Proportion Of Pregnancy Loss Research Articles

Supplementation with long-acting injectable progesterone 3days after TAI impaired luteal function in buffaloes.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of long-acting injectable progesterone (iP4) in buffalo cows. In Experiment 1, ovariectomized buffaloes received 300mg (iP300) or 600mg (iP600) of iP4, and serum P4 concentrations were evaluated. In experiment 2, three groups were compared: control or administration of 300mg of iP4 3 (iP4-D3) or 6days (iP4-D6) after timed artificial insemination (TAI). On day 16, reproductive tract was recovered for conceptus, endometrium, and corpus luteum (CL) analysis. In experiment 3, pregnancy per AI (P/TAI) and proportion of pregnancy losses were evaluated after administration of 300mg of iP4 3 (iP4-D3) or 6days (iP4-D6) after TAI in lactating buffaloes. In experiment 1, serum P4 concentrations remained over 1ng/mL for ~ 3days in both groups. The 300mg dose was used in subsequent experiments. In experiment 2, CL weight and endometrial glands density were decreased, and conceptus length was increased in iP4-D3 compared to control and to iP4-D6 (P < 0.05). Transcript abundance of Prostaglandin F Receptor (FP) and ISG15 in CL and of ISG15 and MX1 in endometrium was greater in iP4-D3 when compared to control and to iP4-D6 (P < 0.05). In experiment 3, there was no difference among experimental groups for P/TAI at D30 and pregnancy losses (P > 0.1); however, iP4-D3 presented a lower P/TAI at day 60 (41.7%) when compared to control (56.8%) and iP4-D6 (57.7%; P = 0.07). In conclusion, administration iP4 at 3days after TAI affects CL development and consequently decreases final pregnancy outcome in buffaloes.

Factor VII R353Q (rs6046), FGA A6534G (rs6050), and FGG C10034T (rs2066865) Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in Iranian Women.

Recurrent pregnancy loss is a multi factorial and heterogeneous disorder defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 20 weeks' gestation. Gene polymorphisms including factor VII R353Q (rs6046), fibrinogen alpha chain A6534G (rs6050) and fibrinogen gamma chain C10034T (rs2066865) have potential role in thrombophilia and the relation between these three polymorphisms and an increased risk of venous thrombosis have been reported. As thrombophilia is associated with a considerable proportion of pregnancy loss and the association between these gene polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss remains controversial, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation of these polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian women. A total of 144 women with a history of two or more consecutive miscarriages as the patient group and 150 healthy women with two live births and no history of pregnancy loss as the control group were included in the study. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used for genotyping. The results were validated by DNA sequencing. The SPSS, SNPStats and Finch TV were used to analyze the results. Factor VII R353Q (rs6046) gene polymorphism showed a significant difference between RPL patients and the control group according to multiple logistic regression models [codominant (OR=0.38; 95% CI=0.23-0.63, P≤0.0001), dominant (OR=0.32; 95% CI=0.20-0.52, P≤0.0001), over dominant (OR=0.46; 95% CI=0.29-0.75, P=0.0017) and log-additive (OR=0.35; 95% CI=0.23-0.53, P≤0.0001)]. Fibrinogen alpha chain A6534G (rs6050) and fibrinogen gamma chain C10034T (rs2066865) gene polymorphisms showed no correlation with recurrent pregnancy loss. Factor VII R353Q (rs6046) gene polymorphism can be considered a risk factor for recurrent pregnancy loss. Further studies in larger populations are needed to confirm the findings.

Socio-demographic associations with pregnancy loss among Bakiga and Indigenous Batwa women in Southwestern Uganda

ObjectiveTo assess the extent of pregnancy loss (i.e., miscarriage and/or stillbirth) and examine its association with socio-demographic characteristics among Bakiga and Indigenous Batwa women in Kanungu District, southwest Uganda. MethodsAs part of a larger community-based, participatory project, a retrospective survey of maternal health histories was conducted in ten Batwa and ten Bakiga communities (n = 555 participants) collecting data on self-reported pregnancy loss (i.e., miscarriage and stillbirth) and socio-demographic characteristics. Socio-demographic associations with pregnancy loss (i.e., total miscarriages and stillbirths) were examined using multivariable Poisson and negative binomial regression. ResultsBatwa women experienced pregnancy loss more commonly than Bakiga women did (149.8/1000 vs. 96.3/1000 pregnancies). In the final adjusted model for Batwa women, being in the middle (RR 1.92; CI: 1.21–3.07) and highest (RR 1.79; CI: 1.14–2.82) wealth tertiles (compared to lowest wealth tertile) and living in Community X (RR 4.33; CI 2.27–8.28) (compared to all other communities) were associated with increased pregnancy loss. For Bakiga women, the proportion of pregnancy loss was higher for those who reported drinking alcohol during pregnancy (RR: 1.54; CI: 1.04–2.13) and being food insecure (RR 1.39; CI: 1.02–1.91). ConclusionThe proportion of, and the socio-demographic associations with, pregnancy loss differed for Bakiga and Indigenous Batwa women. These differences underscore the importance of collecting Indigenous health data to understand not only the extent of, but also the varied contextual circumstances that are associated with pregnancy loss. This nuanced and stratified information is critical for planning meaningful health programming to reduce pregnancy loss for Indigenous women.

Evaluation of prostaglandin F2α versus prostaglandin F2α plus gonadotropin-releasing hormone as Presynch methods preceding an Ovsynch in lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis

Presynchronization of cows with 2 injections of prostaglandin administered 14 d apart (Presynch-Ovsynch) is a widely adopted procedure to increase pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) at first service. Recently, a presynchronization protocol including GnRH and PGF2α (Double-Ovsynch; GnRH, 7 d, PGF2α, 3 d, GnRH) followed 7 d later by an Ovsynch protocol was introduced to overcome the limitations of PGF2α-based protocols for presynchronization of anovular cows and to precisely set up cows on d 7 of the estrous cycle when the Ovsynch is initiated. A systematic review of the literature and a meta-analytical assessment was performed with the objective to compare the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows presynchronized with these 2 protocols for the first timed AI (TAI) considering parity-specific effects. A fixed or a random effects meta-analysis was used based on the heterogeneity among the experimental groups. Reproductive outcomes of interest were P/AI measured on d 32 (28-42) and pregnancy loss between d 32 and 60 (42-74) of gestation. A total of 25 articles with 27 experimental groups from 63 herds including 21,046 cows submitted to first TAI using either a Presynch-Ovsynch or a Double-Ovsynch protocol were reviewed. Results for P/AI were then categorized by parity if available. Information was available for P/AI for 7,400 and 10,999 primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. Information regarding pregnancy loss was available for 7,477 cows. In the random effects model for all cows, the overall proportion of P/AI was 41.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 39.1-44.3; n = 8,213] and 46.2% (95% CI: 41.9-50.5; n = 12,833) on d 32 after TAI for Presynch-Ovsynch and Double-Ovsynch, respectively. In the random effects model for primiparous cows, the overall proportion of P/AI was 43.4% (95% CI: 36.2-47.7; n = 2,614) and 51.4% (95% CI: 47.4-55.4; n = 4,786) on d 32 after TAI for Presynch-Ovsynch and Double-Ovsynch, respectively. In the random effects model for multiparous cows, the overall proportion of P/AI was 39.2% (95% CI: 36.2-42.3; n = 3,411) and 41.4% (95% CI: 36.4-46.4; n = 7,588) on d 32 after TAI for Presynch-Ovsynch and Double-Ovsynch, respectively. The overall proportion of pregnancy loss was 11.3% (95% CI: 7.6-15.7; n = 3,247) and 11.7% (95% CI: 9.3-14.3; n = 4,230) on d 60 after AI for Presynch-Ovsynch to and Double-Ovsynch, respectively. Substantial heterogeneity existed among the experimental groups regarding P/AI and pregnancy loss. In summary, a benefit was detected for P/AI in primiparous cows presynchronized with a Double-Ovsynch protocol for the first TAI, but this benefit was not observed in multiparous cows.

Effect of insemination after estrous detection on pregnancy per artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol: A meta-analysis

Presynchronization of cows with 2 injections of prostaglandin administered 14d apart (Presynch-Ovsynch) is a widely adopted procedure to increase pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) for the first service. In a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol, 2 different management strategies can be observed. Either all cows receive timed artificial insemination (onlyTAI) or cows detected in estrus after the second PGF2α injection are inseminated and the remaining cows without signs of estrus will be subject to timed AI (EDAI+TAI). A systematic review of the literature was performed with the objective to evaluate the effect of insemination after estrous detection during a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol for the first service on fertility in lactating dairy cows. Two statistical approaches were conducted using either a fixed or a random effects meta-analysis based on the heterogeneity among the experimental groups. Reproductive outcomes of interest were P/AI measured on d32 (d 28 to 42) and pregnancy loss between d32 and 60 (d 42 to 74) of gestation. In approach 1, 3 randomized controlled studies including 1,689 cows with the primary objective to evaluate the effect of insemination after estrous detection in a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol were used. The incorporation of insemination after estrous detection decreased the odds of pregnancy by 35% [odds ratio=0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.53–0.80] on d32 after AI using a fixed effects model. We detected no effect on pregnancy loss on d60 of gestation (odds ratio=0.88; 95% CI=0.55–1.43). There was no heterogeneity among the 3 studies regarding P/AI and pregnancy loss. In approach 2, cows from approach 1 and cohorts from another 17 experimental groups including 8,124 cows submitted to first AI using a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol were used. Information regarding pregnancy loss was available for 5,200 cows. In the random effects model, the overall proportion of P/AI was 30.9% (95% CI=26.71–35.28; n=2,400) and 41.7% (95% CI=39.76–42.01; n=7,413) on d32 after AI for EDAI+TAI and onlyTAI, respectively. The overall proportion of pregnancy loss was 11.7% (95% CI=6.11–18.8; n=1,811) and 9.6% (95% CI=6.37–13.33; n=3,389) on d60 after AI for EDAI+TAI and onlyTAI, respectively. We observed substantial heterogeneity among the experimental groups regarding P/AI and pregnancy loss. In summary, there was a benefit on P/AI for cows with 100% TAI after completing a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol.

FRI0420 No Male Predominance in Offspring of Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

BackgroundWomen are known to respond more potently to infections, vaccinations, and to trauma with consequent enhanced antibody production.Novack et al [1] reported a strong predominance of males (63/91) among offspring...

293 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY OUTCOMES OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED EMBRYOS IN ZEBU CATTLE

Few studies have addressed the factors that can affect pregnancy rates of in vitro-produced embryos (IVPE) and fewer still when referring to zebu IVPE. This study aimed to estimate some of these factors and the proportion of pregnancy loss. A total of 1227 pure-breed IVPE (Brahman, Red Brahman, and Gyr) were transferred (ET) to an equal number of crossbred Bos indicus × Bos taurus heifers. Recipients averaged 420 kg, were grass fed, and kept in three different ET Centrals located in northern, central, and eastern regions of Colombia. IVPE (Embriogen, Bogotá, Colombia) were nonsurgically transferred into synchronized recipients by using the following protocol: Day 0 s.c. implant of norgestomet 3 mg, plus an i.m. injection of estradiol valerate 5 mg and norgestomet 3 mg; Day 7 D-cloprostenol 0.15 mg i.m. Day 9 implant removal plus 200IU of eCGi.m. Pregnancy was recorded on Days 30 and 60 by ultrasound with an 8-m Hz linear rectal probe. Data were collected for 1 year beginning in September 2007. Binary logistic regression with forward conditional elimination was performed to evaluate factors associated with pregnancy. The strength of the association between the studied variables and pregnancy rate was estimated by the odds ratio (OR) (95% CI); a P-value &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Interaction terms were considered (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Variables included in the logistic model were CL diameter at the time of ET, number of previous transfers to a recipient before achieving pregnancy, difficulty during the ET, embryo quality and stage, technician and level of training, number of transferred embryos by technician per day, uterine horn where the embryo was delivered, time between laboratory release and ET, ET Central, period of the year when the ET was performed, sire and breed of the embryo. Total pregnancy rate was 38% on Day 60 (462/1227), and the proportion of pregnancy loss was 8% between Days 30 and 90. Factors associated with pregnancy were as follows: 1) excellent embryos were 2.3 times more likely to achieve pregnancy (39%) than good embryos (21%), OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.4-3.8, P = 0.001; 2) easy transferred embryos were 5.1 times more likely to result in pregnancy (49%) compared with difficult transferred embryos (11%), OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 2.5-10.3, P &lt; 0.05; and 3) transferred embryos &lt;5 h after being released from the laboratory resulted in higher pregnancy rate (42%) than those transferred &gt;5 h (33%). No interactions were found in the final logistic model. In conclusion, pregnancy outcome of IVPE Bos indicus was strongly associated with quality of the embryo, level of difficulty at the moment of the ET, and the time between the production of the embryo and the ET. In addition, the observed low pregnancy loss in this study suggests careful selection and management of the recipients, adequate handling of the IVPE, and proper training of the ET technicians. Embriogen S.A. Bogotá, Colombia. Cenatte, Pedroleopoldo, MG, Brazil.

533. MODULATION OF THE MATERNAL IMMUNE SYSTEM DURING EARLY BOVINE PREGANCY

Over the past three decades, there has been a significant decline in dairy cattle fertility. A large proportion of pregnancy losses are believed to occur during the pre-implantation period, when the developing embryo is elongating rapidly and signalling its presence to the maternal system. The molecular mechanisms that prevent progression of the estrous cycle and allow the allogenic embryo to survive within the maternal environment are not well understood. To gain a more complete picture of these molecular events, global transcriptional profiling was performed using endometrial tissue from reproductive day 17 pregnant and non-pregnant (cycling) Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. Microarray analysis revealed 357 differentially expressed transcripts (with≥2 fold change in expression; P-value &lt; 0.05) between pregnant and cycling animals in both caruncular and intercaruncular tissue. Additionally, 122 and 26 differentially expressed transcripts were identified only in either caruncular or intercaruncular endometrium, respectively. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed enrichment for genes involved in interferon signalling and modulation of the immune response in pregnant animals. Many of these genes have already been described in relation to bovine reproduction. However, this analysis also revealed a number of genes not previously identified in this context, providing further insight into the mechanisms by which the embryo regulates the maternal immune response.

Study Of Fertility Indicators In Slum Area of Ahmedabad City In India

Introduction: India is one of the most populous countries of the world. Various efforts to control population growth in India are yet to reach the goal of stabilization of the population. Fertility indicators are the measures to know the direction of the population growth. Methods: Present cross sectional study was conducted to study the fertility indicators of a slum area of Ahmedabad city located in the western India. The study was conducted amongst 293 Married Women of Reproductive Age of a slum area, in the West Zone of Ahmedabad city, India.Results: The proportion of married women in 20-24 years was 21.8% reflecting the age at marriage. The mean numbers of conception and live births were 2.93+ 2.05 and 2.52 + 1.81. The proportion of pregnancy loss was 13.97% out of which MTP accounted for 52.5%. Fertility Indicators of the study area: Crude Birth Rate-32.86 per 1000 population, General Fertility Rate111.7 per woman, Total Fertility Rate3.4 per woman and Gross Reproductive Rate-1.66.Conclusion:. It can be safely concluded from the study that fertility control measures need urgent attention in the urban slum areas.

102 EVIDENCE FOR PRE-IMPLANTATION ORIGIN OF PLACENTAL FAILURE IN BOVINE CLONE PREGNANCIES

Placental abnormalities account for a high proportion of pregnancy loss after transfer of cloned (SCNT) bovine embryos. The high rate of pregnancy failure has been linked to the finding of abnormal placental formation and function. Because bovine SCNT embryos were shown to exhibit altered trophoblast differentiation (Arnold DR et al. 2006 Reproduction 132, 279–290), we hypothesized that placental abnormalities in bovine clone pregnancies may originate from disturbed embryo-maternal communication in the pre-implantation period. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the response of the endometrium to SCNT v. IVF embryos. The SCNT embryos were produced from fibroblast cultures derived from 4 different fetuses to exclude specific effects of a particular donor cell culture. After SCNT or IVF, embryos were cultured under identical conditions. Two SCNT or IVF blastocysts (grade 1) were transferred per recipient heifer (Day 8 of estrous cycle). Ten days later the recipients were slaughtered, the uteri were recovered, and pregnancy was verified by the presence of at least one normally developed embryo. Endometrium samples of 9 SCNT and 10 IVF pregnancies were used for transcriptome profiling with a custom cDNA microarray (BOE array; Bauersachs S et al. 2007 J. Dairy Sci. 90, 4420–4423). In total, 58 transcripts were found to be differently abundant between endometrium samples from SCNT v. IVF pregnancies (SAM, FDR 5.24%). Interestingly, for some of them an important role in implantation and/or placentation has already been shown. NR2F2, encoding the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily member NR2F2 (COUP-TFII), was downregulated in endometrium from SCNT pregnancies (1.5-fold; P &lt; 0.01). Uterine-specific Nr2f2 mutant mice are infertile due to implantation failure (Kurihara I et al. 2007 PLoS Genetics 3, e102). Another interesting candidate is GJA1, encoding connexin 43 (Cx43), with 1.8-fold (P &lt; 0.001) downregulated transcript levels in SCNT pregnancies. A striking increase of stromal Cx43 has been observed in the ovine intercaruncular and caruncular endometrium during intensification of the feto-maternal contact (Gabriel et al. 2005 Placenta 25, 287–296), suggesting that reduced GJA1 mRNA expression in bovine clone pregnancies may negatively affect placentation. In view of the well-orchestrated spectrum of transcriptome changes in endometrium during the peri-attachment period (Bauersachs S et al. 2006 Reproduction 132, 319–331), these findings suggest that placental failure in bovine clone pregnancies may originate from abnormal embryo-maternal communication already in the pre- or peri-implantation period. This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FOR 478).

Influence of management factors on pregnancy attrition in dairy cattle

The present study was conducted to determine the influence of management factors on pregnancy attrition in dairy cattle. Data from 3162 diagnosed pregnancies in parous cows and 1050 in heifers at 9 commercial dairy herds in northeastern Spain were used. Pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum was performed from 30 to 70 d post insemination. Pregnancy attrition was registered when pregnancy diagnosis resulted negative in a second palpation carried out between 120 and 150 d following insemination. Overall proportion of pregnancy losses was 7.9% (9.6% in parous cows and 2.8% in heifers). Data analysis was performed by multiple logistic regression methods. For all animals, effect of time of pregnancy diagnosis was shown (Odds ratio = 0.97 for 1 d increase; P = 0.0042). Conceptus loss in heifers was lower than in parous cows (Odds ratio = 0.28; P = 0.0001), and a higher proportion of pregnancy attritions was detected in animals inseminated in spring, summer and winter, compared to those inseminated in autumn (P < 0.04). Herd effect on pregnancy attrition was also significant. Similar results were observed in the subanalysis for parous cows and, furthermore, no effect of lactation number and of interval from previous calving to pregnancy was shown in this group. In heifers, no effect of time of pregnancy diagnosis and of insemination season on pregnancy attrition was shown, and only a herd effect was observed. Our data suggest that the influence of parity status (heifer vs cow) could affect the proportion of pregnancy attrition rather than early diagnosis, and, in pregnant cows, adaptation to seasonal changes associated with temperature decreases seem more efficient.