Proportion Of Lime Research Articles

SUSTAINABLE INVESTIGATION ON POND ASH-INDUCED COMPRESSED INTERLOCKING BRICKS

Investigating the sustainability of using pond ash in compressed interlocking bricks is a multi-faceted process that requires assessing environmental, economic, and social aspects. India churns out more than 200 million tonnes of untapped coal ash every year. Stone crusher plants and thermal power plants are exhibiting huge amounts of unutilized by-products which have started invading our environment negatively and could soon create hazardous impacts. This paper focuses on investigating a new emerging sustainable brick constituting all these waste substances. Unutilized stone dust from crushers of the Khordha Industrial Area and Ash (Pond ash and Fly ash) were collected from the NALCO Power Plant situated at Angul, Odisha, India. Pond ash Induced Compressed Interlocking Bricks (PAICIB) were fabricated having parent mix with pond ash & fly ash levels of 35% and 40% stone dust by weight, which was fixed after several trial mix experiments. Variation was done with the proportion of lime and cement to the parent mix. Compressive strength tests were conducted on day 7 and 28. The parent mix of 30cmx15cmx10cm PAICIB containing no cement and 10% hydrated lime by weight of parent mix sustained a compressive strength up to 5.5 N/mm2 (failure load of 204KN) and the water absorption was 17% after 28 days. The primary focus of this investigation is to utilize the waste materials for creating an eco-friendly brick that can meet the demand of the current rising population of populated countries like India. This work becomes a part of the “fly ash management and utilization mission” by NGT as the bricks are formed here using the disposed pond ash in rivers reducing water pollution too.

Effects of Lime on Bagasse Ash-Stabilised Expansive Soils

Management of agricultural wastes and improvement of construction soils have become increasingly necessary for sustainable development. This study therefore stabilised selected expansive soils using bagasse ash (BA) and lime, with a view to determining the effect of lime on BA-stabilised soils. Two soil samples (identified as Sample A and Sample B) were collected from two identified locations characterised with expansive soils in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Using standard procedures, the following preliminary and geotechnical tests were conducted on the soil samples in their natural state: moisture content determination, particle size analysis, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). BA was then introduced to the soils in 5 %, 10 % and 15 % proportions by weight of dry soil. Thereafter, Atterberg limits and UCS tests were conducted on the BA-stabilised soils. Also 2.5 % lime was introduced to each proportion of BA earlier used. Atterberg limits and UCS tests were then conducted on the BA-lime stabilised soils. Results showed that the two soils in their natural state have high plasticity and they both belong to the A-2-7 group. For both BA and BA-lime stabilised soil samples, plasticity reduced with increase in the stabilisers, which implies an improvement in the soil properties. Also, UCS of both BA and BA-lime stabilised soil samples increased with optimum values at 10 % BA content. Expectedly, addition of lime increased the values of UCS for each combination of stabilisers. It was concluded that BA could be used to improve the properties of expansive soils and that the addition of certain proportions of lime does not have a negative impact on the stabilisation properties of BA, but rather improves it.

Effect of leachate contamination in municipal solid waste on clay liner characteristics

Landfill leachate is generated as a consequence of water percolation through the solid waste, oxidation of the waste, and corrosion of the waste. Under-designed landfill sites allow the leachate to easily pass through the soil strata. To identify the effect of contaminants on the engineering properties of the clay liner, a pilot-scale lysimeter was developed. Experiments on two types of soils polluted with leachate were conducted which included silty clay and soil enhanced by chemical stabilization. Lime and silica fume are used as reactive barriers in landfill earthen liners. The leachate generated was monitored periodically and sampled for (pH, Electrical conductivity, Chemical oxygen demand, Chloride, Total dissolved solids, and total suspended solids). Lime (L), silica fume (SF), and lime-silica fume (L-SF) mix have been used for stabilizing soil. Three percentages were used for lime (2%, 4% and 6%) and three percentages were used for silica fume (3%, 5% and 7%) and the optimum percentage of silica fume (5%) was mixed with the proportions of lime. The optimum lime values are 4% from the research and 5% for silica fume. Soil samples were analyzed over a maturation period of 135 days for each run to identify the chemicals and their effect on the soil characteristics. The plasticity index of the stabilized soil continues to decline until it reaches 36% over the 135 days of the maturing period. Furthermore, an increase in silty clay soil hydraulic conductivity was observed from 3.3 × 10−6 cm/sec to 5 × 10−6 cm/sec at 135 days of maturation. Whereas there is a sharp decrease in hydraulic conductivity to achieve a maximum value in the stabilized soil (1.25 ×10−10 cm/sec). Based on laboratory test results, it can be concluded that soil stabilization can improve the geotechnical properties of landfill earthen liners due to pozzolanic reactions.

Evaluation of the Structural Performance of Lime-Stabilized cubitermes sp Termite Mound Soil as a Sub-Base Layer for Sustainable Pavements

The scarcity of road materials that can be used directly in the sub-base layer of a road without preparation has led to the use of non-conventional materials. This study describes the feasibility of using hydrated lime-treated cubitermes sp termite mound soils for road construction, based on laboratory tests. Tests of Atterberg limits, dry density, CBR, compressive strength, static modulus and measurement of sinking of the material under traffic were carried out with different proportions of lime (0%, 3%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 9%). The results obtained show that the mechanical properties of soil-lime mixtures improve up to the point of lime fixation at 6% and that above 6% lime, the mechanical properties decrease. The traffic simulation at the rut shows that for the 6% lime mix, microcracks appear from 20.000 cycles and that the average settlement is 2 mm. The friction of the grains under the stresses developed by the passage of the wheel reduces the mechanical bonds of the soil-lime mixture. The rigidity of the material leads to the induced slab effect, which gives the material good behavior in hot weather, without strain or rutting. The mechanical connections during the setting of the soil-lime mixture reduce the friction of the grains under the stresses developed by the wheel. Lime welds the fines into much larger, more or less impermeable particles on the surface, which reduces the crumbling of the material by attrition, a major cause of pavement deterioration. The optimal mix can be used as a sub-base layer or wearing course for low-traffic earth roads (T1 < 300) and for the treatment of the upper parts of embankments. All these results are consolidated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses.

Research on Road Characteristics and the Microscopic Mechanism of Lime–Phosphogypsum-Stabilized Red Clay

In this paper, mixtures with different proportions of lime, phosphogypsum, and red clay were prepared, and the road properties and micromechanisms of lime–phosphogypsum-stabilized red clay were investigated by unconfined compressive strength test, water stability test, swelling test, shrinkage test, XRD quantitative analysis, and scanning electron microscope analysis. The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength of the mix increased and then decreased with the increase of phosphogypsum content. With the increase of age, the growth was faster in the first 14 days and basically stabilized in the last 14 days. The mixture has poor water stability, large absolute swelling rate, and low linear shrinkage. The reason for the increase of strength is that the reaction of lime, phosphogypsum, and red clay produces ettringite, and the cementing substance gels form a three-dimensional mesh skeleton structure; the excess of ettringite will cause the skeleton to expand and break, and the strength decreases.

Soil Stabilization by Using Lime and Fly Ash at Ahirwadi

Abstract: Soil stabilization is a crucial aspect of civil engineering, particularly in the construction of infrastructure projects. This study investigates the effectiveness of lime and fly ash as soil stabilizers and their combined application for enhancing soil properties. The objective of this research is to evaluate the changes in the geotechnical properties of soil treated with lime and fly ash, including compressive strength, shear strength, and durability. In this experimental study, different proportions of lime and fly ash were mixed with the soil samples to determine the optimal combination that yields the highest improvement in soil characteristics. The laboratory tests conducted on the stabilized soil samples included compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests. The samples were cured for different periods to assess the long-term performance and durability of the stabilization technique. The results indicate that the addition of lime and fly ash significantly improves the soil's engineering properties. The lime effectively increases the soil's pH, reducing plasticity and improving workability. The fly ash, on the other hand, enhances the pozzolanic reactivity and improves the soil's strength and durability. The combination of lime and fly ash demonstrates synergistic effects, leading to further improvements in the stabilized soil's properties.

Assessment of lime stabilization of black cotton soil for roads construction projects

The design foundation (i.e., pavements) on black cotton soil has always been a difficult task for the engineers as the structure resting on black cotton soil cracks without any warning. This research evaluates the effect of lime (anhydrous sodium sulphate) on engineering properties of black cotton soil which are considered highly problematic to civil engineering works. Black cotton soil brings about significant geotechnical and structural engineering challenges to property and infrastructure development around the world. The objective of the study is to investigate the use of lime-stabilized black cotton soil as subbase material in flexible pavements. Black cotton soil procured from the local area in Gaborone, Botswana, tested for suitability as subbase material, turned out to be unsuitable as it resulted in very less CBR value (4.8%). The black cotton soil-lime mix was checked for consistency limits, compaction, CBR for different proportions of lime (i.e., 0, 5, 10 and 15%). It was observed that the plasticity index of the soil shows a substantial decrease upon addition of the lime whereas CBR values show a marked increase with unsoaked CBR. The addition of 5%, 10% and 15% of lime produced some desirable soil properties. It can be concluded lime could be one of the best alternative stabilizer materials for highly expansive clayey.

Adsorption and physicochemical release of iron ions in soils with different content of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulfate

Three soils of different content of gypsum and lime were selected, the first soil (G1) and the second soil (G3), were obtained near the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tikrit University. As for the third soil (G5), was taken from the AL- alam Village side east of Tikrit city to a depth of (0-10)cm. the proportions of gypsum were 5%, 15%, 25%, and the proportions of lime were 25%, 20%, and 10% for soils G1, G3, and G5, respectively. Ferrous sulfate was added as a source of iron ions added to the three soils in the following proportions (0,10,25,50,100,150,250,500,750) mg.L-1 The concepts of isotherm were tested by using the physicochemical Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption equations. The results of the study showed the success of both equations in describing of iron ion adsorption process for all three soils, because They achieve a high (R2) but Langmuir's equation showed a greater superiority due to its decreasing (SE). As it appears from the results of the study, the superiority of treatment (G1) over treatments (G3) and (G5) in the maximum adsorption values, binding energy, (PBCFe)(KG) and (Kd) for adsorption and release. As for the values of Labale iron, the lowest value was in treatment (G1)then it began to increase until it reached its value in treatment (G5). The (Δf) values for the three soils were positive, and that the highest value was in soil (G1), and starts declining to reach its value for soil (G5).

A comparative study of red brick powder and lime as soft soil stabilizer.

Background: The role of soil in building construction is to support the loads above it. Different types of soil with poor mechanical properties require more attention. Therefore, more effort is needed to stabilize the soil by improving its properties. These improvements are intended to modify soil properties to improve engineering performance, such as strength, decrease in compressibility and permeability. This study aimed to compare the potential of lime and brick powder as stabilizers based on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values. Soil stabilization can be defined as modifying the soil properties by chemical or physical means to improve its engineering efficiency. The main objectives of stabilizing soil are increasing its bearing capacity, resistance to weathering processes, and permeability. Methods: This work did laboratory tests with disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The proportions of lime or red brick powder additives are 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the soil sample. From the results of the laboratory tests, the soil type obtained is MH (low plasticity silt) as per the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Results: This study showed that soft soil could be improved by adding lime and red brick powder as a soil stabilizer. In both soaked and unsoaked CBR tests, there was an increase in the CBR value for each proportion of the mixed additives. However, the red brick powder addition (15%) has significantly increased the CBR value. Conclusions: The soil sample mixed with 15% red brick powder had the highest Maximum Dry Density (MDD), about 5.5% over untreated soil. The increment of lime to 15% has increased the CBR soaked by 61% in relation to untreated soil. The increment of red brick powder to 15% has increased the CBR unsoaked by 73% in relation to untreated soil.

Efficiency of cement and lime in stabilizing the black cotton soil

Black Cotton soil is a extremely problematic and sensitive to climatic changes. Due to the moisture content, the strength reduction in black cotton soil will be heavy. Stabilization is one of the conventional and extensively used processes to increase the engineering properties of soil. The investigation was carried out to study the increase in strength of black cotton soil using lime and cement. The experimental works were carried out using different proportions of lime (1%, 2% and 3%) and cement (2% and 4%). The Proctor Compaction Test and California Bearing Ratio were conducted to determine the exact proportion of additive at which the strength of Black Cotton soil will increase. The observed results from the compaction test revealed that the maximum dry density of soil increased by adding lime up to 2% due to the cementitious bond; further addition of lime led to a decrease. Also, the mixture of 2% cement with lime blended soils led to an increase in dry density due to the cementation action, which reduced the plasticity of soil, and when it exceeded 2% of cement, the density decreased. The percentage increase in the soil strength after adding additive was 76.54%. These results indicated that the lime, cement or a combination of both reacted as a good additive to stabilize the soil.

A study on soil stabilization for some tropical soils

Stabilization of problematic soils for civil engineering applications to achieve the needed soil engineering properties while considering cost and environmental impacts is essential. Soil stabilization can be done physically or chemically, and in many times, it imperatively become a basic advance for making construction. Several chemical additives, with lime, cement, or fly ash are typically used for this objective. For arid and semi -arid regions in developing countries where acute shortage of such construction materials and height cost of chemical additive like cement, instead cheaper alternative stabilizer could be used. An experimental based investigation was carried out to study and assess the effectiveness of a low-cost alternative stabilizer, namely the use of lime for stabilizing cohesive soils and mechanical compaction for cohesionless soils and their effects on the geotechnical properties of stabilized tropical soil. Five soil samples from each type of soil were collected from Khartoum, which are representing wide range of tropical soils available in arid regions. Cohesive soils were mixed with different amounts of lime, varying from 0, 5, 7, 9, and 11% by dry weight of soil whereas mechanical compaction was done for cohesionless soils. Laboratory tests such as consistency test, compaction, and California Bearing Ratio test (CBR) were performed to measure the engineering characteristics of the stabilized soils. The result showed that with the supplement of various proportions of lime, both the liquid limit and plasticity index values reduce as the concentration lime is increased, and the plastic limit of the cohesive soil exhibit an increasing trend and the optimum moisture content, whereas the maximum dry density decreased. The stabilized soil strength is observed to be increasing with the increase of lime content, the heigh values of CBR which is attributed to the lesser voids in the admixture soils with low plasticity and dry unit weight.

A comparative study of red brick powder and lime as soft soil stabilizer

Background: Soil has an important role to play in planning buildings because it supports the loads above it. Different types of soil with poor mechanical properties require more attention. Therefore, it is necessary to put in more effort to stabilize soil in order to improve its properties. This study aimed to compare the potential of lime and brick powder as stabilizers based on the values of California bearing ratio (CBR). Soil stabilization can be defined as the process of stabilizing soil properties by chemical or physical means to improve its engineering efficiency. The main objectives of stabilizing soil are to increase the bearing capacity of soil, to increase its resistance to weathering processes, and its permeability. Methods: In this work laboratory tests were done with disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The proportions of lime or red brick powder additives mixed together are 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the original soil sample. From the results of the laboratory tests, the soil type obtained is MH soil based on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The MH soil type is a low plasticity silt soil. Results: The study’s results showed that with the addition of lime and brick powder, the soil could be stabilized. In both soaked and unsoaked CBR tests, there was an increase in the CBR value for each proportion of the mixed additives. However, red brick powder had a significant increase of 15%. Conclusions: This study found a very large range of variations because of the many material requirements for each test. We suggest other researchers perform the CBR test by reducing the range of variations in the additives to get firm data and using our experimental procedure in this study for further research.

Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) stabilized with lime and cement. Evaluation of both their environmental impact and compressive strength

This work presents the evaluation of the environmental impact and compressive strength of Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) stabilized with hydrated aerial lime and Portland cement. For this, 12 series of blocks stabilized with different proportions of lime and cement were manufactured and the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology was used. After conducting these assays and simulations, it could be concluded that, using earth and sand typical of the city of Santa Fe (Argentina), stabilized with certain percentages of Portland cement between 5 and 10% in weight, CEB can be produced with sufficient levels of strength for them to be used in load-bearing walls, in this way minimizing the negative environmental impact associated with their manufacturing. It is also concluded that the stabilization with aerial lime does not increase the CEB’s compressive strength and, on the contrary, significantly increases their negative impact on the environment.

Assessment of Fine and Coarse Sewage Sludge Ashes for Their Potential Use in Civil Engineering

New environmental challenges and research opportunities arise on the use of solid wastes as well as their basic properties. In fact, recycling of these wastes and their by-products is attracting increasing interest worldwide because of the high environmental impact in the cement, concrete and other industries. Two types (type1: Fa100 and type 2: Ba100) of sludge ashes from the sludge waste center of Camberene (Senegal) were combined with different proportions of lime to assess their potential us

Stresses in Fly Ash Brick using Different Proportion of Lime, Cement, Gypsum, Sand and Stone Dust

The dead load of any structure varies depending on the type of bricks and its weight. Due to the increased numbers of high rise buildings, lighter materials than normal clay bricks are preferred. Fly-ash bricks are more popular presently since it weighs 28% less than clay bricks as well as shows higher strength .The strength is higher by 25% than commonly available bricks. Besides strength other characteristics such as absorption capacity, modulus of rupture, initial rate of absorption, durability and bond strength. The values thus obtained from the test shows excellent results as compared to that of brick clay. The latest type of bricks has been given the name fly-ash bricks. The key objective of the paper is to study the strength of fly ash brick using different material proportion and also to improve the compressive stress and also to determine the durability along with stability of the bricks.

Post Stabilization Performance of Lime Stabilized Soil Admixed with Press Mud

In this study the investigational results obtained in the laboratory on expansive soils treated with low-cost materials i.e, lime and press mud are used. It is conducted to check the signs of progress in the properties of expansive soil with Press Mud and lime in varying percentages. The test results such as the Unconfined compression test, liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, hydrometer analysis and pH obtained on expansive clays mixed with different proportions of lime and press mud are presented and discussed in this work. From the demonstrated result the addition of Press mud with lime in soil stabilization improves the Unconfined Compressive strength of the soil when compared to lime stabilization alone. The index properties of the soil have also been marginally improved due to the addition of Press mud as an admixture.

Leachability and Microstructural Analysis of Clay and Lime Stabilized/Solidified Polluted Sediment – Long-Term Performance

The objective of this study is to enable a better understanding of the effectiveness of solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique in treating polluted sediment, and provide the much needed validation of the longevity of the technology. In this research kaolinite and montmorillonite, with a certain proportion of lime, were used for S/S treatment of sediment polluted with metals. Leachability of metals was examined using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the German standard leaching test (DIN 3841-4 S4) prescribed in national legislative. Results indicated successful S/S treatment using both clays and lime, from the aspect of all leached metals even with pH variations over time and slight changes in structural integrity of specimens. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses and porosity measurement were also performed on the prepared monolithic matrices. XRD qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis proved hydration and pozzolanic product formation with increase in their content and finer crystallites formation over time. SEM analysis confirmed the presence of morphologically dense and stable structures while pore size distribution indicated on mesoporous matrices with ongoing compaction over time. Generally, structural microanalysis indicated the formation of hardened matrices over time and hydration process has been fully completed and further carbonation took place. Unconfined compressive strength measurement gave the satisfying results and matured monolite with 30 % of montmorillonite and 10 % of lime can be considered potentially applicable as non-load-bearing material. In summary, all results indicated that this kind of S/S treatment can achieve satisfactory durability and represent reliable and economically feasible technique for long-term remediation of metal polluted sediment.

Формування лісової підстилки в деревостанах за участю липи дрібнолистої в умовах свіжої грабової діброви Західного Поділля

Досліджено формування лісової підстилки в 41-100-річних деревостанів за участю липи дрібнолистої. У складі деревостанів частка липи і дуба коливається від поодиноких дерев до 10 одиниць. У них також представлені клен гостролистий і явір, граб звичайний, в'яз голий, ясен звичайний, черешня та інші види. У деревостанах свіжої грабової діброви Західного Поділля запас не розкладеної лісової підстилки наприкінці вегетаційного періоду коливається в межах 0,28-1,34 кг/м2. Встановлено найменший запас підстилки в деревостанах, де частка липи становить 8-10 одиниць. Відносно чистого липового деревостану в мішаних запас лісової підстилки істотно зріс – у 1,61-4,78 раза. У його складі переважає листя деревних видів, маса якого становить 0,19-1,15 кг/м2 або 51,5-86,3 %. Маса пагонів, плодів, кори тощо у складі лісової підстилки коливається в межах 0,08-0,54 кг/м2 (13,7-48,5 %). Зв'язок нагромадження лісової підстилки з часткою липи у складі деревостанів характеризується тісною зворотною кореляційною залежністю (r = –0,68). Коефіцієнт варіації загальної маси лісової підстилки в деревостанах коливається в межах 6,3-32,1 %. Переважає слабкий і середній рівень мінливості. Аналогічною мінливістю характеризується фракція листя у складі лісової підстилки (V = 5,2–33,9 %). Встановлено значне зростання варіювання фракції пагонів, кори, плодів тощо у складі лісової підстилки, що характеризується переважанням сильних значень коефіцієнтів варіації.Ключові слова: дубові деревостани; лісова підстилка; опад; лісівничо-таксаційні показники; липа дрібнолиста.

Influence of fibres on volume change attributes of expansive soil blended with lime

Expansive soils are considered to be highly problematic due to their dual swell–shrink behaviour. In recent years, polymeric fibres are used to control the volume change behaviour of expansive soils. In this study, different proportions of lime and fibres were used to study the swelling and shrinkage behaviour of expansive soils. The test results showed that swelling tended to decrease slightly with an increase in the fibre content, whereas shrinkage decreased significantly with the addition of fibres. The optimum fibre content was found to be 2%. Both swelling and shrinkage tended to decrease significantly with increasing the lime content. It was also found that the optimum lime content is different for controlling swelling and shrinkage. Therefore, expansive soil specimens blended with 2% fibre and with varying lime contents were tested. The addition of 2% fibre helped to reduce the content of lime required for controlling shrinkage. It was found that blending 2% fibres and 5% lime together in expansive soils is effective for controlling both swelling and shrinkage behaviour.

Development of bio-cemented constructional materials through microbial induced calcite precipitation

Microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is an environmentally friendly technology to bond sand particle together to form sandstone like materials. In this paper, MICP-treated bio-specimen was developed through MICP. The property of bio-specimen was compared with beams or bricks made through lime modification and cement modification. Ottawa sand was used in MICP-treated bio-specimen preparation. The proportion of lime or cement was in the range of 10–40% by weight of dry sand. The four-point bending tests, brick compression tests and unconfined compression tests were conducted. The test results indicated that flexure strength of MICP-treated bio-specimen was 950 kPa which was similar to flexure strength of 20–25% cement-treated sand beams, but was much higher than flexure strength of 30% lime-treated sand beams. The brick compression strength of MICP-treated bio-specimen achieved 500 kPa, which was similar to brick compression strength of 30% lime-treated sand bricks. The unconfined compression test results showed that the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of MICP-treated bio-specimen (1300 kPa) was higher than UCS of 10% cement-treated specimen (900 kPa), and much higher than UCS of lime-treated sample (around 140 kPa). The relative uniformity of precipitated CaCO3 distribution was achieved through the sample immersing preparation method. SEM images showed that failure pattern of MICP-treated, cement-treated and lime-treated specimens were bond-particle failure.