Proportional Distribution Method Research Articles

Provision of optimal dispatching scenarios for regional power systems in the face of uncontrollable power shortages

As of 2023, substantiation of the criteria for optimal load balancing of territorial energy islands in the face of uncontrolled power shortages due to unpredictable failure (destruction as a result of military bombardment) of the upper (trunk) level energy infrastructure is relevant. The research aims to substantiate approaches to ensuring the controlled operation of regional power systems under conditions of power shortages. The study applied the theory and methods of mathematical analysis of complex multicomponent systems in the form of mixed Boolean linear programming. A Mathematical Programming Language and modelling methods of the NEOS server based on the Gurobi solver were used to describe the modes of operation of power grids. A proportional power distribution method between load nodes of the post-emergency network configuration was used to determine the direction of electricity transit with the least losses. An algorithm and a program for solving the problem of addressing flows and power losses in multi-node regional power systems are proposed. The optimisation problem is formulated in the form of a mixed Boolean linear programming model with the criterion of minimising the power momentum, considering balance constraints and upper limits on the power between supply and load nodes. The developed transport matrix made it possible to find the optimal power distribution for emergency and post-emergency modes according to the criterion of minimum network losses. Algorithms and scenarios for the response of dispatching services were formed, considering the capacity of power grids and determining temporary power supply schemes, the configuration of which will ensure the “survivability” of energy islands. The levels of efficiency of the Boolean linear programming model associated with the connectivity of the cycles of the transport problem and the order of traversal of its vertices for test examples depending on the constraints imposed on the components of the network structure are established. The process of tracking electricity flows will allow for establishing routes connecting specific electricity supply nodes with load nodes and determining their shares in covering the energy island’s demand under conditions of power shortage

EVALUATING THE REALITY OF SPORTS AND SCOUTING ACTIVITIES AT THE DIRECTORATE OF SPORTS AND SCOUTING ACTIVITY FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF TEACHERS AND SUPERVISORS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN AL-QADISIYAH GOVERNORATE

The aim of the research is to identify the reality of sports and scouting activities at the Directorate of Sports and Scouting Activity from the point of view of teachers and supervisors of physical education in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The research community was determined by teachers and supervisors of physical education in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, whose number is (384) teachers and supervisors of physical education, and the research sample was chosen randomly and in a proportional distribution method, as the number of the research sample reached (192) teachers and supervisors, with (160) teachers and (32) supervisors From the total research community. With regard to sports activities, two fields were identified (sports races and refresher courses). As for scouting activities, two fields were identified (scout assemblies and training lessons). always - often - sometimes - rarely - never). An exploratory experiment was conducted to identify the most important obstacles that the researcher may face in the future, then the main experiment (the building experiment), after which the scale was applied. And using statistical methods, through which the reality of sports and scouting activities at the Directorate of Sports and Scout Activity was identified from the point of view of teachers and supervisors of physical education in AlQadisiyah Governorate, and the researchers concluded the efficiency of the scale to measure the purpose for which it was prepared

A Cartographic Representation of the Characteristics of Al-Rutba District Population

This research is aiming at employing the modern geographic techniques of the geographic information systems GIS to represent the characteristics of the Al-Rutba district population, which were (55019) people by building a geographical database for the characteristics of the population of Al-Rutba city for the years (2010.2014.2022). Using a set of cartographic representation methods like (Stereoscopic composite columns, proportional distribution method (gradient shading) or the Choropleth method, relative circles, relative squares) through 1/10000 scale maps to eventually achieve the best results when implementing the cartographic output process. In a way that facilitates understanding and perception by finding the most appropriate cartographic representation method for projecting these data on the map according to their importance, relative weight and size.

Research on the output coordinated strategy of a DPFC considering device fault probability

A distributed power flow controller (DPFC) can control the line power flow in a flexible and fast way to meet the requirements of a new power system. However, the output of DPFC sub-units is generally distributed by the even distribution method or proportional distribution method at present. The internal health status and output capacity of the device are not taken into account, which affects the efficiency and service life of the device. In this article, a reliability description method of DPFC based on fault probability is proposed. The coordination strategy of output voltage capability and the number of input sub-units is proposed, and the process of the proposed coordinated strategy for device output is presented. The simulation results show that the proposed coordinated output strategy can address the issue of rapid reliability decline caused by the long-term work of some sub-units and improve the overall reliability of the DPFC.

CO2 emission intensity of the Estonian DH sector

District heating (DH) widespread in Estonia provides at a national level the most efficient opportunity to achieve the objectives of primary energy efficiency, increasing the percentage of renewable energy and reducing the CO2 emissions.All previous calculations of CO2 intensity of Estonian DH were performed only based on statistics published by Eurostat and Statistics Estonia. To increase accuracy of initial data and receive results for specific DH networks the real operational data of main Estonian DH networks were collect for year 2020.Calculations are performed using power bonus calculation method and proportional distribution method. Special attention is paid on CO2 emission factors of different fuels and energy inputs to the DH systems. One of the main issues discussed is definition of waste heat and applicability of CO2 emission factors.Depending on the methodology used to calculate the weighted average CO2 emission factor for DH sector, the factor is either −19.8 kgCO2/MWhheat (‘power bonus’ method) or 85.6 kgCO2/MWhheat (proportional distribution).Revised and clarified main steps for calculation of DH CO2 emission factors presented in this article assumed to be used by the members of Estonian Power and Heat Association. Common calculation approach will allow transparent benchmarking of Estonian DH systems and can be used as a good way to inform DH consumers about the CO2 intensity and sustainability of specific DH networks as well as DH sector in general.

Push Plate Test of CRTS II Slab Ballastless Track: Theoretical Analysis, Experiments, and Numerical Simulation

Push plate test is a powerful tool to evaluate the interfacial bond performance of China railway track structure type‐II slab ballastless track structure (CRTS II SBTS). However, there is still a lack of theoretical explanation of the push plate test. In this paper, a linear proportional distribution method is proposed in terms of a series of analytical formulas to describe the interfacial force‐displacement variation of CRTS II SBTS in different damage stages of the horizontal push plate test. The force‐displacement relationship established by the linear proportional distribution method agrees well with that observed in full‐scale test. The horizontal push plate test is then simulated, in which a bilinear cohesive zone model (CZM) was adopted to simulate the interface within track structure. The parameters of the CZM are calculated based on the force‐displacement curves obtained from scale push plate test. Particularly, the normal cohesive parameters are determined based on the scale vertical push plate test instead of the traditional splitting tensile test. The simulation proves that both the maximum affected length in the undamage stage and the maximum damaged length in the damage stage depend rather on the interfacial stiffness and the material parameters of SBTS than the horizontal load. These two lengths given by the simulation are close to those defined by the proposed linear proportional distribution method. This indicates the reliability of the proposed method and the capability of scale push plate test in determining cohesive parameters.

Application of weighted allocation method of multi-index sample sizes in traffic accident investigation

In the in-depth investigation of traffic accident stratified sampling, when the allocation of sample size needs to consider multiple indices, the traditional method treats each index equally, or uses the variance of the indices to evaluate the weights, which ignores the subjective preference of the researchers. In addition, there may be some cases where the variance difference of some important indices is small or missing, resulting in the sample size allocation failing to achieve the desired goal. In view of this situation, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Coefficient of Variation (CV) method is adopted as a compromise scheme to comprehensively evaluate the weight of each indicator from both subjective and objective aspects. Then, according to the proportional distribution method, the samples of each index of each layer are determined. Finally, the sample size of each layer is distributed by weighted average method to maximise sampling accuracy.

Impact of Aversive Leadership on Job Outcomes: Moderation and Mediation Model

Aversive leadership has picked up a lot of consideration as a result of its effect on a few activity results. The motivation behind the momentum inquire about work is coordinated to explore the association of aversive leadership (AVL) with job outcomes (Aggressive voice and organizational deviance), directing psychological hardiness (PH). Work Alienation (WA) was utilized as a mediating variable. Banks from Private sector situated at Peshawar District were chosen to get data. The sample size was 3oo employees from these banks. Random sampling technique was utilized through proportional distribution method and information was gathered through structured questionnaires. The aftereffects of this exploration work examined that AVL has a noteworthy impact on AV and OD. Moreover, WA completely interceded between AVL and an AV and halfway intervened between aversive leadership and organizational deviance. Managers and supervisors should maintain a strategic distance from AVL and attempt to propel and enable their subordinates or supporters to accomplish organizational expressed goals successfully.

Establishing assessment indexes for emergency response capability of disease control and prevention institutions

To establish an emergency response capability assessment indexes for disease control and prevention institutions. Health emergency response capability assessment indexes of Shanghai Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCs) was drafted based upon documentary analysis, expert consultation and focus group discussion according to duties and features of emergency work of CDCs. The assessment indexes were determined by applying Delphi method (18 experts), and the weights of indexes were determined using analytic hierarchy process and proportional distribution method. And then the established index system was used to assess the emergency response capability of CDCs in Shanghai. Two rounds of expert consultations were conducted. Kendall's coefficient of concordance was 0.420 and 0.495 at the first and second round of expert consultations respectively. After two rounds of consultations, the expert authority score was above 0.7. There were 7 primary indexes, 24 secondary indexes and 84 third-level indexes. The seven primary indexes included emergency management system, emergency response team, surveillance and early-warning ability, emergency response capacity, emergent supply capability, communication and cooperation, scientific research and exchange, with systematic weights of 0.2123, 0.1754, 0.1334, 0.1916, 0.1281, 0.0962 and 0.0630,respectively. According to the investigation, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention ranked first in the total score of emergency response capability evaluation. The indexes identified in this study have good reliability and feasibility, and can be used in assessment of emergency response capability in disease prevention and control institutions.

Analysis of tooth profile and accumulative pitch errors of end-toothed disc and its tolerance development

Tooth profile errors of the end-toothed disc describe the tooth profile deviations which mainly contain tooth trace error and tooth profile half-angle error while accumulative pitch error describes the tooth position deviation of the end-toothed disc. In traditional analysis, neither the deviation of the benchmark of tooth trace error nor that of tooth profile half-angle error is considered, while the deviations exist in engineering. Hence, tooth width error is proposed in order to describe the deviations of the benchmarks and the indexing accuracy error model is also established according to these four errors in this paper. Meanwhile, Tolerance Proportional Distribution Method is presented to establish the tolerance proportional model of end-toothed disc. Therefore, according to the indexing accuracy error model and tolerance proportional model, the pass rate model of end-toothed disc is established and a new approach for tolerance development is put forward based on this pass rate model. Finally, a simulation program is developed for random sequence generation, which replaces the processing errors measurement, and meshing process simulation, and verifies the correctness of the approach for tolerance development.

Proportional distribution method for estimating actual grain flow under combine harvester dynamics

The yield monitors use a constant delay time to match the grain flow with location. Therefore, mixing and smoothing effects on the grain flow are neglected. Although constant time delay compensates for time mismatch, actual grain flow at a combine harvester head is not equal to the grain flow measured by a sensor due to the dynamics effects. In order to eliminate the dynamics effects, a new method for estimating actual grain flow, called proportional distribution (PD), is proposed. This method assumes that actual grain flow is directly proportional to the feedrate. Based on this assumption, the actual grain flow results from redistributing accumulated grain mass over a certain time according to the profile of the feedrate. The PD can avoid the dynamics effects because the feedrate is measured at a combine harvester’s head. Compared with constant time delay, the proposed method can effectively estimate actual grain flow and be applied to improve the accuracy of yield maps. Keywords: grain flow, combine harvester, estimation method, proportional distribution, time delay, yield map, yield monitoring sensor DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20171004.2732 Citation: Wang H, Bai X P, Liang H B. Proportional distribution method for estimating actual grain flow under combine harvester dynamics. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(4): 158–164.

Modified artificial bee colony algorithm for scheduling optimization for printed circuit board production

The production scheduling of placement machines strongly influences the efficiency of printed circuit board (PCB) production. This study focuses on the scheduling optimization for PCB production, that is, on maximizing throughput and minimizing total assembly time and head moving distance. Three problems—the automatic nozzle changer (ANC) assignment problem, the nozzle assignment problem, and the component pick-and-place sequence problem—are investigated using a modified artificial bee colony algorithm (MABCA) to enhance the production efficiency of placement machines.The proposed scheduling optimization algorithm comprises three phases. First, the proportional distribution method is applied to optimize ANC assignment. Second, considering the component height as well as the pick, simultaneous pickup, and component shape restrictions, the MABCA generates the nozzle assignment. Third, under the constraints of place restriction and the predetermined nozzle assignment, the MABCA and the 2-opt algorithm generates the place sequence with the minimal PCB assembly time. Finally, the proposed algorithm is experimentally demonstrated. The average number of pickups in the solutions generated by the proposed method, the onsite engineer, and two related studies are 159.3, 167.2, 208.6, and 210.6, respectively. The proposed approach yields the least PCB assembly time. The average total assembly time (Ttotal) improved between on-site engineer and the proposed MABCA is 4.08%.

Proportional distribution method for estimating actual grain flow under combine harvester dynamics

The yield monitors use a constant delay time to match the grain flow with location. Therefore, mixing and smoothing effects on the grain flow are neglected. Although constant time delay compensates for time mismatch, actual grain flow at a combine harvester head is not equal to the grain flow measured by a sensor due to the dynamics effects. In order to eliminate the dynamics effects, a new method for estimating actual grain flow, called proportional distribution (PD), is proposed. This method assumes that actual grain flow is directly proportional to the feedrate. Based on this assumption, the actual grain flow results from redistributing accumulated grain mass over a certain time according to the profile of the feedrate. The PD can avoid the dynamics effects because the feedrate is measured at a combine harvester’s head. Compared with constant time delay, the proposed method can effectively estimate actual grain flow and be applied to improve the accuracy of yield maps. Keywords: grain flow, combine harvester, estimation method, proportional distribution, time delay, yield map, yield monitoring sensor DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20171004.2732 Citation: Wang H, Bai X P, Liang H B. Proportional distribution method for estimating actual grain flow under combine harvester dynamics. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2017; 10(4): 158–164.

Analysis of administrative sanctions and criminal prosecutions of doctors in Japan.

To illustrate how administrative sanctions (AS) and criminal prosecution (CP) differ with regard to application with doctors' misconducts. A total 465 doctors who were punished twice by AS and CP were analyzed using the proportional distribution method (PDM) to break down into the charge-specific months of suspension or imprisonment. Overall, the Minister of Health, Labor & Welfare (MHLW) sanctioned doctors by suspending their licenses for twice the number of months that the court ordered for imprisonment. Charge-specific analysis of months (suspension or prison terms) revealed a different pattern of judgment. The MHLW judged obscenity more unethical, allocating a larger share of the total months of suspension to punish this misconduct, but judged bribery less unethical allocating a smaller share of the total months of suspension to punish this than the court. For traditional crimes like swindling, murder and psychostimulant abuse, both judgments followed similar patterns allocating the same share of months for punishment of such acts. CP and AS were shown to have different patterns in their judgments of doctors' crimes or misconducts reflecting the different purposes they pursue: justice by CP and ethics by AS. (186 words).

Determination of Relationships of Nurses’ Professional Commitment to Organizational, Work and Family Commitment by Structural Equation Model

The commitment forms of individuals regarding their private and work lives have been subject to various researches in an independent or interactive way. In this study, a model has been developed and tested for defining the relationship between the nurses’ professional commitment and organizational, work and family commitment. The study was conducted with the nurses employed in 7 state hospitals with 500 or over bed capacity and 3 medicine faculties under the body of Ankara Ministry of Health through questionnaires. 355 nurses were chosen via proportional distribution method in stratified sampling. The relationship between work commitment scale and continuance commitment part of the organizational commitment scale and the relationship between family commitment scale and professional commitment scale are not significant. Except for the correlation between professional commitment scale and affective commitment part of the organizational commitment scale, the correlations are quite weak.

The Reliability Design of Automatic Open-Parachute-Device

Automatic open-parachute-device is an essential device in the field of aviation life-saving technology. In this paper, on the basic of the open-parachute-device mechanism, structure of its reliability function is given. According to its reliability indicators, considering the main failure mode and combining with similar products' reliability statistical data, analysis and design of reliability indicators are processed. Successively according to the principle of "redistribution method" and the principle of "proportional distribution method" about failure rate, the reliability indicators are calculated in detail. The results showed that the reliability indicators allocation with the "proportional distribution method" is little different from the reliability indicators allocation with the "redistribution method", but the former is more in line with the requirements. This design has a guiding significance to the product production.

The analysis of demographic and work life variables which affect the occupational commitment of nurses

PurposeIt is very important for health institutions to develop the occupational commitment of their nurses. While the occupational commitments of the nurses develop during their education, they also change according to certain variables during their work life. In order to employ nurses who are more committed to their occupation, it is essential to know the effects of these variables on occupational commitment. The purpose of this paper is to exhibit and test a model that will display the correlation between demographic, work life and family life variables and occupational commitment.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted with the participation of 355 nurses employed in seven state hospitals with 500 or more bed capacity and three medical faculties under the administration of Ankara Ministry of Health, using the proportional distribution method in stratified sampling. Structural equation modeling was used for analysis.FindingsThe results of the analysis suggest that there is a relationship between the nurses’ professional commitment and age, education, parental status, tenure and working hours scheme. Although the previous studies generally revealed a positive relationship between professional commitment and age and tenure, the relationship found out in this study is a negative one. Similarly, although a negative relationship was presented between professional commitment and parental status and working hours scheme, the relationship revealed in this study is a positive one. Further, unlike the previous studies, this study found out no relationship between the nurses’ professional commitment and weekly working time.Originality/valueThis study is an original study, having been applied to a different sample in a different cultural environment. The authors sincerely believe that the results of the study will be beneficial to the scientific world.

A comparison of disease‐specific medical expenditures in Japan using the principal diagnosis method and the proportional distribution method

There are technical limitations to handling all the information mentioned in health insurance claims (HICs) in Japan. Therefore, conventional methods for estimating disease-specific medical expenditures assume that all medical care expenditures in a given HIC are spent on only one principal diagnosis even when the HIC contains multiple diagnoses. To estimate the disease-specific medical expenditures that consider all diagnosis on a given HIC. Data were obtained from 169 622 outpatient HICs in May 2006 from health insurance provided by the employer. We compared the estimated disease-specific medical expenditures of the conventional method with a proportional distribution method (PDM), which considers all diagnoses on the HICs. For diabetes mellitus and other diseases of the digestive system, the proportion of principal diagnoses among total diagnoses was 52.4% (4849/9251) and 19.6% (2614/13331), respectively. In addition, the ratio of the estimated disease-specific medical expenditures between the conventional method and the PDM method was 1.49 for diabetes mellitus and 0.64 for other diseases of the digestive system. The estimation of disease-specific medical expenditures using the conventional method may therefore have overestimated the expenditures on the disease category typically selected as the principal diagnosis and underestimated the expenditures on the disease category less likely to be selected as the principal diagnosis. The conventional method for estimation of disease-specific medical expenditures should be improved by utilizing all the diagnoses information on HICs.

Estimating medical expenditures spent on rule‐out diagnoses in Japan

According to the regulations concerning reimbursement rules for the uniform coverage scheme in Japan's health insurance system, rule-out diagnoses must be included in a health insurance claim (HIC) to ensure reimbursement for clinical procedures whose results show that a suspected disease is not present. However, estimations of disease-specific medical expenditure by conventional methods have not considered the information on rule-out diagnoses. To estimate disease-specific medical expenditure for rule-out diagnoses. Data were obtained from 169,622 outpatient HICs in May 2006 from corporate health insurance societies. We used the proportional distribution method to estimate medical expenditure for each of the major disease categories defined by the Classification of Diseases for the use of Social Insurance, which is based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision. There were 442,010 diagnoses on the HICs, of which 20,330 (4.60%) were rule-out diagnoses. Rule-out diagnoses accounted for 8.5% of total medical expenditure. The proportion of medical expenditure spent on rule-out diagnoses varied across the major diseases categories, and it was estimated that more than one-third (36.9%) of the medical expenditure on neoplasm is spent on rule-out diagnoses. The existence of rule-out diagnoses affects the estimation of disease-specific medical expenditure. Therefore, the estimation of disease-specific medical expenditure and evaluation of prevention and treatment programmes should be improved by utilizing information on rule-out diagnoses.

Validation of Proportional Distribution Method (Pdm) for Estimating Disease-Specific Costs from Health Insurance Claims: An Empirical Approach

Purpose: Proportional distribution method (PDM) is a method to objectively estimate disease-specific costs in a large dataset of health insurance claims usually containing multiple diagnoses but no breaddown of disease-specific costs are included. PDM assumes a common quantity called magnitude for each diagnostic category and distribute the aggregate cost of a claim in proportion to the magnitudes of dianoses contained in the claim. Its validity and accuracy are already demonstrated by simulation and the author attempted to validate it in a more empirical manner. Method: Under Japan's health insurance regulations, outpatient clinics of general hospitals submit an insurance claim for each specialty instead of submitting a single claim aggregating multiple specialties. Outpatient claims submitted from each specialty tend to contain less diagnoses, out of which attending doctors specify a single primary diagnosis. By linking multiple claims of a patient using personal identifiers, aggregate costs with multiple diagnoses were developed and disease-specific costs were estimated using PDM. The results were compared with disease-specific costs calculated by conventional classification by primary diagnoses and their agreement was evaluated by drawing a scatterplot. Data: Outpatient health insurance claims submitted to the National Health Insurance program of Tochigi prefecture (approximately two million population, of whom 883,367 were insured) in June 2005. Total number of outpatient claims was 566,649, of which 97,668 were from general hospitals. Of 97,668 outpatient claims from general hospitals, 40,857 claims were from 18,099 unique patients who visited more than one specialties. The 40,857 claims were aggregated to 18,099 unique patient-level claims with multiple diagnoses. Through the aggregation process, the costs were summed up and the number of visits was assumed to be the largest number of claims of a patient because a patient usually visits more than one specialties on a single visit to hospitals. The resulting 18,099 unique patient-level claims were analyzed by PDM to estimate disease-specific costs. The entire 40,857 claims were also classified by their primary diagnoses and were summed up to yield disease-specific costs. The resulting 119 disease-specific costs estimated by two methods were plotted on a scatterplot for evaluation of their agreement. Results: Disease-specific costs estimated for 119 diagnostic categories by two methods (PDM and conventional classification method) showed a good agreement as evidenced by a regression line (Y=0.9533X+20327) and high R square value (0.96). Conclusion: Validity of PDM had been demonstrated theoretically using simulation. However, it has yet to be validated empirically using actual claims. The results of this study further strengthened the validity of PDM using an empirical model by taking advantage of the peculiar rules of Japan's National Health Insurance program requiring general hospitals to submit outpatient claims by specialties, not as a single claim containing multiple diagnoses from small hospitals or clinics.