Proportion Of Chickens Research Articles

NUGGET AYAM DAN HALILING UNTUK MENCEGAH ANEMIA PADA BALITA: UJI KADAR PROTEIN, ZAT BESI, DAN TINGKAT KESUKAAN

Toddlers are a group that is prone to anemia. One of the efforts to prevent anemia in a toddler is by fulfilling nutrients such as protein and iron. Chicken and haliling are high protein and iron foods that can be used to prevent anemia in toddlers. This study aims to determine the level of protein, iron and hedonic scaling (color, aroma, texture, and taste) of chicken nuggets and haliling as a snack for a toddler to prevent anemia. The method used in this study was a pure experimental design with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications with the proportions of chicken and haliling P0 (100%:0%), P1 (90%:10%), P2 (80%:20%), P3 (70%:30%). The research panelists consisted of 25 untrained panelists. Analysis of protein content using the Kjeldahl method and iron using the visible spectrophotometric method, analysis of protein content data using Kruskal Wallis, iron using One Way Anova and hedonic scaling using Friedman. The results showed that there was an effect of the proportion of chicken and haliling on protein content (p=0.016), iron (p=0.001), color hedonic scaling (p=0.004), aroma (p=0.001), texture (p=0.001) and taste (p=0.001) on nuggets. The highest protein content at P3 was 11.27 g/100 g, the highest iron content at P3 was 2.2 mg/100 g, and the hedonic scaling for nuggets containing the proportions of chicken and halilings for color, aroma, texture, and taste was highest at P1 with an average of 3.2, 2.95, 3.25 and 2.85

Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma infestans and high levels of human\u2013vector contact across a rural-to-urban gradient in the Argentine Chaco

BackgroundPeri-urban and urban settings have recently gained more prominence in studies on vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi due to sustained rural-to-urban migrations and reports of urban infestations with triatomines. Prompted by the finding of Triatoma infestans across the rural-to-urban gradient in Avia Terai, an endemic municipality of the Argentine Chaco, we assessed selected components of domestic transmission risk in order to determine its variation across the gradient.MethodsA baseline vector survey was conducted between October 2015 and March 2016, following which we used multistage random sampling to select a representative sample of T. infestans at the municipal level. We assessed T. cruzi infection and blood-feeding sources of 561 insects collected from 109 houses using kinetoplast DNA-PCR assays and direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. We stratified triatomines according to their collection site (domestic or peridomestic), and we further categorized peridomestic sites in ecotopes of low- or high-risk for T. cruzi infection.ResultsThe overall adjusted prevalence of T. cruzi-infected T. infestans was 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–2.3) and did not differ between peri-urban (1.7%) and rural (2.2%) environments. No infection was detected in bugs captured in the urban setting; rather, infected triatomines were mainly collected in rural and peri-urban domiciles, occurring in 8% of T. infestans-infested houses. The main blood-feeding sources of domestic and peridomestic triatomines across the gradient were humans and chickens, respectively. The proportion of triatomines that had fed on humans did not differ between peri-urban (62.5%) and rural (65.7%) domiciles, peaking in the few domestic triatomines collected in urban houses and decreasing significantly with an increasing proportion of chicken- and dog- or cat-fed bugs. The relative odds ratio (OR) of having a T. cruzi infection was nearly threefold higher in bugs having a blood meal on humans (OR 3.15), dogs (OR 2.80) or cats (OR: 4.02) in a Firth-penalized multiple logistic model.ConclusionsTrypanosoma cruzi transmission was likely occurring both in peri-urban and rural houses of Avia Terai. Widespread infestation in a third of urban blocks combined with high levels of human–triatomine contact in the few infested domiciles implies a threat to urban inhabitants. Vector control strategies and surveillance originally conceived for rural areas should be tailored to peri-urban and urban settings in order to achieve sustainable interruption of domestic transmission in the Chaco region.Graphical

Tanshinone IIA protects against pulmonary arterial hypertension in broilers

This investigation was conducted to study the effects of tanshinone IIA (TIIA) on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in broilers. Two-hundred newly hatched Arbor Acre commercial broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups. All groups, with the exception of the control group (tap water), were given NaCl water (0.3%) starting on the d 15, and broilers in the protected group were fed a diet supplemented with TIIA (2.5 g/kg) starting on the d 15. On d 28, 35, 42, and 49, the ratio of the right ventricular weight to the total ventricular weight (RV: TV) and the values of other biochemical indicators for each group chickens were determined. The concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB), and P38 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase) were measured using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays (ELISA). The results showed that the proportion of chickens in the diseased group with an RV:TV ratio in the range of 0.250 to 0.299 (10%) was significantly higher (25 to 30%) compared to that of the other groups (P < 0.05), and the proportion in all chickens was 28%. In addition, the IL-6, IL-1β, NF-κB, and P38 protein concentrations were higher in the diseased group, whereas there were no differences between the control group and the protected group. Moreover, the measurements of body weight, liver function, kidney function and electrolytes showed significant differences between the diseased group and the other groups. These findings suggest that tanshinone IIA may protect broilers from PAH, which is an important piece of information for the poultry industry.

Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis: Increasing Incidence of Domestically Acquired Infections

Salmonella enterica causes an estimated 1 million cases of domestically acquired foodborne illness in humans annually in the United States; Enteritidis (SE) is the most common serotype. Public health authorities, regulatory agencies, food producers, and food processors need accurate information about rates and changes in SE infection to implement and evaluate evidence-based control policies and practices. We analyzed the incidence of human SE infection during 1996-2009 in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), an active, population-based surveillance system for laboratory-confirmed infections. We compared FoodNet incidence with passively collected data from complementary surveillance systems and with rates of SE isolation from processed chickens and egg products; shell eggs are not routinely tested. We also compared molecular subtyping patterns of SE isolated from humans and chickens. Since the period 1996-1999, the incidence of human SE infection in FoodNet has increased by 44%. This change is mirrored in passive national surveillance data. The greatest relative increases were in young children, older adults, and FoodNet sites in the southern United States. The proportion of patients with SE infection who reported recent international travel has decreased in recent years, whereas the proportion of chickens from which SE was isolated has increased. Similar molecular subtypes of SE are commonly isolated from humans and chickens. Most SE infections in the United States are acquired from domestic sources, and the problem is growing. Chicken and eggs are likely major sources of SE. Continued close attention to surveillance data is needed to monitor the impact of recent regulatory control measures.

Free-range village chickens on the Accra Plains, Ghana: Their contribution to households

A cross-sectional survey investigating the contribution of free-range village chickens to household economies was carried out in four administrative districts within 60 km of Accra. Answers were provided by 101 men and 99 women. Nearly all respondents claimed to keep chickens for meat, with a far smaller percentage claiming to keep them for egg production. Over 80% of respondents kept chickens to supplement their incomes. The proportion of the flock eaten varied between administrative areas (p = 0.009 and p = 0.027), although this was possibly a consequence of differences in consumption patterns between occupation of the respondent, land area cultivated and flock size. The proportion of chickens sold varied as a result of differences in flock size (p = 0.013), the proportion sold increasing with number of birds in the flock. Respondents generally agreed that chickens could be sold without difficulty. A majority of chicken sales were from the farm gate, directly to consumers or traders. Sales were on demand or when the owner needed money. Money from the sale was kept by the owner of the chicken and the money was spent on personal needs. The proportion of the flock sold varied between administrative areas (p = 0.025) and occupation of the respondent (p = 0.040). Respondents describing animal production as their main occupation tended to have greater reliance on chicken sales for their income. Consideration is given to estimating the offtake from the flock and the financial contribution to the household.

Village Chicken Flock Dynamics and the Contribution of Chickens to Household Livelihoods in a Smallholder Farming Area in Zimbabwe

The development of successful production strategies for poultry rearing depends on an accurate description of village chicken production systems. In Rushinga District of Zimbabwe, participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) followed by checklists and intensive case studies were carried out in three villages. The role of chickens in the livelihoods of households was evaluated. Flock dynamics were monitored monthly for 24 months. Women who were resident on the farm headed 19% of the households. A household comprised 4.8 +/- 2.5 members with arable land of approximately 2.6 ha. In addition to chickens, households grew maize, cotton and sunflower and kept large animals. Flocks ranging from 1 to 50 village chickens per household were reared under a scavenging system of management with suboptimal housing, inadequate feeding and poor health care. The use of ethno-veterinary medicine was common in treating sick chickens. The largest flock sizes were observed in the hot-wet season. Over 90% of an average of 5.4 entries/household per month were from hatched chicks. Mortality claimed an average of 80% of the total exits. Chicken production potential (CPP), which defined the proportion of chickens that could be utilized by a household, averaged 50%. Chicken production efficiency (CPE) was approximately 15% of the CPP. Egg consumption patterns were low and similar across seasons.

The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus

Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.

Bacterial and viral agents associated with tenosynovitis in broiler breeders in Western Australia

The pathology and infectious agents associated with several outbreaks of clinical tenosynovitis in poultry were investigated. Staphylococcus aureus were recovered from tendon tissue of from 51.9% to 97.8% of affected chickens in different outbreaks of the disease. S. aureus were also present in the liver and heart blood and were considered to contribute to the high mortality observed following occurrence of clinical tenosynovitis in individual chickens. Bacteria other than S. aureus were also recovered but in a much lower proportion of chickens than was S. aureus. Adenoviruses and reoviruses were also recovered from tendon tissue of chickens with a concurrent bacterial infection. Although the pathology observed in clinically affected chickens was suggestive of a bacterial aetiology it is hypothesised that the tenosynovitis outbreaks investigated were due to an early viral infection which normally remained subclinical and that secondary infection with bacteria, particularly S. aureus, was responsible for the development of clinical signs.