Proportion Of Married Women Research Articles

Wealth Effects of Change in Infant Mortality Rate in India and its major states: A Decomposition Analysis

A newborn's first 28 days of life and their survival for a year present a crucial window of opportunity for management and prevention of the condition, which could otherwise be fatal. Eventhough, India has made great strides towards reducing child death (UN-IGME-child mortality report, 2015), the country is still far from reaching the SDG goal of reducing child mortality. In India, a household's financial situation may have a significant impact on infant mortality rates. The National Family Health Survey rounds-3 and 5 are taken into account for the analysis in this study. Further, decomposition analysis has been implemented in the present study. According to the decomposition analysis, there are four reasons why the infant mortality rate changes: (1) because of the change in the infant mortality rate; (2) because of the change in married couples' fertility women; (3) as a result of changes in the proportion of married women now and (4) in other variables influencing the rates of infant mortality rates in various wealth indices between NFHS-3 and NFHS-5. . KEYWORDS :Infant mortality rate, Wealth-indices, Decomposition analysis, National family health survey (NFHS).

A decomposition study on the factors influencing China’s total fertility rate changes between 1990 and 2020

Low fertility is not conducive to healthy population development. The total fertility rate (TFR) is influenced by the education expansion (measured by the proportion of non-student women, NSP), marriage delay (measured by the proportion of married women, MP), and marital fertility rate (MFR). This study decomposes the TFR change into the changes in NSP, MP, and MFR using China’s census and 1% population sample survey data. During 1990–2020, the changes in NSP, MP, and MFR contributed − 22%, − 90%, and 12%, respectively, to the changes in TFR. The continuous decline in NSP reduced the TFR, and the intensity continued to increase over time. As the primary negative driving force, the rapid decline in MP also consistently reduced the TFR. The marital fertility rate had a downward effect on the TFR before 2000 and an upward effect after 2000. The effects of NSP, MP, and MFR on the TFR varied with the birth order, age and region (among cities, towns, and villages). In summary, China’s TFR has considerably changed in combination with changes in NSP, MP, and MFR. Without effective measures, China’s TFR may further decline into the lowest-low fertility trap.

Unmet need for contraception among married women in the Kyrgyz Republic using the datasets from the 2006, 2014 and 2018 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey: a cross-sectional study.

Since the beginning of the family program in 1998, the proportion of married women who used contraception has fluctuated. An unmet need for contraception among women in Kyrgyzstan drastically increased from 2006 (1.1%) to 2014 (19.1%), and remained unchanged until 2018 (19.0%). This study aims to re-investigate the prevalence of an unmet need for contraception from 2006 to 2018 in a comprehensive manner, and examine the factors associated with an unmet need for contraception among married women over the course of 12years in the Kyrgyz Republic. This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data that derived from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). The study employed three datasets from the MICS 2006, 2014, and 2018. The study included a total of 9,229 women aged 15-49 who were married and fecund, and whose status of the met/unmet need for contraception could be identified. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the relationship of an unmet need for contraception with independent factors. A P value < 0.05 was set as statistically significant. The prevalence of an unmet need for contraception was 19.9% in 2006, 20.4% in 2014, and 22.5% in 2018. Across 12years, all reversible-contraceptive methods for women constantly declined. Although intrauterine devices were the prominent contraceptive method of usage among Kyrgyz women, the trend of usage drastically decreased over time. Factors associated with unmet need for contraception included women's age, area of residence, mother tongue of household head, age of husband, and number of children ever born. The unmet need for contraception among married Kyrgyz women slightly increased, and the trend of modern contraceptive usage declined from 2006 to 2018, particularly the use of pills, injections, and intra-uterine devices. Comprehensive sexual health education for young people and youth-friendly services should be promoted. An effective and reliable supply chain of contraceptive commodities should be prioritized and strengthened. Regular supportive supervision visits are essential to improve the knowledge and skills of healthcare providers to be able to provide intrauterine device service as a contraceptive choice for Kyrgyz women.

Lower Genital Infections: Clinical and Etiological Aspects in the Urban Commune of Kalaban-Coro in Bamako, Mali

The aim was to assess the prevalence of lower genital infections, describe clinical symptomatology and main etiologies. Materials and methods: This was a prospective, descriptive, analytical study extending over a period of 12 months from 01 February2015 to 31 January 2016 in gynecology and obstetrics of the reference health center of Kalaban-coro (Mali). Results: Out of 899 consultations, 90 patients presented with lower genital infections, a frequency of 10.01%. The most represented age group was 20 to 35 years old with 61.1%. Housewives predominated the socio-professional strata with a frequency of 44.4%. The Bambara ethnic group was the most represented with a frequency of 21.1%. The majority of women resided in Kalaban-coro; The proportion of married women was the highest at 93.4%. The percentage of women living on a monogamous diet was 72.6% and patients who had a secondary level of education were the most represented with a frequency of 23.3%. Pelvic pain, desire for pregnancy, leucorrhoea were the most frequently encountered reasons for consultation with respective frequencies of 24.4%, 21.1% and 17.8%. There were 45.6% of malodorous leucorrhoea and Candida albicans was the most common germ with a frequency of 16.7%. The combination of two germs was more common with 5.6%. Lower genital infections are the most frequent reason for consultation in gynaecological consultation, they are associated with risk factors that are related either to the woman or to the environment. Their management must be rigorous in order to avoid complications related to the experience and obstetrical prognosis of patients.

Trends and Drivers of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Currently Married Tanzanian Women between 1999 and 2016.

The current study investigated the trends and factors associated with the unmet need for family planning (FP) for limiting and spacing births among married Tanzanian women between 1999 and 2016. The study used Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) data for the years 1999 (N = 2653), 2004-2005 (N = 2950), 2010 (N = 6412), and 2015-2016 (N = 8210). Trends in the unmet need for FP were estimated over the study period. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between community-level, predisposing, enabling, and need factors with the unmet need for FP in Tanzania. The results showed no significant change in percentage of married women with an unmet need for birth spacing between 1999 and 2016. The proportion of married women with an unmet need for limiting births decreased from 9.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.9%, 10.6%) in 1999 to 6.6% (95% CI: 5.9%, 7.3%) in 2016. Residing in a rural area, parity between 1-4 and 5+, visiting a health facility for any health services within twelve months, and planning to have more children (after two years and/or undecided) were factors positively associated with the unmet need for FP-spacing. Women with parity of 5+ were more likely to experience an unmet need for FP-limiting. Women's age between 25-34 and 35-49 years, women's employment status, watching television, women's autonomy of not being involved in household decisions, and planning to have more children were factors associated with lower odds of having an unmet need for FP-spacing. Women's age between 25-34 years, watching television, autonomy, and planning to have more children were factors with lower odds of having an unmet need for FP-limiting. Improving FP uptake among married Tanzanian women can reduce the unmet need for FP. Therefore, reducing unmet needs for FP is attainable if government policies and interventions can target women residing in rural areas and other modifiable risk factors, such as parity, health facility visits, planning to having more children, employment, watching television, and women's autonomy.

Count Regression Model to Predict Spousal Harms in Tamil Nadu

Introduction: Violence against women is becoming more prevalent over the world, particularly in India. Assessing the causes of violence in community will aid in planning supports for victims. This study aimed to compare the performance of various regression models for count data and focused on choosing appropriate count regression model to identify factors related with the number of domestic violence experienced by young married women. Methods: Data for this study were retrieved from “The Youth in India: Situation and Needs Study.” The current study took the data of 1495 married women in Tamil Nadu. Factors associated with physical violence considered for the study were place of residence, age of husband and wife, education of husband and wife, dowry, miscarriage, abortion, and marriage type. Ordinary least square, Poisson regression, and negative binomial regression models were fitted for the data, and the best fitted model was identified using Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Results: Proportion of married women who have perpetrated any forms of physical violence was 30.8%. Among the fitted models, negative binomial regression model (AIC = 3020.621, BIC = 3079.030) was found to be the best model to predict violence. Significant factors identified were type of residence, marriage type, education of wife and spouse, miscarriage, and abortion. Conclusion: To tackle this public health issue, multisectoral approaches such as boosting literacy, raising awareness about legal assistance, and monitoring victims of violence at primary health facilities should be implemented. Comprehensive model testing is highly suggested for determining the best acceptable analytic model when dependent variable being studied comprises count data.

A Decomposition Analysis of Fertility: Evidence from DKI Jakarta and East Nusa Tenggara

Fertility control has been one of the priorities of development in Indonesia. However, the 2000 and 2010 population censuses showed an increase in fertility indicators. To identify the sources of increased fertility in developed and less developed areas, DKI Jakarta and East Nusa Tenggara Provinces were selected for comparison. Using 2000 and 2010 census data, the decomposition analysis shows that the increase in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of DKI Jakarta was dominated by the increase in nuptiality rate, while the increase in TFR of East Nusa Tenggara was mainly caused by the increase in Marital Fertility Rate (MFR). The highest increase in the proportion of married women in DKI Jakarta occurs in the age group of 15-19 years old, followed by the age group of 20–24 years old. The increase in MFR in East Nusa Tenggara occurs in nearly all age groups, particularly in the age groups of 30–34 and 35–39 years old. Identifying the sources of the increase in TFR is important for population policy to support population growth control, fertility reduction, and human resource quality improvement. The main suggestions based on the findings are the promotion of higher educational level and the benefits of postponing marriage among the younger age groups in DKI Jakarta as well as the use of contraceptive methods to control birth rate in East Nusa Tenggara.

Association between plural legal systems and sexual and reproductive health outcomes for women and girls in Nigeria: A state-level ecological study.

Nigeria has a plural legal system in which various sources of law govern simultaneously. Inconsistent and conflicting legal frameworks can reinforce pre–existing health disparities in sexual and reproductive health (SRH). While previous studies indicate poor SRH outcomes for Nigerian women and girls, particularly in Northern states, the relationship between customary and religious law (CRL) and SRH has not been explored. We conducted a state-level ecological study to examine the relationship between CRL and SRH outcomes among women in 36 Nigerian states and the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja (n = 37), using publicly available Demographic and Health Survey data from 2013. Indicators were guided by published research and included contraception use among married women, total fertility rate, median age at first birth, receipt of antenatal care, delivery location, and comprehensive knowledge of HIV. To account for economic differences between states, crude linear regression models were compared to a multivariable model, adjusting for per capita GDP. All SRH outcomes, except comprehensive knowledge of HIV, were statistically significantly more negative in CRL states compared to non–CRL states, even after accounting for state–level GDP. In CRL states in 2013, compared to non–CRL states, the proportion of married women who used any method of contraception was 22.7 percentage points lower ([95% CI: −15.78 –−29.64], p<0.001), a difference that persisted in a model adjusting for per capita GDP (b[adj] = −16.15, 95% CI: [−8.64 –−23.66], p<0.001.). While this analysis of retrospective state-level data found robust associations between CRL and poor SRH outcomes, future research should incorporate prospective individual-level data to further elucidate these findings.

The decline in China's fertility level: a decomposition analysis.

Many factors have contributed to the decline in China's fertility level. Using China's population census data from 1990, 2000 and 2010, the present study investigates the factors causing the decline in China's fertility rate by decomposing changes in two fertility indices: the total fertility rate (TFR) and the net reproduction rate (NRR). The change in the TFR is decomposed into the change in the marital fertility rate (MFR) and the change in the proportion of married women (PMW). Four factors contribute to the change in the NRR. The following are the main findings. A drop in the MFR caused a decrease in the TFR and the NRR between 1989 and 2000. However, the change in MFR increased TFR and NRR between 2000 and 2010. Marriage postponement caused a decline in the fertility level between 1989 and 2000 as well as between 2000 and 2010. The effect of the MFR and marriage postponement varied with age and region and also between urban and rural areas.

Trends in the proportion of married women of reproductive age in Spain, 1887–1991

Using the Princeton nuptiality index Im, we analyzed historical developments in the proportion of married women of reproductive age in Spain. We show the internal diversity in nuptiality patterns and offer an explanatory statistical model based on panel data analysis to identify the main variables influencing these changes over more than a century (1887–1991). We found that Spain has been the developed country with the greatest contrasts in its provincial nuptiality patterns (measured by Im), although this diversity has lessened over the course of time. We also found that some socioeconomic variables (the gross domestic product per capita and the percentage of population living in cities) do not have a linear relationship with female nuptiality but rather have a U shape or an inverted U shape. This may partly account for some of the controversy that has raged on this topic over the past few decades on an international level.

Levels, Trends and Correlates of Abortion in Tehran, Iran: 2009-2014.

Accurate, up-to-date information on abortion incidence is lacking for Iran, where abortion is illegal. Data from 2,934 currently married women aged 15-49 who completed the 2009 Tehran Survey of Fertility (TSF) and 3,012 such women who completed the 2014 TSF were used to estimate levels of and trends in abortion and related measures. Analyses also examined characteristics of abortions, abortion recipients and providers, as well as trends in women's reasons for having an abortion. Between 2009 and 2014, the proportion of married women who reported having ever had an abortion decreased from 8.3% to 5.6%. Declines also occurred in the general abortion rate (from 6.6 to 5.4 abortions per 1,000 women), the total abortion rate (from 0.18 to 0.17 abortions per married woman) and the annual number of abortions (from 10,656 to 8,734); however, the proportion of pregnancies that were terminated was stable (8.7-8.8%). The proportion of terminations obtained for nonmedical reasons rose from 68% to 81%. In 2014, abortion rates were elevated among women who were more educated, wealthier, employed, urban migrants or not highly religious, and among those who had no more than one child. The most commonly used providers were midwives (40%) and obstetricians (32%). Half of abortions resulted from withdrawal failure, but only one-fourth of withdrawal users switched to a modern contraceptive method after an abortion. Some subgroups of women had an elevated risk of abortion and may benefit from measures that increase couples' effective use of contraceptives.

Knowledge and Beliefs of Breast Self-Examination and Breast Cancer among Market Women in Ibadan, South West, Nigeria.

BackgroundIn most resource constrained settings like Nigeria, breast self-examination self-breast examination (BSE) is culturally acceptable, religious friendly and attracts no cost. Women's knowledge and beliefs about breast cancer and its management may contribute significantly to medical help-seeking behaviours. This study aimed to assess knowledge and beliefs of BSE among market women.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 603 market women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistical methods.ResultsThe mean age of the respondents was 34.6±9.3 years with 40% of the women aged between 30-39years. The proportion of married women was 339 (68.5%) with 425 (70.8%) respondents reporting that they do not know how to perform BSE. However, 372 (61.7%) women strongly agreed that BSE is a method of screening for breast cancer. Highest proportion 219 (36.3%) reported that the best time for a woman to perform BSE was ‘anytime’. Most of the respondents believed breast cancer is a dangerous disease that kills fast and requires a lot of money for treatment.ConclusionMore efforts are needed in creating awareness and advocacy campaigns in the grassroots in order to detect early breast cancer and enhance prevention strategies that would reduce the burden of breast cancer in Nigeria.

Proximate determinants and their influences on fertility reduction in viet nam

The present study estimates the fertility-inhibiting effects of the four important proximate determinants, namely marriage, contraception, induced abortion and post-partum infecundability in Viet Nam. It is based on using data obtained from the 1997 and 2002 round of the Viet Nam Demographic and Health Survey (VNDHS). The Bongaarts model is used to determine the contribution of the proximate determinants in fertility change. The analysis shows that the major factors responsible for fertility change are the proportion of married women, level of contraceptive use and induced abortion in rural Viet Nam. In urban areas, induced abortion, post-partum infecundability and the proportion of married women have been found to be major determinants in fertility change during the above period, whereas contraceptive use has had a marginal effect on it. The estimated total fertility rate (TFR) is probably smaller than the actual one and the difference between the two has narrowed over the period.

Facteurs maternels et néonatals associés au succès de l’allaitement maternel à la sortie d’un service de néonatologie chez les grands prématurés

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of breastfeeding at NICU discharge in a population of very preterm infants. The secondary objective was to identify maternal, gestational, and neonatal factors associated with successful breastfeeding at NICU discharge. This is a retrospective descriptive study. All live births before 32 weeks of gestational age (WGA) admitted to the NICU of the Amiens university hospital between 1 January 2009 and 30 June 2011 were included in the study, excluding infants who died during hospitalization or infants transferred to another hospital. Data on mothers and newborns were collected from the medical record. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi(2) test for categorical variables and the Student t test for continuous variables. The significance threshold was set at P<0.05. Seventy-seven infants were included in the study. While 66% of the mothers wished to breastfeed at birth, the success rate of breastfeeding at hospital discharge was only 38%. The proportion of married women was significantly higher in the "successful breastfeeding" group (P=0.029). No significant difference was demonstrated regarding maternal age, maternal profession, proportion of non-smoking mothers, parity, type of pregnancy, type of delivery, duration of invasive ventilation and oxygen dependency, and surgery during hospitalization. The rate of breastfeeding of very preterm infants at hospital discharge is lower than the rates reported in the literature. The mother's marital status significantly influences the decision to breastfeed very preterm infants at discharge.

Assessment of HIV-related risky behaviour: a comparative study of face-to-face interviews and polling booth surveys in the general population of Cotonou, Benin

ObjectivesDuring the 2008 HIV prevalence survey carried out in the general population of Cotonou, Benin, face-to-face interviews (FTFI) were used to assess risky behaviours for HIV and other sexually transmitted...

Is the 30-item Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) suitable as a self-report health status instrument for clinical trials?

This prospective study aimed to evaluate the suitability of the Endometriosis Health Profile-30 Questionnaire (EHP-30) as a self-report health status instrument. We compared our results with those from the U.K. and the U.S. and discovered relationships between the EHP-30 and patient characteristics. The results showed that the EHP 30 questionnaire is a user-friendly self-report tool suitable for use in endometriosis-related clinical research.

Study Of Fertility Indicators In Slum Area of Ahmedabad City In India

Introduction: India is one of the most populous countries of the world. Various efforts to control population growth in India are yet to reach the goal of stabilization of the population. Fertility indicators are the measures to know the direction of the population growth. Methods: Present cross sectional study was conducted to study the fertility indicators of a slum area of Ahmedabad city located in the western India. The study was conducted amongst 293 Married Women of Reproductive Age of a slum area, in the West Zone of Ahmedabad city, India.Results: The proportion of married women in 20-24 years was 21.8% reflecting the age at marriage. The mean numbers of conception and live births were 2.93+ 2.05 and 2.52 + 1.81. The proportion of pregnancy loss was 13.97% out of which MTP accounted for 52.5%. Fertility Indicators of the study area: Crude Birth Rate-32.86 per 1000 population, General Fertility Rate111.7 per woman, Total Fertility Rate3.4 per woman and Gross Reproductive Rate-1.66.Conclusion:. It can be safely concluded from the study that fertility control measures need urgent attention in the urban slum areas.

Prevalence of compulsive buying among customers of a Parisian general store

Compulsive buying is defined by the presence of repetitive impulsive and excessive buying, leading to personal and family distress. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of compulsive buying among “normal consumers” and to describe the specificities in the buying style of compulsive buyers. We tried to answer several questions. (1) Does compulsive buying occur more often during sales or periods of sales campaigns? (2) Is compulsive buying more impulsive and unplanned than normal buying? (3) Are compulsive buyers more “affectively” involved in their purchases (preference for specific brands they have a narcissistic relationship with, tendency to consider purchases as exceptional special occasions)? (4)Do women who buy compulsively use shopping Web sites and the Internet in general more than controls? We interviewed 200 women successively entering Les Galeries Lafayette, a famous Parisian department store. We diagnosed compulsive buying with standardized criteria and a specific rating scale. All subjects answered an additional questionnaire assessing their buying behavior. We also rated their duration of connection to the Web, the number of e-mails sent and received, and the time spent speaking on a cellular phone. Prevalence of compulsive buying was 32.5%. The proportion of married women was lower among compulsive buyers (66%) than in controls (85%). Compulsive buyers do not seek sales more than controls. Their decision to buy is more often made during their stay in the shop (48% vs 24%, χ 2 = 117, P < .001). Women buying compulsively consider more often their purchases as opportunities not to be passed by (33.7% vs 23.1%, P = .006). They have a higher tendency to use items less than expected (23.4% vs 14.4% in the control group, P < .001). They more often make purchases to impress others (6.5% vs 2.5%, P = .04) and consider more often their purchases as personally gratifying (44% vs 23%, P < .001). Their connections to online shopping sites are longer and more frequent. They spend significantly more time than controls speaking on their cellular phones.

Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics and Their Changes in Women with High Tetraplegia

Purpose: The study's aim was to compare women with and without high tetraplegia with respect to sociodemographic, clinical, and functional characteristics and their changes after spinal cord injury (SCI). A secondary aim was to compare, within the population of women with high tetraplegia, subgroups of women with major versus minor neurologic deficits. Method: This study was a case series comprising a total of 2,813 women from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC) database. The main outcome measures included selected sociodemographic and medical variables, as well as scores in various clinical and functional assessment tools. Results: At the time of injury, women with high tetraplegia were significantly older than those with SCI at or below C5, and the study sample included a higher proportion of married women. The vast majority of participants had high school or lower level of education at the time of injury and a small proportion had a competitive job at their 1-year anniversary. T...

Socio-Economic Heterogomy and Marital Satisfaction

Social and behavioural scientists have been concerned with relations between the work and family as the rate of female employment continues to rise affecting an ever increasing proportion of married women. A link between employment outside the home and marital happiness of married working women has long been suspected. Since two decades research has focussed on the relation between work and family experiences. Research focussing on the heterogamy hypotheses which links spouse difference to marital happiness is limited particularly in a developing country like India. Studies conducted elsewhere suggest that marriages in which couples differ in age religion education or occupation are more likely to have conflict and experience marital disruption because such heterogamous marriages have less consensus than homogamous marriages. Some find no significant relationship between age difference or social class dissimilarity and satisfaction in their marriages. (excerpt)