceramide concentrations in liver, plasma, and very low-density lipoproteins of humans with severe obesity.

We investigated the relationships between ceramide species concentrations in liver, plasma and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) particles of humans with obesity as well as the relationships between hepatic fat content and hepatic ceramide concentrations and proportional distribution. Twenty-five obese (body mass index >35 kg/m2 ) adults participated in this study. Plasma, VLDL and hepatocellular ceramide concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The proportionate distribution of measured ceramide species differed between liver, whole plasma and the VLDL fraction. We found significant, positive correlations between the proportion of C14:0, C18:0, C20:0 and C24:1 ceramide in the liver and whole plasma (γ=0.491, p=0.013; γ=0.573, p=0.003; γ=0.479, p=0.015; γ=0.716, p=0.00006; respectively). In contrast, only the proportional contribution of C24:1 ceramide correlated positively between VLDL and liver (γ=0.425, p=0.013). The percent hepatic fat correlated positively with the proportion of C18:1, C18:0 and C20:0 hepatic ceramides (γ=0.415, p=0.039; γ=0.426, p=0.034; γ=0.612, p=0.001; respectively), but not with total hepatic ceramide concentration. The proportions of whole plasma ceramide subspecies, especially C14:0, C18:0, C20:0 and C24:1chain length, are reflective of those of hepatic ceramide subspecies in obese humans; these appear to be markers of hepatic ceramide species composition.

Effect of partial replacement of concentrate with Prosopis cineraria leaves on nutrient utilization, growth and carcass characteristics of Malpura lambs

A study was aimed to evaluate nutrient utilization, growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Malpura lambs fed concentrate mixture containing 10% Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) leaves. Malpura lambs (n=24, ∼3 months old) were distributed into two groups viz., T1 and T2 and fed concentrate mixture with P. cineraria leaves @ 0 and 10% of concentrate, respectively along with basal diet for 90 days. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was lower (P=0.05) in T2 (1799 Kcal/d) which resulted in lower (P=0.05) average daily gain (131 g) and higher (P=0.03) feed conversion ratio (6.46). Digestibility of dry matter (60.6%), organic matter (63.2%), crude protein (65.4%), ether extract (72.8%), acid digestible fibre (18.1%) and cellulose (19.9%) was decreased and excretion of nitrogen through faeces was increased (P<0.05 resulting in nitrogen per cent of intake. Cooking loss was less (P<0.05), and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value of meat in T2 (0.46 mg/malonaldehyde/kg meat) was lower (P<0.05) indicating improved oxidative stability. Further, proportion of C18:3 (α-linolenic acid) and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in longissimus thoracis muscle were also higher (P<0.05) in T2 as compared to T1. Hence, it can be concluded that replacement of concentrate mixture with 10% P. cineraria leaves lowered nutrient utilization and increased feed conversion ratio; but it showed positive effects on fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of meat.

Physicochemical, functional, and digestibility properties of rice starches esterified with gulupa seed oil (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. edulis)

ABSTRACT The structural modification of starch improves its physicochemical and functional properties and develops new material. Our study aimed to modify rice starch obtained from three varieties using a solvent-free system involving gulupa seed oil and lipase B from Candida antarctica. We characterized six starches (native and modified), performed a digestibility test, and determined the particle sizes, zeta potentials, and calorimetric differences between the materials. All the starches presented a charged surface between −41.6 and −58.9 mV. The modified starches’ fatty acid profiles changed according to the rice variety used, namely, the proportions of C14, C16, and C18 acids. The modified Clearfield, F60, and Oryzica 1 starches showed fatty acid content increased 85%, 23%, and 73%, respectively. The features presented by the three varieties of starch open up the possibility of their industrial application; furthermore, the starch modification process presents economic and environmental advantages.

A newly developed strain of Enterococcus faecium isolated from fresh dairy products to be used as a probiotic in lactating Holstein cows.

The objective of this study was to determine the ability of an isolated strain (EGY_NRC1) or commercial (NCIMB 11181) Enterococcus faecium as a probiotic for lactating cows. Two experiments were conducted: In Experiment 1, the effects of three levels (1, 2, and 3 g/kg diet, DM basis) of isolated and commercial E. faecium on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics, gas, methane (CH4) and nutrient degradability were determined. In Experiment 2, thirty multiparous Holstein cows (633 ± 25.4 kg body weight) with 7 days in milk, were randomly assigned to 3 treatments in a completely randomized design in a 60-day experiment. Cows were fed without any additives (control treatment) or supplemented with 2 g/kg feed daily of E. faecium EGY_NRC1 (contain 1.1 × 109 CFU/g) or commercial E. faecium NCIMB 11181 (contain 2 × 1012 CFU/g). Diets were prepared to meet cow's nutrient requirements according to NRC recommendations. Probiotic doses were based on the in vitro Experiment 1. Feed intake, digestibility, blood parameters and lactation performance were evaluated. In Experiment 1, the isolated E. faecium linearly and quadratically increased (P < 0.001) in vitro total gas production (TGP), the degradability of dry matter (dDM) and organic matter (dOM) while decreased (P < 0.05) methane (CH4) percent of TGP, NH3CH4 production, and pH. The commercial E. faecium increased TGP and decreased (P < 0.01) CH4 production, pH and increased the dDM and dOM, short chain fatty acids and ruminal NH3-N concentration. In Experiment 2, the isolated E. faecium increased (P < 0.01) total tract digestibility of DM, neutral and acid detergent fiber, daily milk production and feed efficiency compared to the control treatment without affecting feed intake and milk composition. Moreover, the isolated E. faecium increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of C18:1 trans-9, C18:2 cis-9-12 and C18:2 trans-10 cis-12. Both isolated and commercial E. faecium improved (P < 0.01) organic matter, crude protein and nonstructural carbohydrates digestibility, increased serum glucose (P = 0.002) and decreased serum cholesterol (P = 0.002). Additionally, both E. faecium strains decreased C23:0 (P = 0.005) in milk. In conclusion, the use of E. faecium (isolated and commercial) at 2 g/kg DM of feed improved feed efficiency and production performance, with superior effects on animal performance from isolated E. faecium compared to the commercial one.

Mediation analysis of erythrocyte lipophilic index on the association between BMI and risk of oral cancer

AimsTo explore the relationship between the fatty acid lipophilic index (LI) of the erythrocyte membrane and oral cancer risk, as well as to evaluate the possibility of LI acting as a mediator of the association between body mass index (BMI) and oral cancer.MethodTwenty-three fatty acids (FAs) of the erythrocyte membrane were measured using gas chromatography in 380 patients with oral cancer and 387 control subjects. The LI was calculated based on the FA proportion and FA melting points. The association of BMI and erythrocyte LI with oral cancer risk was analysed using logistic regression. The mediation effect of LI on the association between BMI and oral cancer risk was evaluated using mediation analysis.ResultsAmong the control group, 46.0% were overweight or obese, which was significantly higher than that of oral cancer patients (29.5%). Significant differences in erythrocyte membrane saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were observed between the patient and control groups. The proportion of C18:1 n-9 from the MUFA family increased in oral cancer patients (12.67%) compared with controls (12.21%). While the total proportion of n-3 PUFAs decreased in oral cancer patients compared with controls, with C20:5 n-3 decreasing from 0.66 to 0.47%, and C22:6 n-3 decreasing from 5.82 to 4.86%. The LI was lower in the control participants (M = 27.6, IQR: 27.3–27.9) than in the oral cancer patients (M = 28.2, IQR: 27.9–28.5). BMI was inversely associated with oral cancer risk with a fully adjusted OR of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.43–0.83), while LI was positively associated with oral cancer risk with a fully adjusted OR of 1.99 (95% CI:1.36–2.94). LI explained 7% of the variance in the relationship between BMI and oral cancer risk.ConclusionsThe distribution of the FA profile in erythrocyte membranes differed between the oral cancer patients and the control group. The LI derived from the profile of FAs was positively associated with the risk of oral cancer, and the associations between BMI and oral cancer risk can be explained, at least in part, by LI.

Dietary phosphatidylcholine improved the survival, growth performance, antioxidant, and osmoregulation ability of early juvenile mud crab Scylla paramamosain

A 60-day culture experiment was designed to investigate the effect of dietary phosphatidylcholine/soybean lecithin (PC/SL) levels on survival, growth, body composition, antioxidant, and osmoregulation ability of early juvenile mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated with five graded PC levels (0.1% (PC0.1), 0.5% (PC0.5), 1.0% (PC1.0), 2.0% (PC2.0), and 4.0% (PC4.0)) and one SL level (2.0%, SL2.0) to fed early juvenile S. paramamosain (8.70 ± 0.19 mg/crab). The results showed a significantly low survival in the PC0.1 group. Mud crabs obtained the highest growth performance in the PC2.0 and SL2.0 groups, but there was no significant difference with crabs in the PC0.5, PC1.0, and PC4.0 groups. The expression of the target of rapamycin (tor) gene was positively correlated with growth performance. The crab's whole-body crude lipid, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (T-CHO) content rose significantly with increasing dietary PC levels. At the same time, the crab whole-body long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lc-PUFA) proportion increased significantly, accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of C18:2n6. The expression of fatty acid synthesis-related genes decreased significantly with the increase in dietary PC levels. Dietary PC levels ≥1% significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of the mud crabs. Crabs obtained the highest total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the PC1.0 group; the catalase (CAT) activity was positively correlated with dietary PC levels; significantly lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content was found when dietary PC ≥ 1%. Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity increased with increasing dietary PC levels, and the expression of Na+/K+/2Cl−-cotransporter (nkcc) and nka genes were also significantly elevated. The results of the salinity challenge showed that the crabs obtained the highest survival in the PC4.0 group. In summary, the second-order polynomial regression analysis of weight gain and specific growth rate showed that early juvenile S. paramamosain obtained the highest growth at a dietary PC level of 2.60–2.62%.

Acetate-Induced Milk Fat Synthesis Is Associated with Activation of the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Acetate is a precursor substance for fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), and the mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in milk fat synthesis. However, the mechanism of the regulatory effects of acetate on lipogenic genes via the mTOR signaling pathway in BMEC remains unknown. We hypothesized that acetate can enhance the expression of lipogenic genes and triglyceride (TG) production by activating the mTOR signaling pathway in BMECs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the network of acetate-regulated lipid metabolism by the mTOR signaling pathway in BMECs. These results showed that TG synthesis was elevated (p &lt; 0.01) in BMECs with acetate treatment. The lipid droplets were increased in the acetate-treated groups compared with those in the control group through the Bodipy staining of the lipids. In addition, the fatty acid profile in BMECs treated with acetate was affected, with an elevation in the proportions of C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0. The mRNA levels of the sterol-response-element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes involved in the lipogenesis and transcriptional factors were upregulated (p &lt; 0.05) in BMECs with acetate treatment. Remarkably, the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACCα) and FAS rate-limiting enzymes involved in lipogenesis was upregulated in BMECs with acetate treatment. Moreover, the addition of acetate enhanced the key protein expression of S6K1, which is related to the mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that TG accumulation and expression of lipogenic genes induced by acetate are associated with the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway, which provides new insights into the understanding of the molecular mechanism in the expression of mTOR-signaling-pathway-regulated lipogenic genes.

PSVI-16 The Essential oil of Arnica Montana Positively Modulates the Fatty Acid Profile of Lamb Meat

Abstract Essential oils can modulate ruminal biohydrogenation. Dorper x Santa Inês lambs (n=40; initial BW of 30.3 ± 5.76 kg and 92 ± 9 d old) were assigned to a randomized complete block to evaluate the effect of different levels of arnica montana essential oil (AM) as a feed additive on the fatty acid (FA) profile of the meat. The treatments were: 25 mg of monensin/kg DM (M25); and four monensin-free diets containing 0 (AM0), 450 (AM450), 900 (AM900) and 1350 (AM1350) mg of AM/kg DM. All diets contained 90% concentrate and 10% forage (Coastcross hay). The experiment lasted 90 d, then the lambs were slaughtered and the meat samples were taken to evaluate the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. The increase in AM promoted a linear reduction (P&amp;lt; 0.05) in the proportion of C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 t11, C22:6 n-3 and the sum of saturated FA (ΣSFA). A linear increase (P&amp;lt; 0.05) in the proportion of C18:2 c9,12, C18:3 n-3, in the sum of polyunsaturated (ΣPUFA) and the sum of the FA of the omega-6 series (Σn-6) when AM was included in the diet. The M25 diet increased (P&amp;lt; 0.05) the proportion of C16:0, C17:0, C18:0 and decreased (P&amp;lt; 0.05) the proportion of C18:2 c9,12, ΣSFA, Σn-6 and the relationship n-6/n-3 compared with AM diets. There was a reduction (P&amp;lt; 0.05) in the proportion of C16:0; C18:3 n-3 and an increase to C18:1 t11 and C22:6 n-3 when AM0 was compared with the M25. The proportions of C12:0; C14:0; C14:1 c9; C16:1 c9; C18:1 c9; C18:1 t9; C18:2 c9, t11; C18:2 t10, c12; C18:3 n-6 e C20:5 n-3 were similar between treatments (P &amp;gt;0.05). The AM positively modulates the FA profile of lamb meat, and the content of 1350 mg/kg DM of AM was the most efficient.

The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Microalgae Schizochytrium spp. on Ewes' Milk Quality and Oxidative Status.

An unprecedented challenge for nutritionists arises during the 21st century in order to produce highly nutritious and functional food which promotes human health. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are highly contained in microalgae have broadly been confirmed for preventing cardiovascular diseases and regulating immune-oxidative status. However, their optimum dietary inclusion level needs to be defined since PUFA are prone to oxidation. For this purpose, 24 cross-bred dairy ewes, were separated into four groups (n = 6) and were fed with different levels of microalgae Schizochytrium spp. [0 (CON, no microalgae), 20 (SC20), 30 (SC30) and 40 (SC40) g/ewe/day] for 60 days. The results showed that although the production parameters were not impaired, milk fat content was decreased in medium and high-level supplemented groups while protein content was suppressed only for the medium one. Concerning the fatty acids (FA) profile, the proportions of C14:0, trans C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2, trans-10, cis-12 C18:2, C20:5 (EPA), C22:5n-6 (DPA), C22:6n-3 (DHA), the total ω3 FA and PUFA were significantly increased, while those of C18:0, cis-9 C18:1 and C18:2n-6c were decreased in the milk of treated ewes. Additionally, in the S40 group an oxidative response was induced, observed by the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in milk and blood plasma. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of 20 g Schizochytrium spp./ewe/day, improves milks’ fatty acid profile and seems to be a promising way for producing ω3 fatty acid-enriched dairy products.

Streptococcus ruminicola sp. nov., new species of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) isolated from the rumen of Korean domestic ruminants.

A total of three Gram-positive, and oxidase and catalase-negative facultative anaerobic non-motile bacteria were isolated from the rumen fluid of cows and goats and these strains were designated CNU_G2T, CNU_77-61, and CNU_G3. They grew at 20-45°C, pH 6.5-7, and 0-6.5% NaCl (w/v). The G + C contents (%) of the three isolates were 37.9, 37.8 and 37.8, respectively. Phylogenomic analysis indicated that these strains were distinct from other Streptococcus species. The average nucleotide identity between the isolates and the closest strain S. infantarius subsp. infantarius ATCC BAA-102T was 94.0-94.5%, while the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the isolates and the aforementioned related strain were 58.2-61.4%, respectively. Fatty acid analysis revealed higher proportions of C16:0 (> 28%) in all three isolates, while the proportion of C18:0 was higher in CNU_G2T (25.8%); however, it was less than 12% in all the representing strains used in the study. The C14:0 composition of strains CNU_77-61 (22.1%) and CNU_G3 (24.1%) was higher than that of type strains of CNU_G2T (8.1%). Based on the morphological, biochemical, and molecular phylogenetic features of the three novel isolates, they represent a novel species of the genus Streptococcus, for which we propose as Streptococcus ruminicola sp. nov. The type strain is CNU_G2T (= KCTC 43308T = GDMCC 1.2785T).