Proportion Of DM Research Articles

Association of Physical Activity Levels with Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors in Middle aged (40-55) Bangladeshi Women

Background: A sedentary lifestyle is associated with increased risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in women. At least 150min/wk of moderate activity or 75min/wk of vigorous activity or combination is recommended by American Heart Association (AHA) for primary prevention of CAD. The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity levels of middle aged women and to find out the association of CAD risk factors with physical activity level. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) cardiology OPD from May 2019 to April 2020. We interviewed 249 middle aged women (40-55) who attended our OPD during the study period and fulfilled the exclusion and inclusion criteria. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to assess physical activity level. Blood pressure and BMI was measured. OGTT and fasting lipid profile was done. Subjects with low physical activity was assigned in Group I (n=152), moderate activity in group II (n= 93) and high activity in group III (n= 4). Association between the physical activity levels and presence of CAD risk factors like DM, HTN, dyslipidemia and obesity was evaluated. Results: In this study we found that most of the study subjects (61.0%) were in low active group. Overall 70.2% women were menopausal and premature menopause (≤50 years) was found in 47.8% of subjects. Mean age of menopause was 47±3.8; (44-53) years and mean duration of menopause was 3.1±0.5 years. Overall prevalence of DM, HTN, obesity and dyslipidemia was 62.2%, 50.6%, 39.8% and 53.4% accordingly. Women in low active group were having significant higher proportion of DM (52.6%), HTN (65.8%), obesity (57.9%) and dyslipidemia (75.7%) in comparison to moderate active group. Only 4 women were in highly active group and none of the CAD risk factors was present among them. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2024; 39(2): 127-137

Investigation of microglial diversity in a LRRK2 G2019S mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Microglia contribute to the outcomes of various pathological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia are heterogenous, with a variety of states recently identified in aging and neurodegenerative disease models. Here, we delved into the diversity of microglia in a preclinical PD model featuring the G2019S mutation in LRRK2, a known pathological mutation associated with PD. Specifically, we investigated the ‘dark microglia’ (DM) and the ‘disease-associated microglia’ (DAM) which present a selective enrichment of CLEC7A expression. In the dorsal striatum - a region affected by PD pathology - extensive ultrastructural features of cellular stress as well as reduced direct cellular contacts, were observed for microglia from old LRRK2 G2019S mice versus controls. In addition, DM were more prevalent while CLEC7A-positive microglia had extensive phagocytic ultrastructural characteristics in the LRRK2 G2019S mice. Furthermore, our findings revealed a higher proportion of DM in LRRK2 G2019S mice, and an increased number of CLEC7A-positive cells with age, exacerbated by the pathological mutation. These CLEC7A-positive cells exhibited a selective enrichment of ameboid morphology and tended to cluster in the affected animals. In summary, we provide novel insights into the occurrence and features of recently defined microglial states, CLEC7A-positive cells and DM, in the context of LRRK2 G2019S PD pathology.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Culture’s Dose–Response Effects on Ruminal Nutrient Digestibility and Microbial Community: An In Vitro Study

Supplementation with saccharomyces cerevisiae culture products (SCs) has shown effectiveness in alleviating or improving the health and productivity of ruminants at a high risk of digestive and metabolic problems as a consequence of their physiological state and feeding system (i.e., Holstein cows during peak lactation). However, the effects of SC supplementation on ruminal digestion and microbial population are not yet well-understood. Hence, this study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the effects of in vitro SC supplementation on ruminal nutrient digestibility and microbial community. This study included three treatment groups: a control group (CON, 0% SC proportion of substrate DM), a low-dose SC group (LSC, 0.10% SC proportion of substrate DM), and a high-dose SC group (HSC, 0.30% SC proportion of substrate DM). The SC product contained 7.0 × 109 CFU/g. After 48 h of fermentation at 39 °C, the incubation fluid and residue were collected to measure the ruminal nutrient digestibility and microbial community. The results showed that supplemental SC tended (p = 0.096) to increase DM digestibility due to an increase (9.6%, p = 0.03) in CP digestibility and via a tendency (0.05 < p < 0.08) to increase the fiber fraction. Additionally, the 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing results revealed that the richness and diversity of the microbiota were unchanged by SC supplementation, while the abundances of Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, and Spirochaetaceae were lower in the SC groups than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundances of Selenomonas and Succinivibrio were increased by SC supplementation (p < 0.05), while SC supplementation decreased the abundances of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 and Treponema_2 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the predicted function of the microbiota showed that carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism were enriched in the SC groups compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). Except for the increases in ADF digestibility (p = 0.032) and pH (p = 0.076) at 0.30%, the supplemental level did not result in additional effects. In summary, our results demonstrate that SC supplementation could improve ruminal nutrient degradation digestibility and alter microbiota composition.

GREEN MANURE AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION: RESIDUAL EFFECT ON DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, NUTRIENT EXTRACTION AND NUTRIENTS RECOVERY EFFICIENCY IN TWO SUCCESIVE CROPS

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Green manures (GM) are an alternative to partially or totally replace mineral fertilizers, in successive crops, but few studies have studied the residual effect (REEF) of GM on the subsequent crops. <strong>Objective.</strong> To determine the REEF of GM (<em>Mucuna cinerea</em>, sin. <em>Stizolobium cinereum</em>) and mineral fertilization (MF) on dry matter production (DM), nutrient extraction (NEX) and soil solution (SS) characteristics in the <em>Brachiaria brizantha</em> (BB). A second objective was to determine the nutrient recovery efficiency (RE) in two successive crops of broccoli and BB. <strong>Methodology.</strong> A single application of GM snd MF was done on broccoli crop, in pots and greenhouse conditions. The treatments were: 1) unfertilized plants (Control). 2) 200% of the recommended dose for broccoli, applied exclusively through MF (MF200). 3) GM at 10 t ha<sup>-1</sup> (GM10). 4) The same dose of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S applied through GM10 was applied through MF (MF=GM10). 5) GM10 + MF to supply the same dose of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S supplied with MF200 (GM10+MF). After broccoli harvest, the BB was planted in the same pots, without additional fertilization. <strong>Results.</strong> In BB, greater REEF on DM, NEX (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S), electrical conductivity and nutrient concentration (N, K, Ca, Mg and S) in SS, was detected with GM10 and GM10+MF. Considering both crops, greater DM and NEX were obtained with MF200 and GM10+MF. Higher RE of P and S was obtained with GM10, while, higher RE of K and Ca was obtained with the MF=GM10. <strong>Implications.</strong> The study shows that the efficiency of nutrients applied through GM at 10 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, combined with low doses of mineral fertilization, increases in successive crops. <strong>Conclusion.</strong> The REEF on the DM and nutrient extraction of the BB change depending on the fertilizer type and dose used. The REEF on the SS characteristics is only detected in the initial growth phase of the BB. In successive crops, the proportion of DM produced and the amount of nutrients extracted changes depending on the species used. To obtain a similar nutrient recovery between GM and MF is necessary to consider the DM of more of one crop.</p>

Quality of Life in Obese Patients- Gender Differences

Objective: To assess the gender differences in Quality of Life (QoL) in patients with obesity.Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted among 220 patients (110 males and 110 females) attendingOPDs of a tertiary care hospital, Kerala using a standardized questionnaire SF 36 (version 1.0). Conveniencesampling technique was usedFindings: The major co morbidity found among the subjects was diabetes mellitus ie.72 (65.5%) in malesand 56 (50.9 %) in females .The percentage of males as per the obesity category i.e. Class I, II, III were 40,36.5 and 23.5, where as that of the females were 60.9, 31.8 and 7.3 respectively. The mean QoL was found tobe slightly above average for males (51.19+/- 12.54) than the females (48.79 +/- 12.86.). Of the 8 domains,the QoL in males were found to be poor in two domains where as in females it was poor in four domains.The physical component scores (PCS) were found to be better in both sexes i.e. 55.89 +/- 19.07 and 52.68+/-21.04 compared to the mental component scores (MCS) i.e. 50.03+/-13.35 and 48.84+/-14.01.Conclusion: The study has highlighted a poor QoL in obese women especially in the mental componentscores in spite of a higher proportion of morbid obesity and DM in men.

Physiological analysis of growth and development of winter carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun)

AbstractBrassica carinata is a non‐food, low‐carbon, none‐to‐low indirect land‐use change impact oilseed feedstock grown for sustainable biofuels, bioproducts, and high protein seed meal. Understanding carinata growth and development is critical to the development of best management practices for maximum productivity and profitability of double‐cropped farming systems. Field experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 (Year 1) and 2018–2019 (Year 2) winter–spring growing seasons in Quincy, Florida, to quantify the total aboveground dry matter accumulation (TDM), allocation, growth, nutrient uptake, and seed quality. The two carinata cultivars Avanza 641 and AX17012 accumulated 10826 and 9343 kg TDM ha−1 in Year 1 and 9655 and 10,642 kg TDM ha−1 in Year 2, respectively, at harvest maturity. The proportion of DM in the vegetative parts such as leaves and stems decreased, and the DM in reproductive structures such as silique walls and seeds increased with maturity. Seed yield (SY) was similar between cultivars but differed between years with Year 1 (2732 kg ha−1), producing 29% greater SY than Year 2 (1929 kg ha−1). Carinata primary stem has 17–20 leaf nodes, with 75%–88% of the axillary meristems producing primary and secondary branches. Crop growth rate (CGR) increased from vegetative to pod development for both cultivars in Year 1, while in Year 2, AX17012 and Avanza 641 attained maximum CGR at the pod development and bolting/flowering stages, respectively. Maximum seasonal nutrient uptake in leaves, stems, and siliques generally occurred in the early, mid, and late season, respectively, in both years. Seed weight, oil, monounsaturated fatty acids, C18:3, C20:1, and C22:1 concentrations increased with plant age, whereas protein, glucosinolate, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, C18:1, and C18:2 concentrations decreased with plant maturity. These results can be used for crop modeling to predict growth, development, and yield and aid in developing in‐season decision support tools.

Insulin Secretory Defects and Determinants of Attending at a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Region of Bangladesh

Background: Bangladesh has one of the largest diabetic populations in the world and its Rajshahi region has distinct geographical and cultural identity. Determinants and basic defects of the disorder which vary substantially among populations due to racial and environmental heterogeneity.
 Materials & Methods: This study was conducted to characterize the new patients attending the Rajshahi Diabetic Center which gives an idea about the proportion and risk indicators of DM among people in the Rajshahi region. It was a hospital based observational analytic study with a hybrid research strategy having both cross-sectional and nested case-control designs. A multistage sampling technique was followed with 660 subjects.
 Results: Out of the total subjects attending the OPD of RDC for the first time, 65% were found to suffer from T2 DM. mostly (75%) of middle age (37% within 30-40 yrs and 37% within 41-50 yrs), only 2% cases had age <30 yrs and 23% had age >51yrs. The mean ±SD calorie consumption (2549±637) of the diabetic subjects was higher than that in non-T2 DM subjects and it came mainly from CHO (59.3%) and fat (55.9%). 47.3% of subjects were normal weight, 36.1% over weight and 16.6% obese. Fasting serum Insulin was significantly higher in the T2 DM group as compared to non-T2DM (Serum Insulin level µIU/ml, M±SD) (13.5±4.9) subjects (p=<0.001). HOMA%B was (37±17) significantly lower in the T2 DM subjects as compared to non-T2 DM subjects. HOMA%S was (41±13) significantly lower in the T2 DM subjects as compared to non-T2 DM subjects.
 Conclusion: Both (HOMA%B) and (IR) constitute the basic defects of diabetes in Rajshahi population, but (HOMA%B) seems to be more predominant in these subjects. (HOMA%B) in Rajshahi population is associated with males and level of education and insulin resistance (IR) is associated with males and daily CHO intake.
 Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 10, No. 2: July 2019, P 131-137

Comparative response of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass swards to variation in defoliation interval and height

ABSTRACTA plot study was undertaken to investigate the interactive effect of three defoliation intervals (one-leaf, two-leaf and three-leaf stage in perennial ryegrass (PR) and one-leaf, two-leaf and four-leaf stage in tall fescue (TF)) and two defoliation height residuals (low, 5 cm and high, 8 cm) on production parameters of TF compared with PR plots. DM yields, botanical composition and tiller densities of both species were all generally greater at the longest defoliation intervals (TF-4 and PR-3). However, this consistently resulted in the poorest herbage quality in the TF-4 treatment. The herbage quality was higher in TF-2 compared with TF-4; however, the DM yield, tiller density and proportion of sown species in the sward were reduced. It is not possible to achieve an adequate compromise between DM yield, botanical composition, tiller survival and herbage quality in TF, throughout the year, when defoliation occurs at the two-leaf and the four-leaf stages.

Indeks massa tubuh dan kejadian diabetes melitus pada penduduk dewasa di Indonesia: analisis data IFLS tahun 2015

Body mass index and incidence of diabetes mellitus in adult population in Indonesia: analysis of IFLS data 5PurposeThis study aimed to determine the relationship between BMI with DM incidence in the adult population in Indonesia.MethodsThis cross sectional study was conducted using the 5th Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS5) data which is a collaboration of the RAND corporation and Survey Meter. Chi square and logistic regression tests were used to analyze the relationship between BMI and DM incidence. BMI was obtained through measurement of body weight and height in respondents aged > 18 years. Information on the incidence of DM was obtained from interviews with respondents.ResultsThere were 22,647 subjects who met the study criteria. The proportion of DM in this study was 2.89%. People with obese BMI had a higher risk of developing DM than people with underweight BMI (OR = 3.15; 95% CI = 2.05- 4.82). After adjusting for gender, age, and education variables, the risk remained significant (OR = 3.29; 95% CI = 2.14-5.065).ConclusionBody mass index is associated with the incidence of diabetes mellitus, in which people with excessive BMI or obese have a greater risk of developing DM than people with underweight BMI.

Determining the preference, in vitro digestibility, in situ disappearance, and grower period performance of steers fed a novel algae meal derived from heterotrophic microalgae.

A series of 3 experiments were conducted to determine the in vitro and in situ disappearance, preference, and performance of steers consuming increasing concentrations of a novel feedstuff called algae meal (ALG). In Exp. 1 and 2, 3 ruminally cannulated steers (998 ± 103 kg BW) and 4 treatments were utilized: a dry-rolled corn-based diet (CON), or 15% ALG (A15), 30% ALG (A30), or 45% ALG (A45) as a DM replacement of corn. Experiment 1 was performed as a 3 × 6 unbalanced Latin square with six 5-d periods, and 6 paired diet combinations to determine steer preference, based on DMI for 4 h after feed delivery. Experiment 2 was conducted as a 3 × 4 unbalanced Latin square with 3 diets fed each period and four 14-d periods to determine in situ disappearance of ALG, soyhulls, corn, and hay as ALG increased in the diet. Experiment 3 utilized 48 individually fed steers (292 ± 22.4 kg; n = 12) in a 55-d grower trial, stratified by BW into 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a control wet corn gluten feed-based diet with no ALG (ALG0), or 15% ALG (ALG15), 30% ALG (ALG30), or 45% ALG (ALG45) in place of wet corn gluten feed on a DM basis. Digestibility of ALG was greater (P < 0.001) than soyhulls at 24 h, but was similar (P = 0.82) at 48 h, with hay being least (P < 0.001) digestible at 24 and 48 h. In Exp. 1, the proportion of total DM consumed by steers during the 4-h postfeeding was affected (P = 0.01) by paired diet combination. Steers preferred A15 or A30 diets over the A45 diet (P ≤ 0.008); however, no difference in preference between CON and A45 was noted (P = 0.76). Steers tended (P = 0.09) to prefer A30 over CON, but A15 and CON were not different (P = 0.75). No other paired diet combinations altered (P ≥ 0.23) DMI. In Exp. 2, inclusion of ALG in the diet did not affect (P ≥ 0.12) rate of, or overall in situ disappearance of, corn, soyhulls, or ALG. In Exp. 3, ADG tended ( = 0.06) to increase as ALG increased in the diet. There was a linear increase ( < 0.001) in DMI as ALG increased in the diet, and as a result, G:F linearly decreased ( = 0.01). In summary, ready consumption of the novel algae meal by steers and support of growth in steers at up to 45% of the diet suggest the algae meal is a viable feedstuff for ruminants.

Su1487 Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Postoperative Bleeding After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Esophago-Gastric Tumor

Su1487 Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Postoperative Bleeding After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Esophago-Gastric Tumor Yu Sasaki*, Yasuhiko Abe, Kazuya Yoshizawa, Takeshi Sato, Eiki Nomura, Daisuke Iwano, Makoto Yagi, Kazuhiro Sakuta, Rika Shibuya, Naoko Mizumoto, Nana Kanno, Shoichi Nishise, Yoshiyuki Ueno Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan Metabolic syndrome has been more widespread due to a rise in obesity rates among adults. We have thus increased opportunities to perform endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for patients with esophago-gastric tumors complicated with type 2 diabetes (DM), hypertension (HT) and hyperlipidemia (HL). These patients are at risk for atherosclerosis and often taking antithrombotic agents, which are likely to be risk for bleeding in ESD. However, the potential risk of post-ESD bleeding in these patients was still unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether DM, HT and HL were associated with increased risk of bleeding post-ESD. Methods: 185 consecutive patients, who underwent ESD for 28 esophageal tumors and 159 gastric tumors at Yamagata University Hospital, between January 2009 and December 2011, were enrolled and reviewed retrospectively. ESD was performed by using standard techniques. Antithrombotic agents were interrupted preoperatively with/without using heparin as a bridge therapy, and were restarted when hemostasis was confirmed by second-look endoscopy. All patients were treated with proton pump inhibitors after ESD. Post-ESD bleeding was defined as an episode of any of the following: overt hematemesis/hematochezia; a drop of hemoglobin O2 g/dL; or requirement of endoscopic hemostasis and/or transfusion. The risk of post-ESD bleeding was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Results: Post-ESD bleeding occurred in 8 patients (4.3%). In comparison with the nonbleeding group, individuals in the postESD bleeding group have had a significantly higher proportion of DM (62.5% vs. 14.8%, p!0.01) and antithrombotic agents usage (50% vs. 15.3%, p Z 0.03). There were no significant differences between the groups in the proportion of male, HT (p Z 0.07) and HL (p Z 0.06). Similarly, no differences were observed in median age, BMI, blood pressure, PT-INR, APTT, counts of platelets and specimen diameter. Univariate analysis indicated that DM (OR, 9.6; 95%CI, 2.16-42.6) had a greater odds ratio (OR) for post-ESD bleeding than antithrombotic agents usage (OR, 5.5; 95%CI, 1.31-23.5). Multivariate-adjusted ORs of post-ESD bleeding for the bleeding group compared with the nonbleeding group were 7.7 (95%CI, 1.68-35.8), 4.1 (95%CI, 0.91-19.2) and 29.5 (95%CI, 5.00-174) for DM, antithrombotic agents usage and DM with antithrombotic agents usage, respectively. Furthermore, none of the patients had thromboembolism. In conclusion, this study suggests that DM is associated with the risk of postoperative bleeding after esophago-gastric ESD. Given that patients with DM carry more comorbidities, ESD should be done more carefully for these patients. To prevent post-ESD bleeding, further studies will be needed to confirm our findings and to elucidate the underlying the mechanisms.

Impact of diabetes on clinical presentation and treatment outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis in Beijing

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently known to be one of the risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and the proportion of DM in PTB is rising along with the increased prevalence of DM in countries with high PTB burden. This study was designed to explore the impact of DM on clinical presentation and treatment outcome of PTB in China. In an urban setting in Beijing, 1126 PTB patients, 30·6% with positive sputum smear, registered in two PTB dispensaries from January 2010 to December 2011 were screened for DM and were followed up prospectively during PTB treatment. DM was observed in 16·2% of patients with PTB. PTB with DM appeared to be associated with older age and a higher proportion of re-treatment. On presentation, DM was associated with more severe PTB signs with higher proportions of smear positivity [odds ratio (OR) 2·533, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·779-3·606], cavity (OR 2·253, 95% CI 1·549-3·276) and more symptoms (OR 1·779, 95% CI 1·176-2·690). DM was also associated with non-TB deaths (OR 5·580, 95% CI 2·182-14·270, P < 0·001) and treatment failure (OR 6·696, 95% CI 2·019-22·200, P = 0·002). In Beijing, the findings of this study underlined the need to perform early bi-directional screening programmes and explore the underlying mechanism for different treatment outcomes for PTB with DM.

Forage fiber effects on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages1

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of NDF content in highly digestible grass/clover silage on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in dairy heifers. The reduction in particle size from feed to feces was evaluated and related to feed intake, chewing activity, and apparent digestibility. Four grass/clover harvests (Mixtures of Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense, and Trifolium repens) were performed from early May to late August at different maturities, at different regrowth stages, and with different clover proportions, resulting in silages with NDF contents of 312, 360, 371, and 446 g/kg DM, respectively, and decreasing NDF digestibility with greater NDF content. Four rumen-fistulated dairy heifers were fed silage at 90% of ad libitum level as the only feed source in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Silage, ingested feed boluses, medial and ventral ruminal digesta, and feces samples were washed with neutral detergent in nylon bags of 10-μm pore size, freeze dried, and divided into small (<0.212 mm), medium (0.212 to 1 mm), and large : LP; >1 mm) particles by dry-sieving. Chewing activity, rumen pool size, and apparent digestibility were measured. Intake of NDF increased linearly from 2.3 to 2.8 kg/d with greater NDF content of forages (P = 0.01), but silages were exposed to similar eating time (P = 0.55) and rumination time per kg NDF (P = 0.35). No linear effect of NDF content was found on proportion of LP in ingested feed boluses (P = 0.31), medial rumen digesta (P = 0.95), ventral rumen digesta (P = 0.84), and feces (P = 0.09). Greater proportions of DM (P < 0.001) and particulate DM (P = 0.008) were found in medial ruminal digesta compared with ventral rumen, and differences in DM proportion increased with greater NDF content (P = 0.02). Particle size distributions were similar for digesta from the medial and ventral rumen regardless of NDF content of the silages (P > 0.13). The LP proportion was >30% of particles in the ventral and medial rumen, whereas in the feces, the LP proportion was <2%. Particle size stratification of the rumen was undetectable regardless of NDF content of the silages, stressing that the retention mechanism of large undigested particles lies elsewhere than with particle entrapment in the rumen mat. In this study, forage particle breakdown, ruminal stratification, and retention of particles in the rumen were not affected by NDF content of highly digestible grass/clover silages.

Effects of defoliation intensity at the first grazing of forage rape (Brassica napus L.) by dairy cattle on subsequent regrowth potential, total DM consumed, nutritive characteristics and nutrient selection

The use of summer brassica forage crops in dryland dairy systems in southern Victoria is considered a key component of the feed base as they provide home-grown forage with high nutritive characteristics during a period where perennial ryegrass growth is limited due to high summer temperatures and low soil water content. Current knowledge on the use of single-grazing brassica crops such as turnips (Brassica rapa L.) is well defined; however, information on the management of regrowth brassica species that can provide multiple grazings is more limited. The present experiment determined the effect of different grazing regimes (high, medium and low defoliation intensity) at the first grazing on subsequent regrowth capability and nutritive characteristics of Winfred (Brassica napus L.) over the summer growing period across 2 years. We hypothesised that intensive defoliation of a summer regrowth brassica at the first grazing will result in lower total DM yields and harvested estimated metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein per hectare for the growing season than do more lax grazing options that results in less DM removal at the first grazing. Total DM and estimated ME consumed over the growing period varied between years. In Year 1, more (P &lt; 0.05) DM was consumed at the first grazing and less (P &lt; 0.05) at the subsequent grazing for the high-intensity treatment. However, both total DM and estimated ME consumed were higher (P &lt; 0.05) for the high-intensity treatment than for the low-intensity treatment, while in Year 2, there were no differences between the treatments. Nutritive characteristics and mineral concentrations were relatively unaffected by grazing regimes. The results of the present experiment indicated that the optimum grazing management to maximise total DM yields and consumption of spring-sown Winfred will vary depending on the seasonal growing conditions. In years where moisture stress will be limiting crop growth, a high defoliation-intensity first grazing that consumes a high proportion of DM on offer, including some of the main stem, will maximise the total DM grown and consumed from the crop. Care, however, should be taken not to remove all axillary buds from the remaining stems. In summers where moisture stress is not likely to seriously restrict crop growth, a medium defoliation-intensity grazing where the leaf and petiole, but little of the stem, are removed will maximise DM regrowth, leading to maximum total DM grown for the season. A high defoliation-intensity first grazing that removes at least half the stem is, under these conditions, likely to remove too many axillary buds and reduce water-soluble carbohydrate reserves required for DM regrowth, while a lax first grazing will result in a lower DM regrowth.

Implantación del cribado de retinopatía diabética mediante retinografía digital en atención primaria

ObjectiveTo improve early detection and monitoring of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in two primary care centers (PCC) using a non-mydriatic retinal camera (NMRC). DesignProspective longitudinal descriptive study. LocationArea 11 Primary Care, Madrid. ParticipantsAdult patients with diabetes (DM) without funduscopic examination in the last two years (FO). InterventionsImplementation process of screening for DR by NMRC in PCC. Digital photography of the retina made by nursing staff. Interpretation of retinal images by an ophthalmologist. Measurements: Number of DM with FO. Number of patients with DR. Metabolic control in the last two years (HbA1c). Study periodSeptember 2009-September 2011. ResultsDM increased from 2850 to 3357. The proportion of patients with FO increased from 6.7% (95% CI: 5.7-7.6%) to 32.4% (95% CI: 30.8-34.0%) (P<.001). The prevalence of DR increased from 3.85% (95% CI: 3.14-4.58%) to 4.3% (95% CI: 3.59-4.99%). The percentage of patients with FO and DR decreased from 60% (95% CI: 52.77-67.23%) to 14% (95% CI: 11.87-16.09%) (P<.001).The proportion of DM with HbA1c increased from 21.9% (95% CI: 20.36-23.43%) to 52.4% (95% CI: 50.69-54.10%) (P<.001). The mean HbA1c in patients with DR and without DR was 7.8 (95% CI: 7.50-8.06) and 7.1 (IC95% CI: 7.08-7.22) (P<.001), respectively. ConclusionsNMRC in PCC is accompanied by an increase in the number of diabetics with FO examination. The implementing of DR screening is possible if an NMRC is available, along with available resources, the motivation of the professionals involved and management commitment. A longer follow-up is required to determine its impact on referral rates to ophthalmology service, and to only refer those with dubious images.

Effect of the percentage of concentrate on intake pattern in mid-lactation goats

The aims of this work were to study the between-individual and between-week variations of intake patterns, to examine the relationship between intake pattern, rumen pH and milk production, to study the effects of the percentage of concentrate on intake patterns and to compare methods describing intake patterns. Thirteen goats (95±4 days in milk) were fed ad libitum a diet with 52.5% of concentrate (on dry matter basis) at first week. They were assigned to a low-concentrate diet (35%) or a high-concentrate diet (70%) from week 4 to week 10 of the trial. Intake patterns were studied according to three methods: using an index of the intake rate during first hours after feeding (proportion of DM eaten at 90min after the afternoon feeding), modelling cumulative intake profiles with an exponential model, and using a segmentation-clustering method. Even though animals received the same diet at the onset of the trial, a large between-goat variability of the ingestive behaviour was observed. Animals were classified according to 3 profiles of ingestive behaviour: fast, intermediate and slow eaters during the first 90min after afternoon feeding. Several animals kept the same profile during 10 weeks and in spite of a modification of their diet (from 52.5 to 35% of concentrate), whereas the others changed their profile (fast or intermediate eater to slow eater) when they were fed the high-concentrate diet. The intake rate was related to the rumen pH drop, and raw milk yield (P=0.02) and tended to be related to total dry matter intake (P=0.09). In week 4, the percentage of concentrate had no effect on the total dry matter intake and the intake rate. Only the duration of the first eating bout was reduced by increasing the dietary percentage of concentrate (P=0.009). At the end of the trial, the intake rate (P=0.001), the duration (P<0.001) and the dry matter (P<0.001) eaten during the first eating bout were reduced for animals fed the high-concentrate diet. This adaptation of the ingestive behaviour allowed the animals to limit the decrease in rumen pH. None of the methods used to describe intake patterns were perfect, but they all add information to help in interpreting the data.

METODOLOGIA ALTERNATIVA NA DETERMINAÇÃO DO CONSUMO SELETIVO EM VACAS LEITEIRAS NO PERÍODO DE TRANSIÇÃO ALIMENTADAS COM GLICEROL

The objective of this study was to compare the standard methodology with an alternative method to determine feed sorting in dairy cows during the transition period. Twenty-six Holstein multiparous cows were paired by expected calving date and fed diets containing either glycerol or high moisture corn from -28 through +56 days relative to calving (DRTC). Feed sorting was determined on -16, -9, +9, +15 and +51 DRTC in two different ways. Firstly, it was determined as the actual intake of each screen of the Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) consumed between 0-4, 4-8, 8-12 and 12-24 hours post feeding, and expressed as a percentage of the predicted intake of that correspondent screen. Secondly, by measuring the particle size distribution of feed consumed between 0-4, 4-8, 8-12 and 12-24 hours post feeding. The total mixed ration (TMR) at feeding and at each time post feeding was separated by size using the 3-screen (19, 8, and 1.18 mm) Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) to yield long (&gt;19 mm), medium (&lt;19, &gt;8 mm), short (&lt;8, &gt;1.18 mm), and fine particles (&lt;1.18 mm), respectively. Adding glycerol to the prepartum diet increased (P&lt;0.05) the proportion of DM% retained as long particles (&gt;19 mm) and reduced (P&lt;0.05) the proportion of DM% retained as short (&lt;8, &gt;1.18 mm) and fine particles (&lt;1.18 mm), but it did not alter (P&gt;0.05) the proportion of DM% retained as medium particles (&lt;19, &gt;8 mm). Cows fed prepartum glycerol increased (P&lt;0.05) the preference for long particles (&gt;19 mm) according to the standard methodology (77.2 vs. 101.5%, control vs. glycerol) and also in the alternative methodology (9.2 vs. 17.8%, control vs. glycerol). Cows fed prepartum glycerol discriminated against (P&lt;0.05) short particles (&lt;8, &gt;1.18 mm) in the standard methodology (102.6 vs. 94.2%, control vs. glycerol) as well as in the alternative methodology (42 vs. 37.3%, control vs. glycerol). There was no response (P&gt;0.05) of diet on feed sorting of fine particles (&lt;1.18 mm) according to standard methodology during the prepartum interval, but cows fed prepartum glycerol decreased (P&lt;0.05) the preference for fine particles (&lt;1.18 mm) in the alternative methodology (17.9 vs. 13.6%, control vs. glycerol). Cows fed postpartum glycerol increased (P&lt;0.05) the preference for medium particles (&lt;19, &gt;8 mm) according to the standard methodology (108.6 vs. 116.5%, control vs. glycerol), but did not (P&gt;0.05) according to the alternative methodology. Cows fed postpartum glycerol discriminated against (P&lt;0.05) short particles (&lt;8, &gt;1.18 mm) according to the standard methodology (100.6 vs. 96.6%, control vs. glycerol), but did not (P&gt;0.05) according to the alternative methodology. Feeding prepartum glycerol to transition dairy cows increases the preference for the long-stem forage particles of the diet. The alternative methodology proposed in this study is more reliable than the standard methodology to determine feed sorting. KEYWORDS: Biodiesel, byproduct, particle size, preference.

Prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in a population-based study of Qatar

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, pre-diabetes and to identify the associated risk factors in the sample of adult Qatari population. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Setting The survey was carried out in urban and semi-urban primary health care centers. Subjects and methods The survey was conducted from January 2007 to July 2008 among Qatari nationals above 20 years of age. Of the 1434 subjects who were approached to participate in the study, 1117 (77.9%) gave their consent. Face to face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire followed by laboratory tests. DM was defined according to the WHO expert group. Pre diabetes status was based on the presence of impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Results The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus among adult Qatari population was high (16.7%) with diagnosed DM (10.7%) and newly diagnosed DM (5.9%). The impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was diagnosed in 12.5%, while impaired fasting glucose was in 1.3% with a total of (13.8%). The proportion of DM was higher in Qatari women (53.2%) than in Qatari men (46.8%) and it peaked in the age group 40–49 years (31.2%). The age-specific prevalence of total DM and IGT increased with age. Risk factors were significantly higher in diabetic adult Qatari population: central obesity ( p < 0.001), hypertension ( p < 0.001), triglyceride ( p < 0.001), HDL ( p = 0.003), metabolic syndrome ( p < 0.001), heart diseases ( p < 0.001). Smoking habits and family history of DM were the major contributors for diabetes disease. The central obesity was associated with higher prevalence of DM and IFG among Qatari men and women. Conclusion The present study has found a moderately high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the adult Qatari population. High proportion of pre-diabetes in Qatari adults will increase the prevalence of DM in the next few years. Smoking habits and family history of DM were the major contributors for DM. Early diagnosis of DM is of major importance to reduce the risk of these diabetes-related conditions.

Substitution of crude cell wall for neutral detergent fibre in the equations of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System that predict carbohydrate fractions: application to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Prediction of carbohydrate fractions using equations from the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is a valuable tool to assess the nutritional value of forages. In this paper, these carbohydrate fractions were predicted using data from three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars, fresh or as silage. The CNCPS equations for fractions B2 and C include measurement of ash and protein-free neutral detergent fibre (NDF) as one of their components. However, NDF lacks pectin and other non-starch polysaccharides that are found in the cell wall (CW) matrix, so this work compared the use of a crude CW preparation instead of NDF in the CNCPS equations. There were no differences in the estimates of fractions B1 and C when CW replaced NDF; however, there were differences in fractions A and B2. Some of the CNCPS equations could be simplified when using CW instead of NDF. Notably, lignin could be expressed as a proportion of DM, rather than on the basis of ash and protein-free NDF, when predicting CNCPS fraction C. The CNCPS fraction B1 (starch + pectin) values were lower than pectin determined through wet chemistry. This finding, along with the results obtained by the substitution of CW for NDF in the CNCPS equations, suggests that pectin was not part of fraction B1 but present in fraction A. We suggest that pectin and other non-starch polysaccharides that are dissolved by the neutral detergent solution be allocated to a specific fraction (B2) and that another fraction (B3) be adopted for the digestible cell wall carbohydrates.

Are the cost-benefits of grazing perennial ryegrass cultivars related to preference?

Housed sheep (n = 6) were offered pairs of turves of 10 cultivars of perennial ryegrass extracted from pure sward plots over three 12-day experiments. Bite rate, bite mass and DM intake from each turf were recorded and preference was determined as the proportion of total DM removed. The ‘force to break leaves’ (FTB) and the metabolisable energy content were also measured and the marginal energy return (MER) of grazing each cultivar was calculated. Cultivars differed in preference (P &lt; 0.01) and FTB (P &lt; 0.05) in each experiment but MER only tended towards significance (P &lt; 0.10) in the first experiment. There was no direct relationship between MER and preference. In one experiment sheep showed a preference for cultivars with lower FTB.