Proportions Of Lymphocyte Subsets Research Articles

KLRB1 defines an activated phenotype of CD4+ T cells and shows significant upregulation in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the role of KLRB1 (CD161) in human CD4+ T cells and elucidate its significance in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). MethodsPeripheral blood samples from 37 healthy controls and 44 pSS patients were collected. The publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data from pSS patient PBMCs were utilized to analyse KLRB1 expression in T cells. KLRB1-expressing T lymphocyte subset proportions in pSS patients and healthy controls were determined by flow cytometry. CD25, Ki-67, cytokine secretion, and chemokine receptor expression in CD4+ KLRB1+ T cells were detected and compared with those in CD4+ KLRB1- T cells. Correlation analysis was conducted between KLRB1-related T-cell subsets and clinical indicators. ROC curves were generated to explore the diagnostic potential of KLRB1 for pSS. ResultsKLRB1 was significantly upregulated following T-cell activation, and Ki-67 and CD25 expression was significantly greater in CD4+ KLRB1+ T cells than in CD4+ KLRB1- T cells. KLRB1+ CD4+ T cells exhibited greater IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, and IFN-γ secretion upon stimulation, and there were significantly greater proportions of CCR5+, CCR2+, CX3CR1+, CCR6+, and CXCR3+ cells among CD4+ KLRB1+ T cells than among CD4+ KLRB1- T cells. Compared with that in HCs, KLRB1 expression in CD4+ T cells was markedly elevated in pSS patients and significantly correlated with clinical disease indicators. ConclusionKLRB1 is a characteristic molecule of the CD4+ T-cell activation phenotype. The increased expression of KLRB1 in the CD4+ T cells of pSS patients suggests its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of pSS and its utility as an auxiliary diagnostic marker for pSS.

The changes of intestinal flora and its relevance with memory Tfh and B cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with csDMARDs and csDMARDs + bDMARDs

BackgroundA growing body of experimental and clinical evidence has implicated gut microbiota in the onset and course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The imbalance of intestinal flora in RA patients may lead to abnormal expression of immune cells and related cytokines. PurposeConventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) and conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs combined with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs + bDMARDs) are widely used to treat RA, but the characteristics of gut microbiota before and after treatment and their relationship with memory Tfh/B cells and cytokines remain unclear. MethodsStool samples were collected from 50 RA patients and 25 healthy controls (HCs) for 16SrRNA gene sequencing. We examined the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in healthy controls and RA patients. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of related cytokines in serum. The α and β diversity of intestinal flora, and the correlation between intestinal flora and clinical indicators, lymphocyte subsets, cytokines were analyzed. ResultAt the genus level, Ruminococcaceae_Ruminococcus was decreased in the csDMARDs and csDMARDs + bDMARDs treatment group, whereas Faecalibacterium was reduced in the csDMARDs treatment group, compared to untreated group. CD4+CD45RO+CCR7+CXCR5+central memory Tfh cells and CD4+CD45RO+CCR7-CXCR5+effector memory Tfh cells were significantly lower in the csDMARDs + bDMARDs treatment group than in untreated group. CD19+CD27+IgD+pre-switched memory B cells were higher in the csDMARDs and csDMARDs + bDMARDs treatment groups, whereas CD19+CD27+IgD-switched memory B cells were significantly lower than in untreated group. Ruminococcaceae_Ruminococcus was negatively correlated with CD19+CD27+IgD+ pre-switched memory B cells but positively correlated with CD4+CD45RO+CCR7-CXCR5+effector memory Tfh and CD19+CD27+IgD-switched memory B cells in patients with RA treated with DMARDs. ConclusionThe gut microbiota, memory Tfh cells, memory B cells, and cytokines of patients with RA changed significantly under different treatment regimens and had certain correlations with the clinical indicators of RA.

Association of lymphocyte subsets with the efficacy and prognosis of PD‑1 inhibitor therapy in advanced gastric cancer: results from a monocentric retrospective study

PurposeThis retrospective study aimed to investigate the changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets before and after immunotherapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer and their relationship n with the therapeutic efficacy and clinical prognosis.MethodsPeripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, including CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4+/CD8 + ratio, NK cells, Treg cells, and B cells, were collected from 195 patients with advanced gastric cancer who were admitted to the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University with immunotherapy from January 2020 to October 2021, at the time of diagnosis of advanced gastric cancer, before immunotherapy and after 3 cycles of immunotherapy. T-tests were used to examine the factors influencing the patients’ peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and the changes after immunotherapy. To examine the relationship between lymphocyte subsets and treatment outcomes, ROC curves were plotted using a logistic regression. Kaplan–Meier curve was drawn, and the Log Rank test was carried out to compare the differences in PFS between the different groups. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting PFS after calibration of other variables.ResultsThe proportion of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with advanced gastric cancer was affected by age and PD-L1 level. Compared to the baseline, the treatment effective group had higher proportions of CD4 + T cells, a higher CD4+/CD8 + ratio, NK cells and Treg cells, and lower proportions of CD8 + T cells and B cells in the peripheral blood after three cycles of immunotherapy. In the treatment-naive group, there were no significant differences in the lymphocyte subsets. With cut-off values of 30.60% and 18.00%, baseline CD4 + T cell and NK cell ratios were independent predictors of immunotherapy efficacy and PFS. Treg cell ratio, gender, PD-L1 levels, and MMR status all predicted PFS independently.ConclusionThe proportion of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets was modified in patients who responded to PD-1 inhibitors. Different lymphocyte subpopulation levels can be used as biomarkers to predict immunotherapy efficacy and clinical prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

Early changes of bone metabolites and lymphocyte subsets may participate in osteoporosis onset: a preliminary study of a postmenopausal osteoporosis mouse model.

Metabolic and immune changes in the early stages of osteoporosis are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the changes in bone metabolites and bone marrow lymphocyte subsets and their relationship during the osteoporosis onset. We established OVX and Sham mouse models. After 5, 15, and 40 days, five mice in each group were sacrificed. Humeri were analyzed by microCT. The bone marrow cells of the left femur and tibia were collected for flow cytometry analysis. The right femur and tibia were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for metabolomics analysis. Bone microarchitecture was significantly deteriorated 15 days after OVX surgery. Analysis of bone metabolomics showed that obvious metabolite changes had happened since 5 days after surgery. Lipid metabolism was significant at the early stage of the osteoporosis. The proportion of immature B cells was increased, whereas the proportion of mature B cells was decreased in the OVX group. Metabolites were significantly correlated with the proportion of lymphocyte subsets at the early stage of the osteoporosis. Lipid metabolism was significant at the early stage of the osteoporosis. Bone metabolites may influence bone formation by interfering with bone marrow lymphocyte subsets.

Overexpression of circulating CD38+ NK cells in colorectal cancer was associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis.

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a critical prognostic factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). Due to the potential influence of immune system on CRC progression, investigation into lymphocyte subsets as clinical markers has gained attention. The objective of this study was to assess the capability of lymphocyte subsets in evaluating the lymph node status and prognosis of CRC. Lymphocyte subsets, including T cells (CD3+), natural killer cells (NK, CD3- CD56+), natural killer-like T cells (NK-like T, CD3+ CD56+), CD38+ NK cells (CD3- CD56+ CD38+) and CD38+ NK-like T cells (CD3+ CD56+ CD38+), were detected by flow cytometry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the risk factors of LNM. The prognostic role of parameters was evaluated by survival analysis. The proportion of CD38+ NK cells within the NK cell population was significantly higher in LNM-positive patients (p <0.0001). However, no significant differences were observed in the proportions of other lymphocyte subsets. Poorer histologic grade (odds ratio [OR] =4.76, p =0.03), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (OR =22.38, p <0.01), and CD38+ NK cells (high) (OR =4.54, p <0.01) were identified as independent risk factors for LNM. Furthermore, high proportion of CD38+ NK cells was associated with poor prognosis of CRC patients (HR=2.37, p =0.03). It was demonstrated that the proportion of CD38+ NK cells was a marker overexpressed in LNM-positive patients compared with LNM-negative patients. Moreover, an elevated proportion of CD38+ NK cells is a risk factor for LNM and poor prognosis in CRC.

Immunophenotypes of Newborns From SARS-CoV-2-infected Mothers.

Little is known about the neonatal immunologic response to a maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection present during childbirth. Here we analyze a cohort of 75 neonates from SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers. The SARS-CoV-2 infection status was laboratory assessed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) in both mothers during childbirth and neonates within 24 hours of life. Immunophenotypes of peripheral blood mononucleated cells and SARS-CoV-2 antispike IgA, IgM and IgG of the newborns were recorded. Ten (13.3%) of 75 neonates had positive NPS for SARS-CoV-2; 17 of 75 (23%) were SARS-CoV-2-IgG seropositive, of which one with positive NPS. All the newborns resulted seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgM and were asymptomatic. Our cohort of newborns was divided into groups according to IgG seropositivity (IgG+/-) and NPS results (NPS+/-). The count and proportion of lymphocyte subsets (evaluated measuring CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD19 markers) and of natural killer cells (evaluated by measuring the CD3-/CD16+/CD56+ subset) were all in the normal range, with no statistical differences among groups. We found a significant expansion of the T cell (CD3+) subset in the IgG+ group interpreted as the result of immune effects triggered by trained immunity in these newborns, but a decrease in CD4+ T cells for NPS+ neonates. It is therefore difficult to conclude that the decrease in CD4 can certainly be caused by an infection. A maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in an expansive effect of CD3+ T cells in IgG+ newborns; nonetheless, it seems not to affect structural and functional development of the newborn immune system.

Study of miRNA and lymphocyte subsets as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer.

The aim of this study was to identify the expression of miRNA and lymphocyte subsets in the blood of gastric cancer (GC) patients, elucidate their clinical significance in GC, and establish novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of GC. The expression of miRNAs in the serum of GC patients was screened using second-generation sequencing and detected using qRT-PCR. The correlation between miRNA expression and clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients was analyzed, and molecular markers for predicting cancer were identified. Additionally, flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in GC patients compared to healthy individuals. The correlations between differential lymphocyte subsets, clinicopathological features of GC patients, and their prognosis were analyzed statistically. The study revealed that hsa-miR-1306-5p, hsa-miR-3173-5p, and hsa-miR-296-5p were expressed at lower levels in the blood of GC patients, which is consistent with miRNA-seq findings. The AUC values of hsa-miR-1306-5p, hsa-miR-3173-5p, and hsa-miR-296-5p were found to be effective predictors of GC occurrence. Additionally, hsa-miR-296-5p was found to be negatively correlated with CA724. Furthermore, hsa-miR-1306-5p, hsa-miR-3173-5p, and hsa-miR-296-5p were found to be associated with the stage of the disease and were closely linked to the clinical pathology of GC. The lower the levels of these miRNAs, the greater the clinical stage of the tumor and the worse the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Finally, the study found that patients with GC had lower absolute numbers of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and lymphocytes compared to healthy individuals. The quantity of CD4+ T lymphocytes and the level of the tumor marker CEA were shown to be negatively correlated. The ROC curve and multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that lymphocyte subsets can effectively predict gastric carcinogenesis and prognosis. These miRNAs such as hsa-miR-1306-5p, hsa-miR-3173-5p, hsa-miR-296-5p and lymphocyte subsets such as the absolute numbers of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, lymphocytes are down-regulated in GC and are closely related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of GC patients. They may serve as new molecular markers for predicting the early diagnosis and prognosis of GC patients.

Protective Efficacy Induced by the Common Eimeria Antigen Elongation Factor 2 against Challenge with Three Eimeria Species in Chickens.

Avian coccidiosis arises from co-infection involving multiple Eimeria species, which could give rise to substantial economic losses in the global poultry industry. As a result, multivalent anticoccidial vaccines containing common Eimeria antigens offer considerable promise for controlling co-infection in clinical practice. In our previous study, Elongation factor 2 (EF2) was deemed as an immunogenic common antigen across various Eimeria species. This current investigation aimed to further assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of EF2 in recombinant subunit vaccine format against three Eimeria species. The EF2 gene cloned from Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) cDNA was designated as EF2 of E. maxima (EmEF2). The immunogenicity of the recombinant protein EmEF2 (rEmEF2) was assessed through Western blot analysis. The evaluation of the vaccine-induced immune response encompassed the determination of T lymphocyte subset proportions, cytokine mRNA transcription levels, and specific IgY concentrations in rEmEF2-vaccinated chickens using flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, the protective efficacy of rEmEF2 was evaluated through vaccination and challenge experiments. The findings demonstrated that rEmEF2 was effectively recognized by the His-tag monoclonal antibody and E. maxima chicken antiserum. Vaccination with rEmEF2 increased the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, elevated IL-4 and IFN-γ mRNA transcription levels, and enhanced IgY antibody levels compared to the control groups. Moreover, compared to the control groups, vaccination with rEmEF2 led to decreased weight loss, reduced oocyst outputs, and alleviated enteric lesions. Furthermore, in the rEmEF2-immunized groups, challenges with E. maxima and E. acervulina resulted in anticoccidial index (ACI) scores of 166.35 and 185.08, showing moderate-to-excellent protective efficacy. Nevertheless, challenges with E. tenella and mixed Eimeria resulted in ACI scores of 144.01 and 127.94, showing low protective efficacy. In conclusion, EmEF2, a common antigen across Eimeria species, demonstrated the capacity to induce a significant cellular and humoral immune response, as well as partial protection against E. maxima, E. acervulina, and E. tenella. These results highlight EmEF2 as a promising candidate antigen for the development of multivalent vaccines targeting mixed infections by Eimeria species.

Expression of proBDNF/p75NTR in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with sepsis and its impact on lymphocyte differentiation.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the host's imbalanced response to infection. Due to lack of effective treatments, it has always been the difficulty and focus of clinical treatment of sepsis. Studies have shown that pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) binds to the high-affinity total neurotrophic factor p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), which activates downstream signaling cascades and disrupts immunological inflammation and plays an important role in the progression of sepsis. This study aims to explore the expression changes of lymphocyte-derived proBDNF/p75NTR in patients with sepsis and its effect on lymphocyte differentiation. From the healthy donors (control group, n=40) and sepsis patients (sepsis group, n=40) admitted to the hospital for the first time, peripheral blood samples and blood routine clinical detection indicators were obtained. By using flow cytometry, the proportion of lymphocyte subsets and their expression of proBDNF/p75NTR were examined. The peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from the control group and incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Flow cytometry analysis technology was used to detect the expression of proBDNF/p75NTR on LPS-treated lymphocyte subsets. On this basis, we investigated the effects on lymphocyte differentiation by inhibiting p75NTR. White blood cell count, neutrophil count, and neutrophil percentage of the patients in the sepsis group at admission were significantly higher than those in the control group; on the contrary, lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage in the sepsis group were lower than those in the control group (all P<0.001). The patients in the sepsis group had considerably greater neutrophil/lymphocyte and monocyte/lymphocyte ratios than those in the control group (both P<0.05). In the peripheral blood of sepsis patients, proBDNF expression was upregulated on CD19+ B cells, whereas p75NTR expression was elevated on B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells (all P<0.05). ProBDNF/p75NTR expression was upregulated by LPS stimulation in vitro in peripheral blood cells of the control group (P<0.05), and this tendency was similar to the expression alterations in peripheral lymphocytes of the sepsis group. Inhibition of p75NTR increased CD4+ T cell and CD19+ B cell percentages, cytokine expression of IL-4 and IL-10, and reduced IL-1β and IL-6 production (all P<0.05). The immunosuppressive state of sepsis patients is indicated by a reduction in lymphocyte count and an increase in the proportion of inactive neutrophils. ProBDNF/p75NTR expression is upregulated in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of sepsis patients, and p75NTR inhibition may control lymphocyte differentiation involved in sepsis progression.

Upregulation of CX3CR1 expression in circulating T cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients as a reflection of autoimmune status through characterization of cytotoxic capacity

ObjectiveThis study investigated CX3CR1 expression in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and their subsets, exploring changes in SLE patients and its diagnostic potential. MethodsPeripheral blood samples from 31 healthy controls and 50 SLE patients were collected. RNA-Seq data from SLE patient PBMCs were used to analyze CX3CR1 expression in T cells. Flow cytometry determined CX3CR1-expressing T lymphocyte subset proportions in SLE patients and healthy controls. Subset composition and presence of GZMB, GPR56, and perforin in CX3CR1+ T lymphocytes were analyzed. T cell-clinical indicator correlations were assessed. ROC curves explored CX3CR1′s diagnostic potential for SLE. ResultsCX3CR1+CD8+ T cells exhibited higher GPR56, perforin, and GZMB expression than other T cell subsets. The proportion of CX3CR1+ was higher in TEMRA and lower in Tn and TCM. PMA activation reduced CX3CR1+ T cell proportions. Both RNA-Seq and flow cytometry revealed elevated CX3CR1+ T cell proportions in SLE patients. Significantly lower perforin+ and GPR56+ proportions were observed in CX3CR1+CD8+ T cells in SLE patients. CX3CR1+ T cells correlated with clinical indicators. ConclusionCX3CR1+ T cells display cytotoxic features, with heightened expression in CD8+ T cells, particularly in adult SLE patients. Increased CX3CR1 expression in SLE patient T cells suggests its potential as an adjunctive diagnostic marker for SLE.

MAPK Signaling Pathway Plays Different Regulatory Roles in the Effects of Boric Acid on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Immune Function of Splenic Lymphocytes in Rats.

Boron is one of the essential trace elements in animals. Although boron supplementation can enhance immune function and promote cell proliferation, high-dose boron supplementation can negatively affect immune function and inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, its action pathway is unknown. In this study, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38MAPK signaling pathways were blocked using specific blockers to investigate the impact of low-dose and high-dose boron on proliferation, apoptosis, and immune function of lymphocytes, and the expression of genes related to cell proliferation and apoptosis in rats. The addition of 0.4 mmol/L boron did not affect the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells (P>0.05), IgG and IFN-γ contents (P>0.05), the proliferation rate of lymphocytes (P>0.05), and mRNA and protein expressions of PCNA (P>0.05) in the spleen after ERK1/2 signal pathway was selectively inhibited. Moreover, the addition of 40 mmol/L boron did not affect the proportion of CD4+ T cells, contents of IgG and cytokines (IL-2 and IL-4), proliferation and apoptosis rates of lymphocytes, and expression of proliferation- and apoptosis-related genes in the spleen. Meanwhile, the addition of 0.4 mmol/l boron increased the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01), IFN-γ or IgG contents (P<0.05), and the proliferation rate of lymphocytes (P<0.05) in spleen after selective inhibition of JNK or p38MAPK signaling pathways, while the protein expression of Caspase-3 decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, 40 mmol/L boron decreased the proportion of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine contents, proliferation rate of lymphocytes, and mRNA and protein expressions of PCNA. In contrast, the mRNA and protein expressions of Caspase-3 and protein expression of Bax were increased. These results indicate that ERK1/2 signaling pathway mainly regulates the effects of low-dose and high-dose boron on proliferation, apoptosis, and immune function of splenic lymphocytes.

Characteristics and clustering analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in children with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with clinical infection.

Clinical infection is a common complication in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, few studies have investigated immune alterations in children with SLE complicated with clinical infection. We assessed lymphocyte subsets in children with SLE to explore the possibility of clinical infection. We retrospectively analyzed the proportion of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in 140 children with SLE. Children with SLE were classified into different clusters according to the proportion of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets: (CD3 + /CD4 + T cell, CD3 + /CD8 + T cell, CD3 + /CD4 + /CD8 + T cell, CD3 + /CD4-/CD8- T cell, CD19 + B cell, and CD3-/CD16 + /CD56 + NK cell). Differences in the proportion of lymphoid subsets, infection rates, and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) scores were compared between clusters. In addition, we grouped the subjects according to the presence or absence of infection. Proportions of lymphoid subsets, demographic variables, clinical presentation, and other laboratory variables were compared between the infected and uninfected groups. Finally, the diagnostic ability of lymphocyte subset ratios to distinguish secondary infection in children with SLE was predicted using an ROC curve. Cluster C2 had a higher proportion of B cells than Cluster C1, while Cluster C1 had a lower proportion of NK cells, CD3 + T cells, CD3 + /CD4 + T cells, CD3 + /CD8 + T cells, and CD3 + /CD4-/CD8- T cells. Infection rates and SLEDAI scores were higher in Cluster C2 than in Cluster C1. The infected children had a higher proportion of B cells and a lower proportion of CD3 + T cells, CD3 + /CD4 + T cells, CD3 + /CD8 + T cells, and CD3 + /CD4-/CD8- T cells. There were no significant differences in lymphoid subsets between children in Cluster C2 and the infected groups. The area under the ROC curve of B lymphocytes in predicting SLE children with infection was 0.842. The area under the ROC curve was 0.855 when a combination of B cells, NK cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells was used to predict the outcome of coinfection. A high percentage of B cells and a low percentage of CD3 + T cells, CD3 + /CD4 + T cells, CD3 + /CD8 + T cells, CD3 + /CD4 + /CD8 + T cells, and CD3 + /CD4-/CD8- T cells may be associated with infection in children with SLE. B cells was used to predict the outcome of coinfection in children with SLE. Key Points •A high percentage of B cells and a low percentage of CD3 + T cells, CD3 + /CD4 + T cells, CD3 + /CD8 + T cells, CD3 + /CD4 + /CD8 + T cells, and CD3 + /CD4-/CD8- T cells may be associated with infection in children with SLE •B cells was used to predict the outcome of coinfection in children with SLE.

Adenoid lymphocyte heterogeneity in pediatric adenoid hypertrophy and obstructive sleep apnea.

Adenoid hypertrophy is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Previous studies have suggested that pathogenic infections and local immune system disorders in the adenoids are associated with adenoid hypertrophy. The abnormalities in the number and function of various lymphocyte subsets in the adenoids may play a role in this association. However, changes in the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in hypertrophic adenoids remain unclear. To identify patterns of lymphocyte subsets in hypertrophic adenoids, we used multicolor flow cytometry to analyze the lymphocyte subset composition in two groups of children: the mild to moderate hypertrophy group (n = 10) and the severe hypertrophy group (n = 5). A significant increase in naïve lymphocytes and a decrease in effector lymphocytes were found in severe hypertrophic adenoids. This finding suggests that abnormal lymphocyte differentiation or migration may contribute to the development of adenoid hypertrophy. Our study provides valuable insights and clues into the immunological mechanism underlying adenoid hypertrophy.

Clinical and immune-related factors associated with exacerbation in adults with well-controlled generalized myasthenia gravis.

To describe the clinical predictors and immune-related factors for exacerbation in adults with well-controlled generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG). We conducted a retrospective analysis of 585 adults with well-controlled GMG from our institution to explore the risk factors for exacerbation. Furthermore, propensity score matching (PSM) was used to compare the proportions of lymphocyte subsets, and the levels of immunoglobulin, complement, and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR-ab) in the peripheral blood of 111 patients with exacerbations and 72 patients without exacerbations. A total of 404 patients (69.1%) experienced at least one exacerbation, and the median (interquartile range) time to the first exacerbation was 1.5 years (0.8-3.1 years). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that age at onset, disease duration before enrollment, Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America classification (MGFA) class III vs. class II, MGFA class IV-V vs. class II, AChR-ab levels, anti-muscle specific kinase antibody levels, thymus hyperplasia, prednisone plus immunosuppressants vs. prednisone treatment, and thymectomy were independent predictors for exacerbations [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.011, 1.031, 1.580, 1.429, 2.007, 2.033, 1.461, 0.798, and 0.651, respectively]. Propensity-matched analysis compared 51 patient pairs. After PSM, the peripheral blood proportions of CD3-CD19+ B cells, ratios of CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ T cells, and AChR-ab levels were significantly increased, and the peripheral blood proportions of CD3+CD8+ T and CD4+CD25+CD127low+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were significantly lower in patients with exacerbation than in those without exacerbation (all p < 0.05). Myasthenia gravis (MG) exacerbations were more frequent in those patients with older onset age, longer disease duration, more severe MGFA classification, positive AChR-ab, and lack of combined immunotherapy or thymectomy treatment. On the other hand, CD3-CD19+ B cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, Tregs, and AChR-ab in peripheral blood may be involved in the course of GMG exacerbation.

The Distribution and Significance of Activated T Cells and Lymphocyte Subsets in Myelodysplastic Syndrome

To investigate the distribution of bone marrow lymphocyte subsets in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS),the proportion of activated T cells with immunophenotype CD3+HLA-DR+ in the lymphocytes and its clinical significance, and to understand the effects of different types of MDS, different immunophenotypes, and different expression levels of WT1 on the proportion of lymphocyte subsets and activated T cells. The immunophenotypes of 96 MDS patients, the subsets of bone marrow lymphocytes and activated T cells were detected by flow cytometry. The relative expression of WT1 was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and the first induced remission rate (CR1) was calculated, the differences of lymphocyte subsets and activated T cells in MDS patients with different immunophenotype, different WT1 expression, and different course of disease were analyzed. The percentage of CD4+T lymphocyte in MDS-EB-2, IPSS high-risk, CD34+ cells >10%, and patients with CD34+CD7+ cell population and WT1 gene overexpression at intial diagnosis decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the percentage of NK cells and activated T cells increased significantly (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the ratio of B lymphocytes. Compared with the normal control group, the percentage of NK cells and activated T cells in IPSS-intermediate-2 group was significantly higher(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the percentage of CD3+T, CD4+T lymphocytes. The percentage of CD4+T cells in patients with complete remission after the first chemotherapy was significantly higher than in patients with incomplete remission(P<0.05), and the percentage of NK cells and activated T cells was significantly lower than that in patients with incomplete remission (P<0.05). In MDS patients, the proportion of CD3+T and CD4+T lymphocytes decreased, and the proportion of activated T cells increased, indicating that the differentiation type of MDS is more primitive and the prognosis is worse.

Effect of Huangdisan grain on improving cognitive impairment in VD rats and its mechanism in immune inflammatory response.

Vascular dementia (VD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the incidence rate is very high, there is no definitive treatment for VD. And it has serious impact on the quality of life of VD patients. In recent years, more and more studies about the clinical efficacy and pharmacological effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of VD have been conducted. And Huangdisan grain has been used to treat VD patients with a good curative effect in clinic. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Huangdisan grain on the inflammatory response and cognitive function of VD rats modeled by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), that aimed to improve the treatment methods for VD. 8-week-old healthy SPF male Wistar rats (280±20g) were randomly divided into the normal group (Gn, n=10), sham operated group (Gs, n=10), and operated group (Go, n=35). The VD rat models in Go group were established by BCCAO. 8weeks after surgery, the operated rats were screened by the hidden platform trail of Morris Water Maze (MWM), and the rats with cognitive dysfunction were further randomly divided into the impaired group (Gi, n=10) and TCM group (Gm, n=10). The VD rats in Gm group were given the intragastric administration of Huangdisan grain decoction once a day for 8weeks, and the other groups were given intragastric administration of normal saline. Then the cognitive ability of rats in each group was detected by the MWM Test. The lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and hippocampus of rats were measured by flow cytometry. The levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ, MIP-2, COX-2, iNOS) in peripheral blood and hippocampus were measured by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). The number of Iba-1+ CD68+ co-positive cells in the CA1 region of hippocampus was measured by immunofluorescence. Compared with the Gn group, the escape latencies of the Gi group were prolonged (P<0.01), the time spent in the former platform quadrant was shortened (P<0.01), and the number of times of crossing over the former platform location was reduced (P<0.05). But compared with the Gi group, the escape latencies of Gm group were shortened (P<0.01), the time spent in the former platform quadrant was prolonged (P<0.05), and the number of times of crossing over the former platform location was increased (P<0.05). The number of Iba-1+ CD68+ co-positive cells in the CA1 region of hippocampus of VD rats in Gi group was increased (P<0.01) compared with the Gn group. And the proportions of T Cells, CD4+ T Cells, CD8+ T Cells in the hippocampus were increased (P<0.01). The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus was increased significantly, such as IL-1β (P<0.01), IL-2 (P<0.01), TNF-α (P<0.05), IFN-γ (P<0.01), COX-2 (P<0.01), MIP-2 (P<0.01) and iNOS (P<0.05). And the level of IL-10 (P<0.01), a kind of anti-inflammatory cytokine, was decreased. The proportions of T Cells (P<0.05), CD4+ T Cells (P<0.01) and NK Cells (P<0.05) in the peripheral blood of the VD rats in Gi group were decreased, and the level of IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, COX-2, MIP-2 and iNOS was increased significantly (P<0.01) compared with the Gn group. Meanwhile, the level of IL-4 and IL-10 was decreased (P<0.01). Huangdisan grain could reduce the number of Iba-1+ CD68+ co-positive cells in the CA1 region of hippocampus (P<0.01), decrease the proportions of T Cells, CD4+ T Cells, CD8+ T Cells and the level of IL-1β, MIP-2 in hippocampus (P<0.01) of VD rats. Moreover, it could rise the proportion of NK Cells (P<0.01) and the level of IL-4 (P<0.05), IL-10 (P<0.05), and decrease the level of IL-1β (P<0.01), IL-2 (P<0.05), TNF-α (P<0.01), IFN-γ (P<0.01), COX-2 (P<0.01) and MIP-2 (P<0.01) in peripheral blood of VD rats. This study indicated that Huangdisan grain could decrease the activation of microglia/macrophages, regulate the proportions of lymphocyte subsets and the level of cytokines, which could adjust the immunologic abnormalities of VD rats, and ultimately improve cognitive function.

The alterations in peripheral lymphocyte subsets predict the efficacy and prognosis of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatments are promising therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, not all HCC patients benefit from immunotherapy. Therefore, it is urgent to explore markers for the clinical efficacy and prognosis of immunotherapy for liver cancer. This study aimed to investigate changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets after immunotherapy and to assess their predictive and prognostic value. Methods: Sixty-one patients with advanced HCC were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were collected from HCC patients before and after ICI treatment, and lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry. The rank sum test, chi-square test, Kaplan‒Meier curve, and Cox regression model were used to determine the relationship between the changes in the percentages of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and clinicopathological characteristics, clinical efficacy, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: After ICI treatment, the percentage of CD3+CD8+ T cells increased, and the percentage of B cells decreased. The changes in memory T cells percentages varied according to different immune efficacy groups. Age, history of hepatitis B infection, first-line therapy, and distant metastasis influenced the proportion of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with advanced HCC. Furthermore, univariate analysis demonstrated that high percentage changes in the natural killer (NK) cells percentage change predicted longer PFS and OS. Conclusions: ICI treatment alters the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in immunotherapy-treated HCC patients. Changes in the proportion of lymphocyte subsets are influenced by variances in immunological response and clinicopathological features. A high degree of NK cells percentage change in HCC patients treated with ICI represents an independent prognostic predictor.

Protective Effect of the Polysaccharides from Taraxacum mongolicum Leaf by Modulating the p53 Signaling Pathway in H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice.

Dandelion is an edible plant with a variety of bioactive components. This paper mainly reports the antitumor activity of dandelion polysaccharide DLP120 on H22 tumor-bearing mice. DLP120 is an acidic polysaccharide composed of pectin and arabinogalactan. The results indicate that DLP120 markedly inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner and attenuated and regulated negative effects on organs. In addition, DLP120 not only increased the viability of spleen lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, but also increased the proportion of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood. Furthermore, Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining showed that tumor tissues and cells exhibited typical pathology features. Annexin V FITC/PI staining and cell cycle distribution results further confirmed apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in S and G2 phases. Notably, there was a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Western blotting results demonstrated that the expression of p53 was up-regulated in the DLP120 group. Moreover, the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was up-regulated while the inhibitory-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was down-regulated. In addition, the expression of Fas and FasL, associated with the death receptor pathway, were also up-regulated. Overall, administration of DLP120 in H22 tumor-bearing mice can not only enhance immunity but also directly induce tumor cell apoptosis.

Relationship between gut microbiota and lymphocyte subsets in Chinese Han patients with spinal cord injury.

This study is to investigate the changes of lymphocyte subsets and the gut microbiota in Chinese Han patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). We enrolled 23 patients with SCI and 21 healthy controls. Blood and fecal samples were collected. The proportion of lymphocyte subsets was detected by flow cytometry. 16S rDNA sequencing of the V4 region was used to analyze the gut microbiota. The changes of the gut microbiota were analyzed by bioinformatics. Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and lymphocyte subsets was performed. CD4 + cells, CD4 + /CD8 + ratio and CD4 + CD8 + cells in peripheral blood of SCI patients were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in B cells and CIK cells between the SCI group and the control group. The gut microbiota community diversity index of SCI patients was significantly higher than that of healthy controls. In SCI patients, the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae (related to lymphocyte subset regulation), Ruminococcaceae (closely related to central nervous system diseases), and Escherichia-Shigella (closely related to intestinal infections) increased significantly, while the butyrate producing bacteria (Fusobacterium) that were beneficial to the gut were dramatically decreased. Correlation analysis showed that the five bacterial genera of SCI patients, including Lachnospiraceae UCG-008, Lachnoclostridium 12, Tyzzerella 3, Eubacterium eligens group, and Rumencocciucg-002, were correlated with T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells. In the SCI group, the flora Prevotella 9, Lachnospiraceae NC2004 group, Veillonella, and Sutterella were positively correlated with B cells. However, Fusobacterium and Akkermansia were negatively correlated with B cells. Moreover, Roseburia and Ruminococcaceae UCG-003 were positively correlated with CIK cells. Our results suggest that the gut microbiota of patients with SCI is associated with lymphocyte subsets. Therefore, it is possible to improve immune dysregulation in SCI patients by modulating gut microbiota, which may serve as a new therapeutic method for SCI.

The Predictive Value of Changes in the Absolute Counts of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets for Progression and Prognosis in Breast Cancer Patients.

Background As the number and proportion of lymphocyte subsets are an important indicator of the immune function, an in depth understanding of the immune function of patients with malignant tumor has important clinical values for the treatment, prognosis, and evaluation of the disease. This retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical value of the absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets as potential blood biomarkers for progression and prognosis in breast cancer patients. Methods A total of 237 BC patients and 55 age-matched female normal healthy donors were included in this study. Flow cytometry was used to determine the absolute counts and the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, B, and NK cells. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of absolute count of lymphocyte subsets in the curative efficacy assessment. The clinicopathological parameters influencing the disease progression were determined by Cox proportional hazards regression. Progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test. Results: Compared with the healthy donors, the absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets in patients decreased significantly. ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve of the CD4+ absolute count was 90% (95% confidence interval 0.859–0.940), and the sensitivity and specificity were 80.9% and 85.3%, respectively. The analysis of Cox regression showed that the cutoff value of the CD4+ absolute count ≥451 cells/μL might be a favorable prognostic factor. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of PFS showed that the CD4+ and CD8+ absolute count were independent factors for predicting PFS. Conclusions The remarkably impaired absolute counts of the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, B, and NK cells in patients with breast cancer can be used as potential susceptible biomarkers to evaluate the patient's immune status. The higher level of CD4+ and CD8+ absolute counts probably contributed to the longer PFS and favorable outcome of BC patients.