Proportion Of Constituent Research Articles

Charmless decays of the spin-2 partner of X(3872)

The Belle collaboration recently reported a pro-mising candidate for the spin-2 D∗D¯∗\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$D^*\\bar{D}^*$$\\end{document} partner of the X(3872), called the X2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$X_2$$\\end{document} for short, having a mass of (4014.3±4.0±1.5)MeV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(4014.3 \\pm 4.0 \\pm 1.5)~\ extrm{MeV}$$\\end{document} and a width of (4±11±6)MeV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(4 \\pm 11 \\pm 6)~\ extrm{MeV} $$\\end{document}. In present work, we assume the X2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$X_2$$\\end{document} as a pure molecule of the D∗D¯∗\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$D^*\\bar{D}^*$$\\end{document} under four cases, i.e., pure neutral components (θ=0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ heta = 0$$\\end{document}), isospin singlet (θ=π/4\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ heta = \\pi /4$$\\end{document}), neutral components dominant (θ=π/6\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ heta = \\pi /6$$\\end{document}), and purely charged components (θ=π/2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ heta = \\pi /2$$\\end{document}), where θ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ heta $$\\end{document} is a phase angle describing the proportion of neutral and charged constituents. Using an effective Lagrangian approach, we calculated the partial widths of X2→VV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$X_2\\rightarrow VV$$\\end{document} and X2→PP\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$X_2 \\rightarrow PP$$\\end{document} (V and P stand for light vector and pseudoscalar mesons, respectively). The predicted decay widths of X2→VV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$X_2 \\rightarrow VV$$\\end{document} can reach a few hundreds of keV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{keV}$$\\end{document}, while the decay widths of X2→PP\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$X_2 \\rightarrow PP$$\\end{document} are about several tens of keV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{keV}$$\\end{document}. In addition, the effects from the proportion of neutral and charged constituent on the decay widths of X2→VV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$X_2\\rightarrow VV$$\\end{document} and PP are also investigated. We hope that the present calculations will be checked experimentally in the future.

Investigations of charmless decays of X(3872) via intermediate meson loops

The charmless decay processes of $X(3872)$ provide us a good platform to study the nature and the decay mechanism of $X(3872)$. Based on a molecular nature of $X(3872)$ as a $\overline{D}{D}^{*}$ bound state, we have investigated the charmless decays $X(3872)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VV$ and $VP$ via intermediate ${D}^{*}\overline{D}+\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{c}.$ meson loops, where $V$ and $P$ stand for light vector and pseudoscalar mesons, respectively. We discuss three cases, i.e., pure neutral components ($\ensuremath{\theta}=0$), isospin singlet ($\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/4$) and neutral components dominant ($\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/6$), where $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is a phase angle describing the proportion of neutral and charged constituents. The proportion of neutral and charged constituent has an influence on the decay widths of $X(3872)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VV$ and $VP$. With the coupling constant of $X(3872)$ to the $\overline{D}{D}^{*}$ channel obtained under the molecule ansatz of $X(3872)$ resonance, the predicted decay widths of $X(3872)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VV$ are about tens of keVs, while the decay width can reach a few hundreds of keVs for $X(3872)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VP$. The dependence of these ratios between different decay modes of $X(3872)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VV$ and $X(3872)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VP$ to the mixing angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is also investigated. It is expected that the theoretical calculations here can be tested by future experiments.

An Investigation of the Effect of Taurit Filling of Rubber Mixes for the Coating of Radial Lorry Tyre Breakers

The results of investigating the effect of the shungite analogue Taurit (grade TSD) on the properties (measured on an RPA 2000 instrument) of a breaker rubber mix and of a rubber compound based on synthetic isoprene rubber SKI-3 are set out. Different methods of introducing Taurit have been tested: 10 parts into the rubber at the stage of its production; 10 parts into the standard rubber mix at the first stage of mixing; 10 parts into the rubber subjected to preliminary mechanical plasticisation in a laboratory internal mixer at a temperature of 100°C. The introduction of Taurit into the rubber in small quantities in order to reduce the proportion of rubber constituent in the rubber mix has also been tested. The test results have been compared with results for standard rubber mixes and rubber compounds. When Taurit is introduced into rubber at the stage of its production, the cohesive strength of the rubber mix and the rate of its vulcanisation and also the dynamic modulus components G′ and G″ are increased. When Taurit is introduced into plasticised rubber, again G′ and G″ are increased, there is an increase in plasticity, and the elastic recovery of the rubber mix is reduced. The breaker rubber compound from this mix has the best adhesion to metal cord and the highest dynamic strength. Data on the Payne effect indicate a better carbon black particle distribution when Taurit is introduced into the rubber at the stage of its production. Reduction in the proportion of rubber constituent in the rubber mix leads to a deterioration in the carbon black particle distribution.

Mechanical Properties of Fiberous High Performance Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Structural lightweight aggregate concrete solves weight and durability problems in buildings and structures. Recent advanced in material technology have accelerated the development of high performance concrete using lightweight aggregate. The main objective of this research is to produce high performance lightweight aggregate concrete reinforced with polypropylene and to study the mechanical properties of this type. The effect of various factors such as type of fiber and volume fraction of fibers also has been investigated. The experimental work included the use of pumice as coarse and fine lightweight aggregate, superplasticizer and silica fume to produce high performance lightweight concrete. Several trial mixes were examined to determine the proper proportion of the concrete constituent. Three types of polypropylene with different volume fraction were used. The procedure also includes studying the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and static modulus of elasticity. The test results shows that the addition of all types of polypropylene fiber results in significant improvement in most mechanical properties compared with reference concrete specimens at different ages except compressive strength it was improved at Vf =0.25% and decrease at Vf =0.75%.

Elastic analysis of 3D woven orthogonal composites

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an analytical modelling approach to predict engineering elastic constants of 3D woven orthogonal composites (3DWOCs) at representative volume element (RVE) level using a volume averaging method.Design/methodology/approachThe present analytical modeling approach uses a more realistic internal geometry representation of the 3DWOC. A RVE which is a repeating element at macroscopic level is first identified and volume proportions and engineering elastic constants of various constituents (matrix and family of constituent tows; warp, weft and z‐fibers) which contribute to the global stiffness of RVE/composite are next determined. For accurate predictions, emphasis is given to accurate measurements of micro‐structural data such as fiber volume fraction and fiber volume proportion of constituent tows and internal geometry of the 3DWOC structure‐in particular, undulation of z‐fibers. Microscopic study has been conducted in this regard.FindingsThe predicted engineering elastic constants are compared against experimental data, showing a strong correlation between predicted and experimental values.Practical implicationsThe methodology presented in the paper can be used for accurate computation of the engineering elastic constants of 3DWOCs. The method can also be used for other types of 2D or 3D textile composites such as 2D woven composites, 2D braided composites, 3D woven angle interlock composites and 3D braided composites.Originality/valueThe paper succeeds in relating the micro‐structural properties and analytical model for the accurate prediction of engineering elastic constants.

Defensive chemistry of an aposematic bug, Pachycoris stallii Uhler and volatile compounds of its host plant Croton californicus Muell.-Arg.

Volatile components of Pachycoris stallii scent gland secretions and the bug's host plant, Croton californicus, were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The predominant compounds isolated from C. californicus fruit and leaves were beta-myrcene and beta-caryophyllene. Metathoracic gland secretions of P. stallii contained mostly (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, and n-tridecane. In males, n-tridecane was present throughout the metathoracic gland, but in females this compound was found only in the median reservoir/accessory gland. (E)-2-Hexenal was present throughout the gland of female bugs, but in males was primarily present in the median reservoir/accessory gland. (E)-4-Oxo-2-hexenal and n-dodecane were isolated from the median reservoir/accessory gland of male and female bugs. Metathoracic glands were sexually monomorphic. Data from chemical analyses and anatomical observations suggest that dorsal abdominal glands of adults were apparently obsolescent. In nymphs, dorsal abdominal glands produced (E)-2-hexenal, (E )-4-oxo-2-hexenal, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, and tetradecanal. The proportion of the predominant constituent, (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, decreased from 72% in the first instar to 47% in the fourth instar. Proportions of tetradecanal and n-tridecane were greater in the fourth instar than in the first instar. Observations of dissected glands indicated that median and posterior dorsal abdominal glands of all nymphal instars were more developed than anterior dorsal abdominal glands. Scanning electron micrography revealed the presence of polygonal microsculpturing on the integument surrounding the ostioles of metathoracic and dorsal abdominal glands. Chemical, anatomical, and behavioral data indicated that P. stallii has a chemical defense system based on short-chain carbonyl compounds and that this system is directed against arthropods. The abundance of arthropod natural enemies apparently has forced P. stallii to maintain this defense system despite feeding on a toxic host plant.

The Role of Long Tails in Steric Stabilization and Hydrodynamic Layer Thickness

In steric stabilization, the “thickness” of the adsorbed layer on the particles is of key importance in determining the stability of the colloid. There is evidence to suggest that both the adlayer thickness, as measured by hydrodynamic means, and the colloid stability are determined solely by the most outward-extending tails in the adlayer, even when the tail density is quite low. The present study seeks to investigate experimentally and to quantify the relationship between tail density, hydrodynamic adlayer thickness and colloid stability for a model system consisting of a bimodal adlayer of triblock copolymers anchored to the surface of a latex colloid. The low molar mass component of the adlayer has a thickness too small to impart significant steric stability by itself, thereby isolating the stability attributable to the long tails provided by the high molar mass component. By systematic variation of the adlayer composition, the density of tails required to impart marginal stability can be determined and compared to the effect of tail density on the hydrodynamic thickness. For the system investigated, the adlayer proportion of long tails required for marginal stability was less than 0.5%, in good agreement with the proportion required to significantly increase the hydrodynamic adlayer thickness. The practical inference is that the most efficient steric stabilizers (on a per unit mass basis) are highly polydisperse mixtures with only a very small proportion of the highest molar mass constituent.

Molecular modeling of micelle formation and solubilization in block copolymer micelles. 2. Lattice theory for monomers with internal degrees of freedom

A self-consistent mean-field lattice theory of the micellization and solubilization properties of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers is described. The polymer segments are allowed to assume both polar and nonpolar conformations (corresponding to the gauche and trans rotations of the C-C and C-O bonds), which permits the dependence of the segment-segment interactions on temperature and composition to be accounted for in a physically realistic manner. The phase diagrams of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) in water, both of which exhibit lower critical solution temperatures, can be reproduced semiquantitatively. The predictions of the theory compare favorably with published light scattering results on the aggregation behavior of block copolymers and with the authors experimental results for the solubilization of naphthalene in these micelles as a function of polymer composition and molecular weight. The dependence of the micelle-water partition coefficient on polymer composition is not simply related to the proportion of the hydrophobic constituent but depends on the detailed micelle structure. The strong effect of the molecular weight and PPO content of the polymer on the amount of naphthalene solubilized observed experimentally was interpreted in terms of the model results.

Dihydrotestosterone-binding protein in cytosols of normal and hypertrophic human prostates, and influence of estrogens and anti-androgens on the binding.

Dihydrotestosterone-binding protein was observed in cytosols of the normal and hypertrophic human prostates. Association constant for dihydrotestosterone of cytosol of the normal prostate differed slightly from that of the hypertrophic prostate. However, maximum binding capacity was almost identical in these tissues. No distinct correlation was detected between proportion of glandular constituent and binding characteristics (Ka and maximum binding capacity) in the hypertrophic prostates. Influence of some steroids on the binding with dihydrotesterone was examined. Testosterone, estradiol-17beta, estriol, cyproterone acetate and SK & F 7690 inhibited the binding competitively. However, Sch 13521 did not exhibit any influence on the binding.

New Method for Evaluation of the Flotation Characteristics of Ore

Understanding flotation characteristics of ore and quantitatively expressing it were most likely impossible.The authors tried to settle these questions and a new method is proposed in this paper. The method consists of flotation test under the conditions set up and the analysis for the results of the flotation test.A plot of the logarithm of the proportion of residual constituent in pUlp against flotation time yields the specfic curve of a constituent in ore [Fig 1 curve (1) ].The specific curve [ (1) Fig 1] is separeted into two or more straight lines (2) and (3) in Fig 1 by graphical analysis.These straight lines show that the slope is the flotation rate constant “k” and the value at zero minute in flotation time is the proportion “ζ” of the element indicated with the flotation rate. Therefore, in Fig 1. a constituent consists of two elements ζ1, k1 and ζ2, k2.The results of the analyses of six flotation tests which were done at each mine and the data of the flotation operation are shown in Fig 2 to Fig 7.In each case, the results of analyses conform to the data in operation.The new method proposed in this paper made it possible to evaluate quantitatively the flotation characteristics of an ore.

Description of Parts of the Skeleton of an Anomodont Reptile ( Platypodosaurus robustus , Owen). Part II. The Pelvis

The pelvis of Platypodosaurus , which has been relieved from the matrix since the communication of the former paper, includes five sacral vertebræ (Pl. X. fig. 1, 1–5 ), the right “os innominatum,” 62–64 , and a large proportion of the iliac constituent of that of the left side. Of the first, or foremost, sacral vertebra, s 1 , the part of the centrum in advance of the transverse processes, d 1 , is broken away, but so as to show the apex of the anterior conical articular cavity. The lumbar vertebra, which was articulated therewith, but had become dislocated therefrom, is preserved in the contiguous matrix; and the shape and depth of the articular cavity of its centrum are exposed (Pl. X. fig. 5). The transverse process of the first sacral, d 1 , including both di- and pleurapophysial elements, is short and massive: measuring one inch and a half in antero-posterior diameter at its middle and narrowest part, it rapidly expands to its articulation (and what appears to be its confluence) with the ilium, 62 . Behind the transverse process the centrum is moderately constricted, but expands to form the joint with the second sacral, of which joint the transverse diameter is 2 inches. The breadth of the entire vertebra is 4½ inches. The centrum of this second sacral vertebra ( s 2 ) shows a greater degree of contriction and a narrorew inferior or vebtral surface. The transverse process (ib.fig1, d 2 ) extends from the anterior two thirds of the upper part of the side