Proportion Of Carbohydrate Research Articles

Organoenergetic Investigation on the Potential of Industrial Brewers' Spent Grain Valorization for Biogas Production

Cameroon is a high country producer and consumer of beer in Africa which has various breweries generating a large amount of brewer spent grain (BSG) yearly. This study was designed to investigate the potential use of spent grains derived from the Cameroonian brewing industry as a viable and sustainable energy source for biogas production. A comprehensive proximate analysis was performed, focusing on key physicochemical parameters including moisture content, acidity level, ash content, and the proportions of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, thereby enabling the derivation of their energy value to determine the organoenergetic profile. Physicochemical characterization of the spent grains revealed a pH of 5.6, moisture content of 8%, and ash content of 9.8% at 450 °C for 2 h using a muffle furnace. The organic composition included a high iron content of 194.2 mg/100 g, an organic matter content of 99%, a total organic carbon (TOC) content of 57.39%, a total nitrogen content of 3%, and a nitrogen-carbon ratio of 19.13%. In addition, the spent grains exhibited substantial concentrations of total protein (18.75%), crude fiber (3.6%), lipids (8.7%), and carbohydrates (51.15%), with an energy value of 14.97 MJ/kg. Moreover, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined to be 3,880 mg/kg, while the lower calorific value (LCV) was 19.76 MJ/kg, resulting in a COD/TOC ratio of 86.03. These findings showed that the spent grain from Cameroonian brewery has a significant organ energetic potential based on its components and physicochemical properties, thereby highlighting their suitability as a valuable resource for biogas generation.

The effects of acute exercise on food intake and appetite in adolescents with and without obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence pertaining to consummatory and appetitive responses to acute exercise in children and adolescents with and without obesity (5-18 years). Articles reporting on supervised, controlled trials of any modality, duration, or intensity with laboratory-measured food intake were found using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane up to July 2023. Differences between conditions in laboratory energy and macronutrient intake, appetite sensations, and food reward were quantitatively synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses. Thirty-five studies were eligible for the systematic review of energy intake, consisting of 60 distinct intervention arms with lean (n = 374) and overweight/obesity participants (n = 325; k = 51 eligible for meta-analysis). Study quality as indicated by the Effective Public Healthy Practice Project tool was rated as low and moderate risk of bias for 80% and 20% of studies, respectively. Acute exercise had no significant effect on energy intake during an ad libitum test meal (mean difference [MD] = -4.52 [-30.58, 21.54] kcal, p = .729). Whilst absolute carbohydrate intake was lower after exercise (23 arms; MD = -6.08 [-11.26, -0.91] g, p = .023), the proportion of carbohydrate was not (30 arms; MD = -0.62 [-3.36, 2.12] %, p = .647). A small elevation in hunger (27 arms; MD = 4.56 [0.75, 8.37] mm, p = .021) and prospective food consumption (27 arms; PFC; MD = 5.71 [1.62, 9.80] mm, p = .008) was observed post-exercise, but not immediately prior to the test meal (Interval: Mdn = 30 min, Range = 0-180). Conversely, a modest decrease in explicit wanting for high-fat foods was evident after exercise (10 arms; MD = -2.22 [-3.96, -0.47] mm, p = .019). Exercise intensity (p = .033) and duration (p = .013) moderated food intake only in youth with overweight/obesity, indicating lower intake at high intensity and short duration. Overall, acute exercise does not lead to compensation of energy intake or a meaningful elevation of appetite or food reward and might have a modest benefit in youth with overweight/obesity if sufficiently intense. However, conclusions are limited by substantial methodological heterogeneity and the small number of trials employing high-intensity exercise, especially in youth with overweight/obesity.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Fucoidan from Costaria costata Inhibited Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Mice.

Seaweed extracts, especially fucoidan, are well known for their immune-modulating abilities. In this current study, we extracted fucoidan from Costaria costata, a seaweed commonly found in coastal Asia, and examined its anti-inflammatory effect. Fucoidan was extracted from dried C. costata (FCC) using an alcohol extraction method at an extraction rate of 4.5 ± 0.21%. The extracted FCC comprised the highest proportion of carbohydrates, along with sulfate and uronic acid. The immune regulatory effect of FCC was examined using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Pretreatment with FCC dose-dependently decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex. In addition, FCC prevented morphological changes in LPS-induced BMDCs. Moreover, treatment of LPS-induced BMDCs with FCC suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In C57BL/6 mice, oral administration of FCC suppressed LPS-induced lung inflammation, reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Finally, the administration of FCC suppressed LPS-induced sepsis. Therefore, FCC could be developed as a health supplement based on the observed anti-inflammatory effects.

Tobacco as a promising crop for low-carbon biorefinery

Energy crops play a vital role in meeting future energy and chemical demands while addressing climate change. However, the idealization of low-carbon workflows and careful consideration of cost-benefit equations are crucial for their more sustainable implementation. Here, we propose tobacco as a promising energy crop because of its exceptional water solubility, mainly attributed to a high proportion of water-soluble carbohydrates and nitrogen, less lignocellulose, and the presence of acids. We then designed a strategy that maximizes biomass conversion into bio-based products while minimizing energy and material inputs. By autoclaving tobacco leaves in water, we obtained a nutrient-rich medium capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms and the production of bioproducts without the need for extensive pretreatment, hydrolysis, or additional supplements. Additionally, cultivating tobacco on barren lands can generate sufficient biomass to produce approximately 573 billion gallons of ethanol per year. This approach also leads to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 76% compared to traditional corn stover during biorefinery processes. Therefore, our study presents a novel and direct strategy that could significantly contribute to the goal of reducing carbon emissions and global sustainable development compared to traditional methods.

Споживання нутрієнтів та його зв’язок із психоемоційним станом і метаболічним профілем в українських жінок під час війни

Acute and chronic stress caused by war leads to psychoemotional disorders that can change eating habits and impair metabolic health. The aim of the study was to investigate the nutrient intake of Ukrainian women and its association with psychoemotional state and metabolic profile. The study included women aged 30-75 years, residents of the City of Kyiv and the Region of Kyiv, who underwent a comprehensive examination during the war (main group, n = 76) and before the war (control group, n = 80). Participants underwent anthropometry, analysis of glucose and lipid metabolism, nutrition was studied using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. In the main group, plasma cortisol level was measured and questionnaires were used to assess the psychoemotional state. Women examined during the war had worse glucose metabolism and changes in nutrient intake, such as an increase in total energy and the proportion of animal protein and plant fat accompanied by a high proportion of simple carbohydrates. Higher animal protein intake was an independent predictor of fasting glycaemia. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and insomnia were predictors of increased fasting glycaemia during the war and were accompanied by higher consumption of simple carbohydrates. Trait and state anxiety increased with lower animal protein intake and higher starch intake. State anxiety was also higher in women with a lower fat proportion in diet. Higher fat intake during the war may be a compensatory dietary change to mitigate negative emotions and chronic stress. To prevent the progression of metabolic disorders in women affected by war, it is necessary to develop healthy eating habits and provide psychological support to counteract stressful influences.

The dietary changes during Ramadan and their impact on anthropometry, blood pressure, and metabolic profile.

The effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on the metabolic profile, anthropometry and blood pressure has been investigated in multiple studies. However, it is still unknown to what extent changes in nutrient intakes contribute to these changes. This observational study was conducted in London (UK) in 2019. The study collected diverse data from a community-based sample in London before and during/after Ramadan. Collected data included a 3-day food diary (before and during Ramadan), as well as blood samples, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure (before and after Ramadan). The food diary was translated into nutritional data using nutrition software "Nutritics." The changes in nutrient intakes were investigated using a mixed-effects regression model. The impact of adjusting for nutrient intake change was investigated on the absolute difference of metabolites (Nightingale platform), systolic/diastolic blood pressure and anthropometric measures. The study collected data on food intake before and during Ramadan from 56 participants; the mean age was 44.7 ± 17.3, and 51.8% (n = 29) were females. We found a change in the intake of 11 nutritional factors, glucose, fructose, betaine, sugars, sugars as monosaccharide equivalents, lutein/zeaxanthin, starch, starch as monosaccharide equivalents, proline, glutamic acid and lycopene. No changes in quantities or proportions of macronutrients, carbohydrates, protein and fat. Mainly, the changes in diet during Ramadan are characterized by more consumption of sugars (62%, p < 0.001) and a lower intake of starch (-21%, p = 0.012). The changes in 14 metabolite levels (two glycolysis-related metabolites, one amino acid, two ketone bodies, two triglyceride, six lipoprotein subclasses, and an inflammation marker) after Ramadan were partially associated with some changes in nutrient intakes during Ramadan, especially betaine, fructose, glucose, starches and sugars. The lutein/zeaxanthin intake change explained inversely 14% of systolic blood pressure changes. Moreover, BMI and weight changes were partially explained by changes in intake of fat (7%; 9%), monounsaturated fat (6%; 7%), starch (8%; 9%), and starch as monosaccharide equivalents (8%; 9%) intakes in a direct relationship. Diet changes during Ramadan were associated partially with the observed changes in the metabolic profile, blood pressure and anthropometry. This confirms the changes associated with RIF in the metabolic profile, blood pressure and anthropometry are not an absolute physiological response to the diet transition occurring during Ramadan.

Postprandial Glucose Control With Different Hybrid Closed-Loop Systems According to Type of Meal in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.

Hybrid Closed-Loop Systems (HCLs) may not perform optimally on postprandial glucose control. We evaluated how first-generation and advanced HCLs manage meals varying in carbohydrates, fat, and protein. According to a cross-sectional design, seven-day food records and HCLs reports from 120 adults with type 1 diabetes (MiniMed670G: n = 40, MiniMed780G: n = 49, Control-IQ [C-IQ]: n = 31) were analyzed. Breakfasts (n = 570), lunches (n = 658), and dinners (n = 619) were divided according to the median of their carbohydrate (g)/fat (g) plus protein (g) ratio (C/FP). After breakfast (4-hour), lunch (6-hour), and dinner (6-hour), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics and early and late glucose incremental area under the curves (iAUCs) and delivered insulin doses were evaluated. The association of C/FP and HCLs with postprandial glucose and insulin patterns was analyzed by univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a two-factor design. Postprandial glucose time-in-range 70 to 180 mg/dL was optimal after breakfast (78.3 ± 26.9%), lunch (72.7 ± 26.1%), and dinner (70.8 ± 27.3%), with no significant differences between HCLs. Independent of C/FP, late glucose-iAUC after lunch was significantly lower in C-IQ users than 670G and 780G (P < .05), with no significant differences at breakfast and dinner. Postprandial insulin pattern (Ins3-6h minus Ins0-3h) differed by type of HCLs at lunch (P = .026) and dinner (P < .001), being the early insulin dose (Ins0-3h) higher than the late dose (Ins3-6h) in 670G and 780G users with an opposite pattern in C-IQ users. Independent of different proportions of dietary carbohydrates, fat, and protein, postprandial glucose response was similar in users of different HCLs, although obtained through different automatic insulin delivery patterns.

Can dietary C:N ratio influence water quality and microbiology in recirculating aquaculture systems?

The potential impacts of diet composition on water quality in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have been studied only to a limited extent. This study examined the effects of different dietary C:N ratios on physiochemical water quality and associated microbiology in 12 pilot scale freshwater RAS with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). By adjusting the proportions of protein, carbohydrate, and fat, four diets with different C:N ratios—fully embracing the span observed in commercial diets—were formulated (CN8.5, CN9.3, CN10.0, and CN12.2). Each diet was administered to three separate RAS for 4 weeks at a daily feed loading of 1.67 kg/m3 make-up water. At the end of the trial (in week 4), concentrations of nitrite-N, nitrate–N, and dissolved COD, and microbial activity were significantly lower and water clarity was simultaneously higher in systems fed the CN12.2 diet as compared to the other diets. Microbial community compositions in system water and biofilter biofilms and the overall microbial abundance in system water were not affected. This was likely due to the molar C:N ratios in system water not correlating to the dietary C:N ratios and being very low (0.27–0.34) throughout all dietary C:N levels, suggesting that microorganisms were carbon limited in all RAS. Altogether, the results demonstrate that changing dietary C:N ratios can affect physicochemical water quality and microbial activity in RAS. In contrast, changing dietary C:N ratios did not affect water C:N ratios or water or biofilter microbial community composition at least within the span of dietary C:N ratios observed for commercial juvenile rainbow trout feeds.

Effects of dietary vitamin D3 and carbohydrate levels on growth performance, carbohydrate metabolism, and intestinal health of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

The study was performed to determine effects of vitamin D3 (VD3) and carbohydrate levels in the diets on growth, carbohydrate absorption and metabolism, and intestinal health of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Four groups of yellow catfish with an average weight of 4.12 ± 0.00 g were provided with diets containing varying proportions of VD3 and carbohydrate. These diets included two VD3 levels at 1000 IU/kg (basic VD3) and 16,100 IU/kg diet (high VD3), each containing carbohydrate levels of 25% and 35%, respectively. After analyzing dietary VD3 and carbohydrate contents, these groups were labeled as follows: the control (30.78% carbohydrates +1040 IU/kg), the VD3 group (30.67% carbohydrates +16,041 IU/kg), the high-carbohydrate group (HCD group, 39.65% carbohydrates +1017 IU/kg), and the HCD + VD3 group (39.67% carbohydrates +16,061 IU/kg). Each tank consisted of three replicates, with each replicate containing 30 fish. The experiment continued for 10 weeks. Compared with the control, HCD group reduced growth performance, the muscular layer thickness, the zonulae occludentes1 and 3 (zo1, zo3), junctional adhesion molecules 3a (jam3a), claudin1, occludin, phosphoglucomutase 1 (pgm1) mRNA expression, but increased intestinal villi height, glycogen content, glycogen synthase (gs), glycogen branching enzyme (gbe), sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 and 2 (sglt1, sglt2) and glucose transporter 2 (glut2) mRNA expression, solute carrier family 5 member 1 (SGLT1) protein expression, and dietary VD3 group alleviated HCD-induced variations of these indices mentioned above. Compared to the control, HCD group significantly suppressed pyruvate carboxylase b (pcxb), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck), interleukin10 (il10), NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 (nrf2), superoxide dismutase 2 (sod2) and catalase 1 (cat1) mRNA expression, and also inhibited the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), but increased hexokinase 1 (hk1), glucokinase (gk), 1-phosphofructokinase (pfkb), interleukin 1β (il1β), interleukin 6 (il6), tumor necrosis factor a and β (tnfa, tnfβ) mRNA expression, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content; dietary VD3 group further suppressed gluconeogenic genes (pcxb, pepck) expression, but significantly enhanced the expression of glycolytic genes (hk1, gk, pfkp). Dietary VD3 also alleviated HCD-induced variations of these indices involved in antioxidant and inflammatory responses in yellow catfish intestine. Based on these results, our study indicated that dietary VD3 contributed to alleviate HCD-induced adverse effects on intestinal carbohydrate utilization and health. Our study also elucidated the innovative insights into the interaction of HCD and VD3 in fish, and provided the potential strategies for improving dietary carbohydrate utilization of fish via VD3 addition in aquafeeds. These findings can potentially contribute to cost savings for businesses and serve as a reference for optimizing feed formulations.

Molecular-level carbon traits underlie the multidimensional fine root economics space.

Carbon influences the evolution and functioning of plants and their roots. Previous work examining a small number of commonly measured root traits has revealed a global multidimensionality of the resource economics traits in fine roots considering carbon as primary currency but without considering the diversity of carbon-related traits. To address this knowledge gap, we use data from 66 tree species from a tropical forest to illustrate that root economics space co-varies with a novel molecular-level traits space based on nuclear magnetic resonance. Thinner fine roots exhibit higher proportions of carbohydrates and lower diversity of molecular carbon than thicker roots. Mass-denser fine roots have more lignin and aromatic carbon compounds but less bioactive carbon compounds than lighter roots. Thus, the transition from thin to thick fine roots implies a shift in the root carbon economy from 'do-it-yourself' soil exploration to collaboration with mycorrhizal fungi, while the shift from light to dense fine roots emphasizes a shift from acquisitive to conservative root strategy. We reveal a previously undocumented role of molecular-level carbon traits that potentially undergird the multidimensional root economics space. This finding offers new molecular insight into the diversity of root form and function, which is fundamental to our understanding of plant evolution, species coexistence and adaptations to heterogeneous environments.

The Influence of Different, Long-Term Fertilizations on the Chemical and Spectroscopic Properties of Soil Organic Matter

Currently, revealing soil management strategies that store the maximum atmospheric CO2 in the soil is a major issue. This is best explored by investigating long-term experiments, like the Skierniewice (Poland) field trial, established in 1921 on sandy loam Luvisol. In this trial, the variants analyzed included control (CON), manure (MAN), legumes (LEG), and manure + legumes (MAN + LEG). Soil samples from the A horizon were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), carbon content of humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA), and humin (HUM), as well as for spectroscopic properties of bulk soil and isolated HUM. Compared to the control, all other treatments caused an increase in TOC, while the application of manure resulted in an increase in the amount of HUM. Legume application caused an increase in UV-Vis absorbance and fluorescence emission. Thermochemolysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that HUM was enriched in carbohydrates in almost all pairs of soil and HUM. Compared to the CON, the largest proportion of carbohydrate in HUM was found in MAN + LEG. Different long-term soil management strategies not only altered TOC, but also, surprisingly, the chemical composition of HUM, which is considered to be particularly stable and a long-term sink of atmospheric carbon.

Paternal dietary macronutrient balance and energy intake drive metabolic and behavioral differences among offspring

Paternal diet can influence the phenotype of the next generation, yet, the dietary components inducing specific responses in the offspring are not identified. Here, we use the Nutritional Geometry Framework to determine the effects of pre-conception paternal dietary macronutrient balance on offspring metabolic and behavioral traits in mice. Ten isocaloric diets varying in the relative proportion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates are fed to male mice prior to mating. Dams and offspring are fed standard chow and never exposed to treatment diets. Body fat in female offspring is positively associated with the paternal consumption of fat, while in male offspring, an anxiety-like phenotype is associated to paternal diets low in protein and high in carbohydrates. Our study uncovers that the nature and the magnitude of paternal effects are driven by interactions between macronutrient balance and energy intake and are not solely the result of over- or undernutrition.

Physical activity and diet for Type 2 Diabetes reduction among older people living with HIV in Harare.

People living with HIV (PLWH) are ageing, and face increased risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes. Physical activity and diet are effective in reducing Type 2 Diabetes risk. However, there is variation in how older PLWH engage in physical activity and healthy eating. To describe older PLWHs' engagement in physical activity and diet for Type 2 Diabetes risk reduction in Harare. The study was conducted in five polyclinics in Harare urban district from low socio-economic areas. A qualitative approach and an exploratory descriptive design was used. Twenty-three participants were selected purposively based on the researchers' judgement of age among PLWH. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview schedule and analysed using Braun and Clark's six steps of thematic content analysis. Ethical approval was obtained, and each participant provided informed consent. The mean age of participants was 62 years. Participants performed varied physical activities through; economic activities, walking, exercise, and domestic chores. Diet included indigenous, unrefined grains, vegetables and fruit, influenced by rural background. Diet consisted of larger proportions of carbohydrates with lesser varying portions of protein and vegetables and fruit. Healthy eating among participants was facilitated by the proximity of markets and family. Health education to reduce Type 2 Diabetes risk should focus on fostering current physical activities to meet prescribed standards and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. The physical activity and diet self-care practices among older PLWH are inadequate in reducing Type 2 Diabetes risk, emphasising the need for appropriate health education.

Eating Behavior and Nutritional Profile of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Reference Center in the Amazon.

There is no single pattern for the evolution of the nutritional status of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies have found a tendency towards food selectivity with food monotony and difficulties with food texture in children with ASD, but studies in this area, especially in Brazil, are still scarce. The nutritional profile and changes in eating behavior were analyzed in patients with autism spectrum disorder assisted at a reference center in Belém. Eating behavior was assessed using the Labyrinth Scale, nutritional status assessment through weight and height (to calculate body mass index-BMI), and consumption food through the 24 h reminder. A total of 80 children of both sexes participated in the study, the majority of whom were male (80%), 47.5% eutrophic, while for the food consumption of the children evaluated, there was an average energy consumption of 1911 kcal daily, with 57.3%, 15.4%, and 27.3% of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, respectively. In relation to eating behavior, the highest averages were demonstrated in the domains of food selectivity, behavioral aspects, and mealtime skills. Masticatory motor scores showed a positive correlation with weight, BMI, and the amount of energy consumed by the child. The gastrointestinal symptoms score showed a negative correlation with the child's age. Regarding mealtime skills, a negative correlation was observed with the proportion of carbohydrates in the diet and a positive correlation with the proportion of lipids consumed in the children's diet. Therefore, knowing the main changes in eating behavior is important to ensure a complete and safe approach for each patient.

The Role of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load in the Dietary Approach of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder that often develops during pregnancy, characterized by glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR). To ensure the well-being of both the mother and the fetus, the body undergoes multiple metabolic and immunological changes that result in peripheral IR and, under certain hereditary or acquired abnormalities, GDM in predisposed women. The adverse short- and long-term effects of GDM impact both the mother and the fetus. Nutrition seems to play an important role to prevent GDM or improve its evolution. An emphasis has been given to the proportion of carbohydrates (CHO) relative to protein and lipids, as well as dietary patterns, in GDM. The effects of CHO on postprandial glucose concentrations are reflected in the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL). Diets rich in GI and GL may induce or exacerbate IR, whereas diets low in GI and GL appear to enhance insulin sensitivity and improve glycemic control. These positive outcomes may be attributed to direct interactions with insulin and glucose homeostasis or indirect effects through improved body composition and weight management. This comprehensive narrative review aims to explore the significance of nutrition, with a focus on the critical evaluation of GI and GL in the dietary management of women with GDM.

The relationship between proportions of carbohydrate and fat intake and hyperglycaemia risk in Chinese adults.

To address the relationship between the proportions of carbohydrates and fat and hyperglycaemia in the Chinese population. A cross-section research involving data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009, and nutritional status and health indicators were mainly focused. China. 8197 Chinese individuals aged over 16 years, including 1345 subjects who had a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet, 3951 individuals who had a medium proportion of carbohydrate and fat diet, 2660 participants who had a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet and 241 people who had a very-high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet. Subjects with the high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet were significantly associated with an increased risk of hyperglycaemia (OR: 1·142; 95 % CI: 1·022, 1·276) when compared with the individuals with the medium proportion of carbohydrate and fat diet. Meanwhile, people with a very-high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet had a higher risk of hyperglycaemia (OR: 1·829; 95 % CI: 1·377, 2·429). In contrast, the association between participants with a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet and hyperglycaemia was NS (OR: 1·082; 95 % CI: 0·942, 1·243) with adjusting a series of confounding factors. Furthermore, people with a very-high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet were significantly associated with a higher risk of hyperglycaemia in the major energy levels and social characteristics subgroup. We found the high-carbohydrate and low-fat and very-high-carbohydrate and low-fat diets were significantly associated with a high risk of hyperglycaemia. And, the association between low-carbohydrate and high-fat diets and the risk of hyperglycaemia was NS.

The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Carbohydrate Sparing Postexercise: Implications for Postexercise Hypoglycemia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise intensity on the proportion and rate of carbohydrate oxidation and glucoregulatory hormone responses during recovery from exercise. Six physically active participants completed 1hr of low-intensity (LI; 50% lactate threshold) or moderate-intensity (MI; 100% lactate threshold) exercise on separate days following a randomized counterbalanced design. During exercise and for 6hr of recovery, samples of expired air were collected to determine oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation rates. Blood samples were also collected to measure glucoregulatory hormones (catecholamines, GH) and metabolites (glucose, free fatty acids, lactate, pH, and bicarbonate). During exercise, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, and the proportion and rate of carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation were higher during MI compared with LI. However, during recovery from MI, respiratory exchange ratio and the proportion and rate of CHO oxidation were lower than preexercise levels and corresponding LI. During exercise and early recovery, catecholamines and growth hormone were higher in MI than LI, and there was a trend for higher levels of free fatty acids in the early recovery from MI compared with LI. In summary, CHO oxidation during exercise increases with exercise intensity but there is a preference for CHO sparing (and fat oxidation) during recovery from MI exercise compared with LI exercise. This exercise intensity-dependent shift in substrate oxidation during recovery is explained, in part, by the pattern of change of key glucoregulatory hormones including catecholamines and growth hormone and plasma fatty acid concentrations.

Physicochemical characteristics of bee pollen collected from Virovitica-Podravina County

Pollen grains are located on the anthers of the flowers, bees collect them and mix them with secretions from their salivary glands and nectar and carry them to the hives in the baskets situated on their hind legs. According to the chemical composition, bee pollen is a mixture of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and other useful substances for the development of bees in the hive. Due to its nutritional value and potential healthful properties, it is valuable product for beekeeper’s income. The aim of this research was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of bee pollen in relation to the period of collection and geographical origin from different localities in Virovitica-Podravina County. Eleven bee pollen samples were collected from stationary apiaries in the period of April and May 2022.Palynological analysis showed that dominated pollen in five samples was pollen from Brassica sp.; Malus spp. and Salix spp. pollen dominate in two bee pollen samples while two samples had dominating pollen coming from Asteraceae family. Physicochemical analysis showed that pollen collected in the period of April had a lower proportion of ash, total fat and phenols, but a higher proportion of moisture content, proteins and carbohydrates.

Nutritional Value and Amino Acid Profile of Dried Seeds of Cucumeropsis mannii (Cucurbitaceae)

Aims: To assess the biochemical, phytochemical and amino acid content from Cucumeropsis mannii dried seeds flours grown in Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa). &#x0D; Study Design: Experimental.&#x0D; Place and duration of study: Sample: Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Security, Nangui Abrogoua University&#x0D; Methodology: Cucumeropsis mannii seeds were obtained for this study from an experimental field in Gagnoa (Côte d’Ivoire). In March 2022, seeds were planted and after 7 months, the mature fruits that lead to the complete drying of the plant were harvested.&#x0D; Results: The biochemical composition of the seeds revealed that they contain varying proportions of carbohydrates, fibers, ash, total sugars with contents of 9.28 ± 0.79 %; 2.72 ± 0.30 %; 3.12 ± 0.38; 2.34 ± 0.05, respectively. High levels of lipids, proteins, dry matter and energy were observed in seed flour with values of 47.46 ± 1.55 %; 31.80 ± 1.16 %; 94.38 ± 0.6 %; 591.46 ± 1.17 kcal /100 g DM. The resulting flour reached a pH of 6.5. The study of phytochemicals showed varying levels of oxalate (0.32 g/100g DM), tannins (3.02 g TAE/ 100g DM), total polyphenols (8.12 mg GAE / g DM), total flavonoids (27.5 mg QE/g DM) and carotenoids (2.9 µg/100g DM). Furthermore, they were potential sources of essential amino acids, including histidine (905.6 mg/100g), isoleucine (844.5 mg/100g), threonine (730.1mg/100g), phenylalanine (550.0 mg/100g), valine (469.9 mg/100g), leucine (456.6 mg/100g), and methionine (358.5 mg/100g).&#x0D; Conclusion: The overall result implies that Cucumeropsis mannii seeds could be added to the food preparations of malnourished children.

Evaluation and Comparison of Daily Total Energy Intake and Macronutrient Proportion Consumption Between Poor vs Good Glycemic Control Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A cross-sectional study at Family Medicine OPD, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare daily total energy intake and macronutrient proportion consumption between poor and good glycemic control type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to March 2022 at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. Patient data was collected using a questionnaire. Dietary intake data was collected using 24-hour dietary recall and was analyzed by a dietitian. Factors and their association with poor glycemic control were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 127 participants, 40.16% had poor glycemic control. The mean HbA1c level in the poor and the good glycemic control group was 7.67±0.61% and 6.39±0.44% respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Among all patients, the mean total energy intake was 1,640.21±495.92 kcal/day, with mean proportions of 51.25% for carbohydrate, 16.56% for protein, and 32.12% for fat. There were no significant differences between the poor and good glycemic control groups in total energy intake (1702.63±503.48 kcal/day vs. 1598.32±489.65 kcal/day, p = 0.247), carbohydrate intake (222.78±89.98 g/day vs. 203.72±79.36 g/day, p = 0.211), protein intake (70.12±21.50 g/day vs. 65.44±21.38 g/day, p = 0.230), or fat intake (58.94±19.26 g/day vs. 57.86±24.33 g/day, p = 0.790). CONCLUSIONS The poor glycemic control group was more likely to consume more total energy and a higher proportion of carbohydrate and fat, which suggests that proper individualized dietary energy intake and diet proportions may enhance nutritional status and glycemic control. KEYWORDS DM, nutrition, diet, calories, glycemic control, consumption