Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Research Articles

Modeling and control of a photovoltaic-wind hybrid microgrid system using GA-ANFIS

This paper aims to model a PV-Wind hybrid microgrid that incorporates a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and design a Genetic Algorithm-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (GA-ANFIS) controller to regulate its voltage amid power generation variations. Two microgrid models have been developed; a scalable Simulink Case Study Model from underlying mathematical equations and a nested voltage-current loop-based Transfer Function model. The proposed GA-ANFIS controller has been used as a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to optimize the converter outputs and provide voltage regulation. The performance of the GA-ANFIS algorithm was compared with the Search Space Restricted-Perturb and Observe (SSR-P&O) and the Proportional-plus-Integral-plus-Derivative (PID) controllers using a simulation model built in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Results indicated that the GA-ANFIS controller is superior to the SSR-P&O and PID in terms of reduced rise time, settling time, overshoot, and the ability to handle non-linearities in the microgrid. In future work, the GA-ANFIS microgrid control system can be replaced with a three-term hybrid artificial intelligence algorithms controller.

DYNAMIC MODELING AND CONTROL OF AN ELECTRO-MECHANICAL FIN LOADING SYSTEM

In this study, the design of an electro-mechanical fin loading system which is utilized to simulate the effects of the aerodynamic moment occurring in an atmospheric flight on a missile system is dealt with. In this extent, the dynamic modeling of the dedicated loading system is constructed and then the control system is designed on that model. As the control algorithm, the classical control system operating with regard of the PID (proportional plus integral plus derivative) control action and the robust control system designed according to the H∞ norm are taken into consideration. Once the mentioned control systems are built, the relevant computer simulations are performed with the inclusion of a realistic control actuation system model in accordance with the consistent numerical values of the necessary parameters. As a result of this work, it is observed that the robust control system yields more satisfactory results than its classical counterpart even under more severe conditions.

Similarity Relations of PID Flight Control Parameters of Scaled-Model and Full-Size Aircraft

To carry out a scaled-model flight test of a high-gain aircraft with a proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) flight control design, the similarity relations of the flight control law parameters of scaled-model and full-size aircraft must be systematically studied. In this article, the general similarity relations applicable to commonly used flight control law configurations and feedback signals are derived and analyzed. Based on the control principle, PID control parameters are divided into two types: feedback gains and series combined dynamic elements. The general similarity relations for the control parameters of these two types of elements are derived from system similarity theory. Finally, closed-loop flight control simulations of a fighter aircraft and its scaled model are completed. The simulation results show that the scaled-model and full-size aircraft with similar PID control law parameters are physically similar, validating the similarity relation conclusions proposed in this article.

Dynamic Response of Multi Area Load Frequency Control through Different Computational Techniques

Objective: To employ optimization technique (GA (Genetic Algorithm) Technique) to solve the problem of power generation, by means of mathematical approach to formulate the problem mathematically. Methods: Thermal units have been taken as a source of power generation. Transfer function model of thermal generating units has been developed and simulated through MATLAB Simulink software. The main issue of power generation is the continuous mismatching in the generation and consumption of electricity due to which continuous the change in frequency and corresponding power becomes a major issue, which need to be maintained in constancy for regular operation. For this purpose, optimization technique (GA Technique), PI (Proportional Plus Integral), PID (Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative) technique have been used to solve the issue of frequency and corresponding power. Findings: Solve the issues of change in frequency and corresponding tie line power, a table has been drawn for batter comparison. Novelty: The comparative results obtained from all technique have been put in table which shows that the optimization technique (GA Technique) gives very effective, efficient and dynamic results (8 Sec and 11 Sec in Frequency & Power Variation) compared to traditional technique (PI, PID) (28 Sec, 44 Sec & 27 Sec & 43 Sec in Frequency & Power Variation). Keywords: Traditional Technique; GA (Genetic Algorithm) Technique; Optimization Technique; Power Generation

Fuzzy gain Scheduled PID Controller for Power Quality Enhancement in Grid Connected Hybrid Solar PV-PEMFC Energy System

Power quality improvement is inevitable due to the presence of power converters and non-linear loads in grid connected renewable based hybrid energy system (HES). The harmonics introduced by the distributed energy systems may lead to output voltage distortion andequipment failure which may lead to system losses. It may also cause for direct and indirecteconomic impacts. Development of active filter, passive filter and hybrid filter for harmonics mitigation would be an expensive solutions. Therefore, various DC/AC converter switchingschemes are proposed for power quality improvements in grid connected Solar Photovoltaic(PV) and fuel cell based HES. Initially, Solar PV and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell (PEMFC) are modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Further the harmonic behavior withProportional plus Integral (PI), Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) and Fuzzygain scheduled PID controllers are demonstrated using Pulse Width Modulator (PWM).Converter output voltage waveform, frequency spectrum and total harmonics distortion (THD) values at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) have witnessed that the fuzzy gain scheduled PID controller suppresses the voltage distortions completely. It also yields 4 percentage THD value which satisfies the harmonic level recommended by IEEE 519 standard. Comparative analysis shows that the fuzzy gain scheduled PID control scheme exhibits superior performance than the traditional PI and PID controllers. Therefore, it is identified as an effective control scheme for power quality improvement in hybrid renewable energy system.

CANFIS based DSTATCOM modelling for solving power quality problems

Devolution of the power grid into smart grid was necessitated by the proliferation of sensitive load profiles into the system, as well as incessant environmental challenges. These two factors culminated into aggravated disturbances that cause serious havoc along the entire system structure. The traditional proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative (PID) solution offered by the distribution synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) could no longer hold. As such, this paper proposes some soft-computing framework for redesigning DSTATCOM to automatically deal with power quality (PQ) problems in smart distribution grids. A recipe of artificial neural network (ANN) and coactive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (CANFIS) was fabricated for the objective. The system was modelled, simulated, and validated in MATLAB/Simulink SimPowerSystems environment. The performance of the CANFIS against adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), ANN and fuzzy logic controllers’ algorithms proved superior in handling PQ issues like voltage sag, voltage swell and harmonics.

Simulation Design of Blood-pump Intelligent Controller Based on PID-like fuzzy logic Technique

This paper presents a blood pump with a bearingless brushless DC motor, supported by speed, torque, and suspension force controllers. Simulation of the pump motor and its controllers tested by MATLAB/Simulink. Two Proportional plus Integral (PI) controllers are employed for controlling the rotational speed and torque of the motor. For controlling the suspension force a comparative study is presented between the Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) controller and two inputs PID-like Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). A particle swarm optimization technique is used to find the best values for the controller’s parameters. The results of the speed and torque controllers exhibit a good time response to reach the desired speed with a short period of time and to decrease the distorting effects of the load torque successfully. Under similar conditions, the PID-like FLC that controls the suspension forces shows a better time response compared to the PID controller. An enhancement in the responses is rated between 18% and 49%, measured using the absolute integral of error criteria on the x and y axes, and in the processing, time rated between 38% and 47%, very high oscillation suppression capability is observed in the PID-like FLC response

Comparative Analysis among Single-Stage, Dual-Stage, and Triple-Stage Actuator Systems Applied to a Hard Disk Drive Servo System

In modern times, the design and optimization of different actuator systems for controlling a high-precision position control system represent a popular interdisciplinary research area. Initially, only single-stage actuator systems were used to control most of the motion control applications. Currently, dual-stage actuation systems are widely applied to high-precision position control systems such as hard disk drive (HDD) servo systems. In the dual-stage system, a voice coil motor (VCM) actuator is used as the primary stage and a piezoelectric micro-actuator is applied as the secondary stage. However, a dual-stage control architecture does not show significant performance improvements to achieve the next-generation high-capacity HDD servo system. Research continues on how to fabricate a tertiary actuator for a triple-stage HDD servo system. A thermal positioning controller (TPC) actuator is considered promising as the tertiary stage. The triple-stage system aims to achieve greater bandwidth, track density, and disk speed, with minimum sensitivity and greater error minimization. In this work, these three actuation systems with different combinations of proportional plus integral (PI), proportional plus derivative (PD), and proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller, lag-lead controller, lag filter, and inverse lead plus a PI controller were designed and analyzed through simulation to achieve high-precision positioning. The comparative analyses were done on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform.

Automatic Generation Control of Two-Area STThermal Power System using Jaya Algorithm

This article present automatic generation control (AGC) of a two area thermal system incorporating solar thermal power plant (STPP) in one of the areas. The performance of the conventional two area system is compared with the proposed system. Similarly, the performances of integral (I), proportional plus integral (PI), and proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller are evaluated in the system with STPP. For optimization of the proposed system, a new optimization technique, i.e. Jaya Algorithm is used for the optimization of secondary controller gains. Examinations uncover that Jaya optimized PID controller’s performance is better as compared to integral and proportional integral control. Better dynamic performances like settling time, overshoot, undershoot is achieved by Jaya algorithm for the proposed system. Further, robustness of the systems are studied by changing all the system parameter from -25% to 25%. Analysis reveals that Jaya algorithm based PID controller gains are quite robust and need not be reset for large variations in system parameters.

Load Disturbance Rejection Based PID Controller for Frequency Regulation of a Microgrid

<p>Today’s world is very much concerned to reduce green house gas emission from the conventional thermal power plants as cutting down emissions from transport and heating sector may not be realistic in the near future. To reduce pollution from electrical power sources, the world is now marching towards usage of renewable energy sources (RESs). These sources being small in capacity are mostly connected at the distribution voltage level. This indirectly reduces transmission and distribution losses as the sources are around the load. This distribution system having small scale energy sources is called as a microgrid or active distribution network. Microgrid operates generally in a grid connected mode. However, circumstances such as fault, voltage sag and large frequency oscillations in the main grid may force the active distribution network to be disconnected from the main grid and operate as an isolated microgrid . During this isolation there will be change in power output from the controllable microsources which are to be regulated properly to have a stable operation in regard to power balance and frequency of operation within the isolated microgrid. An autonomous isolated microgrid comprising both controllable & uncontrollable sources. Like solar, wind, diesel generator(DG), aqua electrolyzer(AE), fuel cell(FC), a battery energy storage system(BESS), and fly wheel(FW) are considered. Solar, wind, DG and FC are power generating source & BESS, FW, AE as energy storage element. The generated hydrogen by an AE is used as fuel for a FC. The power system frequency deviates for the sudden change in load demand and the real power generation. The output power of DG, FC, BESS, FW and power absorbed by AE is regulated by using controller such that frequency of the system is controlled. Controller used is proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID). Load Disturbance Rejection(LDR) is used for tuning of controller gains of the proposed hybrid system. This uses the chien-hornes-resnick(CHR) setting with 20% overshoot. Design of p-f droop(frequency regulation parameter) for different controllable source in microgrid using bode plot stability criterion. The system response with Modified LDR based controller, LDR based controller and classical controller are compared. Investigation shows that Modified LDR based controller gives best response amongst these three methods.</p>

Some investigations on hybrid fuzzy IPD controllers for proportional and derivative kick suppression

Proportional and derivative kick i.e., a large change in control action of a proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller due to a sudden change in reference set-point is generally undesired in process industry. Therefore, the structure of conventional parallel PID controller is modified to integral minus proportional derivative (I-PD) controller. In this paper, three hybrid fuzzy IPD controllers such as a fuzzy I-fuzzy PD (FI-FPD) controller and its hybrid combinations with its conventional counterpart such as fuzzy I-PD (FI-PD) and I-fuzzy PD (I-FPD) are presented in view of above industrial problem. These controllers are based upon the counterpart conventional I-PD controller and contains analytical formulae. Computer simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of hybrid fuzzy controllers along with conventional I-PD and PID controllers for set-point tracking and disturbance rejection for an induction motor in closed loop using LabVIEW™ environment. The gains of conventional and hybrid fuzzy controllers are tuned using genetic algorithm (GA) for minimum overshoot and settling time. It has been observed that hybrid fuzzy controllers along with the conventional I-PD controller significantly remove the kick from the control action in reference set-point tracking. However, in disturbance rejection, I-PD and FI-PD controllers fail to eliminate the kick from the control signal. In contrast, FI-FPD and I-FPD controllers considerably reduced spikes from the control action in disturbance rejection. Among the conventional and hybrid fuzzy IPD controllers, FI-FPD demonstrates much better set-point tracking and disturbance rejection response with spike free control action.

Design of optimal controllers for a three tank proces

A typical three tank process has the difficulty in controller design because of assumed non linear flow and interaction between tanks. This paper deals with design methodology of full state feedback (FSFB) controller and linear quadratic controller (LQC) with pre compensator. The performance of proposed controllers is compared with Zeigler-Nichols (ZN) tuned proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller for servo and regulatory response. The FSFB controller with pre compensator yields better performance compared to other controllers. The transient response specifications and performance indices are compared and which indicates the efficacy of FSFB controller over LQC. The stability analysis is carried out using the vector gain margin (VGM) index and it is evident that VGM lies well within the range for LQC than FSFB controller

Automatic generation control of a multi-area ST – Thermal power system using Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm based classical controllers

This paper present automatic generation control (AGC) of a three area thermal system incorporating solar thermal power plant (STPP) in one of the area. Single reheat turbine and appropriate generation rate constraints is provided in the conventional thermal system. The performances of integral (I), proportional plus integral (PI), and proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller are evaluated in the system with and without incorporating STPP. A new computational evolutionary technique called grey wolf optimizer algorithm (GWO) is used for the optimization of secondary controller gains for first time in AGC. Investigations reveal that GWO optimized PID controller’s performance is better than others in terms of settling time, peak overshoot and magnitude of oscillations in the system with or without STPP. Sensitivity analysis reveals that that GWO optimized PID controller gains obtained in nominal conditions and parameters are healthy and not necessary to reset for large change in system conditions and parameters.

Stability and chaotic behavior of a PID controlled inverted pendulum subjected to harmonic base excitations by using the normal form theory

In this paper we investigate the stability and the onset of chaotic oscillations around the pointing-up position for a simple inverted pendulum that is driven by a control torque and is harmonically excited in the vertical and horizontal directions. The driven control torque is defined as a proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) control of the deviation angle with respect to the pointing-down equilibrium position. The parameters of the PID controller are tuned by using the Routh criterion to obtain a stable weak focus around the pointing-up position, whose stability is investigated by using the normal form theory. The normal form theory is also used to deduce a simplified mathematical model that can be resolved analytically and compared with the numerical simulation of the complete mathematical model. From the harmonic prescribed motions for the pendulum base, necessary conditions for chaotic motion are deduced by means of the Melnikov function. When the pendulum is close to the unstable pointing-up position, the PID parameters are changed and the chaotic motion is destroyed, which is achieved by employing very small control signals even in the presence of random noise. The results of the analytical calculations are verified by full numerical simulations.

Effect of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) for Damping Oscillations in Automatic Generation Control with Cuckoo Search Optimised Integral Double Derivative Controller

This paper investigates into the effectiveness of cuckoo search (CS) algorithm to obtain the optimal gain settings of different classical controllers viz. integral (I), proportional plus integral (PI), proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) and integral plus double derivative (IDD) for load-frequency control (LFC) of two-area interconnected thermal reheat power system without and with Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) in the tie-line, and compare its performance to establish its superiority over genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. Further, the performance of above mentioned different classical controllers for the system without and with SSSC is investigated. The study is carried out considering appropriate generation rate constraints (GRC). Integral squared error (I.S.E) technique is used to optimize the designing parameters. Comparison of convergence characteristics of GA, PSO and CS algorithms reveal faster convergence in case of CS algorithm, which is an obvious choice of reducing computational burden. Comparison of dynamic responses reveals that responses for I, PI, PID controllers without and with SSSC are practically more or less same whereas those of IDD without and with SSSC are much better. The improved dynamic responses using IDD controller with SSSC, in terms of peak deviations and settling time as compared to the output responses of the system obtained without SSSC is also presented. Finally, sensitivity analysis is carried out to verify the robustness of the optimum gains of the IDD controllers to wide changes in system loading condition, several system parameters and size of step load perturbation (SLP).

Control of an Electromechanical Control Actuation System Using a Fractional Order Proportional, Integral, and Derivative-Type Controller

In this study, the usefulness of a fractional order PID (proportional plus integral plus derivative)-type controller is investigated on the control of an electromechanical control actuation system. In this extent, the mathematical model of an electromechanically-actuated control actuation system considered is obtained in the continuous time domain first and then a control system with an integer PID-type controller is constructed by regarding this model. Having performed the computer simulations using the fractional order controllers which are designated by defining the integral and derivative actions in a fractional manner, the transient response characteristics of the proposed fractional order control systems are compared to those of the integer order control systems. Eventually, it is observed that satisfactory results are attained such that they can safely be implemented on a physical control actuation system mechanism developed.

An AdaptiveSelf Tuning Regulator with Genetic Controller Tuning

This paper presents the development of a Genetic Algorithm Supervisory Loop (GASL) to enhance the performance of Adaptive Controllers in the Self Tuning Regulator (STR) framework. The GASL is designed to tune the identification model and control parameters to achieve an optimum performance of the process. The STR controller used to demonstrate the technique effectiveness is a real time Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) algorithm. The addition of the GASL to the PID STR provides superior performance by expanding the STR’s ability to maintain control of nonlinear systems under large and quick shifts in system modes and/or disturbances. In test cases, the basic STR shows performance deterioration, while the GAS enhanced STR maintained desirable performances. The GASL developed is applied to a nonlinear adaptive suspension system for investigation and assessment. Investigations results show the effectiveness of utilizing the GASL within the adaptive STR framework.

Stability Analysis of Parallel Fuzzy P + Fuzzy I + Fuzzy D Control Systems

The study presented in this paper is in continuation with the paper published by the authors on parallel fuzzy proportional plus fuzzy integral plus fuzzy derivative (FP + FI + FD) controller. It addresses the stability analysis of parallel FP + FI + FD controller. The famous small gain theorem is used to study the bounded-input and bounded-output (BIBO) stability of the fuzzy controller. Sufficient BIBO-stability conditions are developed for parallel FP + FI + FD controller. FP + FI + FD controller is derived from the conventional parallel proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller. The parallel FP + FI + FD controller is actually a nonlinear controller with variable gains. It shows much better set-point tracking, disturbance rejection and noise suppression for nonlinear processes as compared to conventional PID controller.

Modeling of SVC Controller based on Adaptive PID Controller using Neural Networks

The Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) technology is a promising technology to achieve complete deregulation of power system based on power electronic devices, used to enhance the existing transmission capabilities in order to make the system flexible and independent in operation then the system will be kept within limits without affecting the stability. Complete closed-loop smooth control of voltage can be achieved using shunt connected FACTS devices. Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is one of the shunt connected devices, which can be utilized for the purpose of voltage and reactive power control in power systems. In this paper the considered structure of SVC consists of (TCR-FC) which is applied at SMIB system model, the dynamic equations for the (SMIB-SVC) model will be presented, the system equations expressed in terms of state space equations then by using MATLAB the plant of the system model will be presented under various loading conditions. A Neuro-PID controller model has been developed to improve on the response and performance of a conventional Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID) controller which control the response of the plant model by developing a self-tuning/adaptive Neural-PID controller. The proposed Neuro-controller was developed using the back propagation algorithm. The ANN based PID (ANNPID) controller compared with ANN controller through MATLAB simulation results. Comparison of performance responses of ANN controller and ANN-PID controller show that ANN-PID controller has quite satisfactory generalization capability, feasibility and reliability, as well as the accuracy in the system; the superiority of the performance of ANN over PID controller is highlighted under various loading conditions.

Some investigations on fuzzy P + fuzzy I + fuzzy D controller for non-stationary process

The paper addresses the adaptive behaviour of parallel fuzzy proportional plus fuzzy integral plus fuzzy derivative (FP+FI+FD) controller. The parallel FP+FI+FD controller is actually a non-linear adaptive controller whose gain changes continuously with output of the process under control. Two non-stationary processes, whose characteristics change with time, are considered for simulation study. Simulation is performed using software LabVIEW?. The set-point tracking response of parallel FP+FI+FD is compared with conventional parallel proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller, tuned with the Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) tuning technique. Simulation results show that conventional PID controller fails to track the set-point and becomes unstable as the process changes its characteristic with time. But the parallel FP+FI+FD controller shows considerably much better set-point tracking response and does not deviate from steady state. Also, a huge spike is observed in the output of PID controller as the reference set-point and process parameters are changed, while the FP+FI+FD controller gives spike free control signal.