Proportion Of Athletes Research Articles

Prior Concussion History and Clinical Recovery Following Sport-Related Concussion in College Athletes.

The aim of this study was to assess whether a history of prior concussions, and especially multiple prior concussions, is associated with clinical recovery following a subsequent sport-related concussion among collegiate student athletes. A naturalistic observational cohort study. Eleven National Collegiate Athletics Association Division III colleges. Collegiate athletes sustaining concussions from September 2014 through March 2020. Participants were divided into 3 groups, athletes with: (1) no prior concussion history, (2) one prior concussion, and (3) 2 or more prior concussions. Survival analyses were used to compare time to return to school and sports among athletes with a history of 0, 1, or ≥2 prior concussions. Among the 1132 college athletes, there were no statistically significant group differences between those with 0, 1, or ≥2 prior concussions in total time to return to school or sports. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of athletes with ≥2 prior concussions that had not fully returned to school, without accommodations, at 28 days (6.0%) compared to athletes with no prior concussions (2.2%; odds ratio = 2.80, 95% confidence interval 1.29-6.04). In summary, concussion history was not associated with time to return to sports following a subsequent sport-related concussion in these college athletes. On average, athletes with prior concussions did not take longer to return to school, although a slightly greater proportion of college athletes with ≥2 prior concussions had not fully returned to school, without accommodations, by 28 days following injury.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings related to sacroiliac joint pain in high-performance athletes.

Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunction in athletes affects competitiveness. However, the pathology and imaging features have not been clarified. To clarify the association between SIJ pain and MRI findings in high-performance athletes. Fifty-two Japanese high-performance athletes with or without SIJ pain were recruited. MRI short tau inversion recovery (STIR) semi-coronal and semi-axial images of their SIJs were taken. The relationships between high-signal changes in MRI-STIR and SIJ pain and pain duration were investigated. Six athletes with continuous SIJ pain were prospectively followed. The proportion of athletes with high-signal changes in the SIJ was significantly higher among athletes with SIJ pain for one month or more (76.9%, 10/13) than among athletes with SIJ pain for less than one month (18.2%, 2/11) and among athletes without SIJ pain (28.6%, 8/28). High-signal changes on painful SIJs were most often present in the sacrum. In three of the six athletes who were prospectively followed, the high-signal area and intensity on MRI both diminished as their symptoms improved. High-signal changes of the SIJ on MRI-STIR images in high-performance athletes may reflect their SIJ pain.

Screening of Depression and Mental Health in Elite Youth Sports: Differences in Risk Estimation Between the PHQ-2 and the WHO-5

This study aims to examine whether the risk for depression differs between using a disease- and a health-oriented instrument in elite youth sport and to uncover relationships of risk with concern to age, sex, type of sport, and level of performance. A sample of 549 eleven- to twenty-one-year-old elite athletes were screened using the German versions of the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and the WHO Well-Being Index-5 (WHO-5). For external validity, the state of physical well-being and mood state, as well as recovery measures, were assessed. The proportions of athletes at high risk for mental health problems were 11.3% (PHQ-2) and 12.8% (WHO-5) of the participants. Young athletes (<15 years old) and male athletes showed lower risk values compared with older or female athletes. Moreover, PHQ-2 and WHO-5 values correlated with physical well-being and subjective sleep parameters. Both instruments were practical and diagnostically conclusive. Further studies on the validation of the instruments are recommended.

A hallgatói sport néhány fő jellegzetessége a Szegedi Tudományegyetemen

Our research is aimed to explore the sports motivation and sports consumption of the students of the University of Szeged, using the results of a questionnaire-based survey. We want to find answers to the question about the changes of sports activities done by the students of the University of Szeged in the past decade. In our research it is the recreational sports that are primarily considered, and, in connection with them we want to find out details concerning the level of students, the types of sports, the venues, the services and the organizational background they prefer. Also, we are eager to investigate and quantify gender-related differences in our group of respondents. Based on our research into specialist literature our hypotheses are as follow: (H1) The proportion of athletes who exercise at least 2-3 times a week has increased since the 2011 survey. Gender differences can be observed (H2) in the frequency of playing sports, (H3) in the choice of sports, (H4) in the motivation to start playing sports, (H5) in the current motivation to play sports, (H6) in the participation in sports communities, (H7) in the motivation to compete, (H8) in the organization of sports, (H9) regarding the location of sports, and (H10) in the aspects of the choice of sports services. We have found that the proportion of students who do physical exercises has doubled. The frequency of recreational activities in the group of women surpassed the same proportion identified in the group of men. Those types of sports and fitness in which the cost implications were lower proved to be the most popular with students. Women were less open to competitive sports than men. The aims of the majority of students included stress relief and the preservation of health. Three fourths of students organized their sports activities on their own, but while men tended to do sports in groups and sports communities, women, on the other hand, when doing sports preferred staying at home. When choosing a sports provider it was affordability and accessibility of the sports venue that played the most significant role for our respondents. In summary, it can be stated that our research has proven to provide significant data for the development of university sports in Szeged and, in general, in Hungary; in addition, it was and it is important in the area of health education of university students as well.

COVID-19 Lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes' Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices.

To investigate differences in athletes' knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification. Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May-July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training. Sports were classified as team sports (45%), endurance (20%), power/technical (10%), combat (9%), aquatic (6%), recreational (4%), racquet (3%), precision (2%), parasports (1%), and others (1%). Further analysis by sex was performed. During lockdown, athletes practiced body-weight-based exercises routinely (67% femalesand 64% males), ranging from 50% (precision) to 78% (parasports). More sport-specific technical skills were performed in combat, parasports, and precision (∼50%) than other sports (∼35%). Most athletes (range: 50% [parasports] to 75% [endurance]) performed cardiorespiratory training (trivial sex differences). Compared to prelockdown, perceived training intensity was reduced by 29% to 41%, depending on sport (largest decline: ∼38% in team sports, unaffected by sex). Some athletes (range: 7%-49%) maintained their training intensity for strength, endurance, speed, plyometric, change-of-direction, and technical training. Athletes who previously trained ≥5 sessions per week reduced their volume (range: 18%-28%) during lockdown. The proportion of athletes (81%) training ≥60min/session reduced by 31% to 43% during lockdown. Males and females had comparable moderate levels of training knowledge (56% vs 58%) and beliefs/attitudes (54% vs 56%). Changes in athletes' training practices were sport-specific, with few or no sex differences. Team-based sports were generally more susceptible to changes than individual sports. Policy makers should provide athletes withspecific training arrangements and educational resources to facilitate remote and/or home-based training during lockdown-type events.

Updated Blood Pressure Guidelines: Implications for Athletes.

To review the prevalence, short- and long-term impact of exercise on blood pressure, and the evaluation and treatment of hypertension in competitive athletes. Due, in part, to inconsistencies in measurement and the definitions used, the true prevalence of hypertension is unknown as reports range from 0 to 83%. With recent changes in the blood pressure guidelines, the proportion of athletes that meet criteria for elevated blood pressure or stage 1 hypertension has increased dramatically with over one-third of collegiate and professional athletes meeting criteria for hypertension. Data consistently show that American-style football players, particularly linemen, display the highest rates of hypertension. These athletes typically have a larger body mass index, higher body fat percentage, and weight gain in serial follow-up. Many athletes with hypertension have traditional risk factors, and, to date, there is no evidence of a causal relationship between long-term sport participation and increased risk of developing hypertension. Many more athletes now meet criteria for hypertension, given the updated blood pressure guidelines. This should be taken as an opportunity for early intervention, as athletes are not immune to the development of cardiovascular risk factors and disease.

Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Testing After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Where Are We in 2022?

AbstractAthletes who sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury often opt for an ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with the goal and expectation to return to sports at the preinjury level. The proportion of athletes who successfully return to preinjury-level sport is low and disappointing, whereas the rate of second ACL injury in athletes under the age of 20 has been reported to be as high as 40% after return to sport (RTS). Although in recent years, new insights pertaining to RTS have been published, the lack of validity of RTS criteria after ACLR remain. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to present a critical overview of the current literature on RTS testing after ACLR.

Effect of an Unsupervised Exercises-Based Athletics Injury Prevention Programme on Injury Complaints Leading to Participation Restriction in Athletics: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial.

Objective: To test the efficacy of the Athletics Injury Prevention Programme (AIPP) to reduce the percentage of athletes presenting at least one injury complaint leading to participation restriction (ICPR) over an athletics season. Methods: During the 2017–2018 athletics season, we included in this cluster randomised controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03307434) 840 athletes randomly assigned (randomisation unit: athletic clubs) to a control group (regular training) or to an intervention group (regular training plus the AIPP 2/week). Using a weekly online questionnaire, athletes reported the ICPR, training and competition exposures, and, for the intervention group, the compliance with the AIPP. The primary outcome was the percentage of athletes presenting at least one ICPR over the study follow-up. Results: A total of 449 and 391 athletes were included in the intervention and control groups, respectively. From them, 68 (15.1%) and 100 (25.6%) athletes, respectively, provided 100% of the requested information during the follow-up (39 weeks). A total of 6 (8.8%) performed the AIPP 2/week or more. The proportion of athletes who had at least one ICPR over the follow-up period was similar in the intervention (64.7%) and control groups (65.0%), with adjusted odds ratios: 0.81 (95% CI 0.36 to 1.85). There were no between-group differences when comparing separately the subgroups corresponding with the different compliance levels. Conclusion: This cluster randomised controlled trial reported no efficacy of the AIPP. However, the overall response proportion and the compliance with the AIPP in the intervention group were low. In individual sports especially, efforts should be first made to improve the implementation and adoption of interventions.

An Evaluation of Omega-3 Status and Intake in Canadian Elite Rugby 7s Players.

Background: EPA and DHA n-3 FA play crucial roles in both neurological and cardiovascular health and high dietary intakes along with supplementation suggest potential neuroprotection and concussion recovery support. Rugby athletes have a high risk of repetitive sub-concussive head impacts which may lead to long-term neurological deficits, but there is a lack of research looking into n-3 FA status in rugby players. We examined the dietary n-3 FA intake through a FFQ and n-3 FA status by measuring the percentage of n-3 FA and O3I in elite Canadian Rugby 7s players to show distribution across O3I risk zones; high risk, <4%; intermediate risk, 4 to 8%; and low risk, >8%. Methods: n-3 FA profile and dietary intake as per FFQ were collected at the beginning of the 2017–2018 Rugby 7s season in male (n = 19; 24.84 ± 2.32 years; 95.23 ± 6.93 kg) and female (n = 15; 23.45 ± 3.10 years; 71.21 ± 5.79 kg) athletes. Results: O3I averaged 4.54% ± 1.77, with female athlete scores slightly higher, and higher O3I scores in supplemented athletes (4.82% vs. 3.94%, p = 0.183), with a greater proportion of non-supplemented athletes in the high-risk category (45.5% vs. 39.1%). Dietary intake in non-supplemented athletes did not meet daily dietary recommendations for ALA or EPA + DHA compared to supplemented athletes. Conclusions: Overall, despite supplementation, O3I score remained in the high-risk category in a proportion of athletes who met recommended n-3 FA dietary intakes, and non-supplemented athletes had a higher proportion of O3I scores in the high-risk category, suggesting that dietary intake alone may not be enough and athletes may require additional dietary and n-3 FA supplementation to reduce neurological and cardiovascular risk.

Immediate Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Sudden Cardiac Arrest During Sports is Associated with Improved Survival\u2014a Video Analysis

BackgroundSudden cardiac arrest (SCA) during sports can be the first symptom of yet undetected cardiovascular conditions. Immediate chest compressions and early defibrillation offer SCA victims the best chance of survival, which requires prompt bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).AimsTo determine the effect of rapid bystander CPR to SCA during sports by searching for and analyzing videos of these SCA/SCD events from the internet.MethodsWe searched images.google.com, video.google.com, and YouTube.com, and included any camera-witnessed non-traumatic SCA during sports. The rapidity of starting bystander chest compressions and defibrillation was classified as < 3, 3–5, or > 5 min.ResultsWe identified and included 29 victims of average age 27.6 ± 8.5 years. Twenty-eight were males, 23 performed at an elite level, and 18 participated in soccer. Bystander CPR < 3 min (7/29) or 3–5 min (1/29) and defibrillation < 3 min was associated with 100% survival. Not performing chest compressions and defibrillation was associated with death (14/29), and > 5 min delay of intervention with worse outcome (death 4/29, severe neurologic dysfunction 1/29).ConclusionsAnalysis of internet videos showed that immediate bystander CPR to non-traumatic SCA during sports was associated with improved survival. This suggests that immediate chest compressions and early defibrillation are crucially important in SCA during sport, as they are in other settings. Optimal use of both will most likely result in survival. Most videos showing recent events did not show an improvement in the proportion of athletes who received early resuscitation, suggesting that the problem of cardiac arrest during sports activity is poorly recognized.

Condition-specific health-related quality of life amongst amateur athletes six months and one-year following sport-related concussion: A prospective, follow-up

ObjectiveTo prospectively investigate the condition-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of athletes six months and one-year following sport-related concussion. DesignProspective, longitudinal study. SettingClinical research centre at university school of public health. ParticipantsAmateur athletes who were diagnosed with sport-related concussion within one-week after presenting to a hospital emergency department were recruited along with sex-, age-, and activity-matched, non-concussed, control athletes. Concussion and control participants were assessed six months and one-year following sport-related concussion and study enrolment, respectively. Main outcome measuresParticipants completed the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale and five condition-specific HRQoL patient-reported outcome measures – Headache Impact Test-6, Fatigue Severity Scale, Neck Disability Index, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7, and Dizziness Handicap Inventory. We performed Frequentist and Bayesian mixed-design analyses of variance to compare the concussion group and control group at both assessments and quantify whether there was greater evidence in favour of the null hypothesis compared with the alternative hypothesis. ResultsAt six-month and one-year assessments, the concussion group (n = 47; male = 72%; mean (SD) age = 22.68 (5.07)) and the control group (n = 47; male = 72%; mean (SD) age = 23.81 (4.60)) reported similar clinical symptom severity scores and condition-specific HRQoL. The proportion of athletes in the concussion group with clinically-impaired scores was similar to the proportion of non-concussed athletes with clinically-impaired scores. At six-month and one-year assessments, there was moderate-to-very strong evidence that there was no difference between concussion and control participants’ perceptions of the effects of headache, fatigue, neck pain, anxiety, and dizziness on HRQoL. ConclusionThere was moderate-to-very strong evidence in favour of no difference between the concussion and control groups on symptom severity scores and condition-specific HRQoL patient-reported outcome measures at six-month and one-year assessments. These results suggest that condition-specific HRQoL returns to the levels of non-concussed individuals within six months following sport-related concussion.

Factors that affect menarche in Japanese national-level track-and-field athletes.

The minimum body mass index (BMI) required to menarche and the relationship between the training onset age of sports and menarche is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to elucidate the minimum BMI required to attain menarche in female adolescent athletes competing at a national level, and to determine how the occurrence of menarche is associated with training onset age in track-and-field athletes. Overall, 134 sprinters and 44 long-distance (LD) runners of ninth-grade females at a national level were enrolled and an anonymous questionnaire was administered. As BMI increased, the proportion of athletes who had attained menarche increased. The BMI cutoff values for menarche were 17.3 and 17.1kg/m2 for sprinters and LD runners, respectively. Menarche had not occurred in almost 50% of the LD runners who began training at elementary school, and among LD runners, those who began training at elementary school had 18.4 higher odds of not attaining menarche until the age of 15 years as opposed to those who started training after elementary school. The BMI cutoff values could be an indicator for menarche in sprinters and LD runners. For LD runners, starting to compete at elementary school could be a risk factor for delayed menarche.

Frequency and type of adverse analytical findings in athletics: Differences among disciplines.

Athletics is a highly diverse sport that contains a set of disciplines grouped into jumps, throws, races of varying distances, and combined events. From a physiological standpoint, the physical capabilities linked to success are quite different among disciplines, with varying involvements of muscle strength, muscle power, and endurance. Thus, the use of banned substances in athletics might be dictated by physical dimensions of each discipline. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to analyse the number and distribution of adverse analytical findings per drug class in athletic disciplines. The data included in this investigation were gathered from the Anti-Doping Testing Figure Report made available by the World Anti-Doping Agency (from 2016 to 2018). Interestingly, there were no differences in the frequency of adverse findings (overall,~0.95%, range from 0.77 to 1.70%) among disciplines despite long distance runners having the highest number of samples analysed per year (~9812 samples/year). Sprinters and throwers presented abnormally high proportions of adverse analytical findings within the group of anabolic agents (p < 0.01); middle- and long-distance runners presented atypically high proportions of findings related to peptide hormones and growth factors (p < 0.01); racewalkers presented atypically high proportions of banned diuretics and masking agents (p = 0.05). These results suggest that the proportion of athletes that are using banned substances is similar among the different disciplines of athletics. However, there are substantial differences in the class of drugs more commonly used in each discipline. This information can be used to effectively enhance anti-doping testing protocols in athletics.

Current practice for safe return-to-play after lateral ankle sprain: A survey among French-speaking physicians

BackgroundRecommendations are available for assessment criteria for safe return-to-play (RTP) after a lateral ankle sprain. However, their current use among physicians is unknown. MethodsFrench-speaking physicians in Belgium, France and Switzerland were asked to complete an online survey and report their clinical assessment of selected RTP criteria. ResultsThe respondent sample (n=109) included physicians with and without Sports Medicine education, varied level of experience and proportion of athletes in their practice population. Pain was the most selected criterion for safe RTP (90% of physicians), followed by ability to engage in functional tasks (82%), functional instability (73%), range of motion (61%), proprioception (47%), mechanical instability (39%), strength (38%) and swelling (31%). A low proportion of physicians use quantitative measures to assess these criteria (between 4% and 53%). ConclusionsA large proportion of physicians consider the recommended criteria for RTP decisions. However, physicians do not frequently use quantitative measures.

Evaluation of the early weigh-in policy for mixed martial arts events adopted by North American athletic commissions

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the epidemiology of overweight athletes before and after the introduction of the Early Weigh-In Policy (EWIP). Methods A retrospective cohort study examined the weigh-in results for professional mixed martial arts (MMA) events over a 2-year period around the introduction of the new EWIP between 2014 and 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study populations. Risk ratios were used to identify differences in the study populations before and after the introduction of the EWIP. Results After the introduction of the EWIP, the number of overweight athletes increased from 5.7% to 8.4% and the average overweight mass increased from 1.3 kg (2.9 lbs) to 1.8 kg (3.9 lbs) [difference, 0.5 kg (1.0 lb), p = 4.35 × 10^(−5)]. The proportion of athletes is not distributed similarly across the different overweight mass categories when comparing the pre- and post-EWIP time frames (p = 0.006). More athletes in the pre-EWIP period were overweight by smaller amount, while in the post-EWIP period athletes were overweight by larger amount. Of the athletes who were overweight before the regulation change, 28.7% were over the weight limit by greater than 1.8 kg (4 lbs), compared to 39.5% after the new EWIP introduction. On average, the ratio of overweight athletes per events by commission was 1.2 before the introduction of the EWIP and 2.1 after. Conclusion These results appear to indicate that the EWIP has not altered weight-cutting culture in MMA in a positive manner. This study casts doubt on the benefits of an EWIP and raised the possibility of utilizing the longitudinal weight monitoring approach to mitigate rapid weight-cycling behavior. However, before additional changes are made by any athletic commission, further research is needed to examine the efficacy of the abovementioned longitudinal weight monitoring approach or any other strategy.

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF WRESTLERS PARTICIPATING IN THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS

The age of peak competitive performance is particularly important as the entire sports career in each sport is planned on its basis. Depending on the sport and gender of the athlete, the age of peak competitive performance varies considerably. The objective of the study - to determine the age indicators of the wrestlers who participated in the World Championships, depending on the place taken and the weight group. We have studied 332 sports careers of the freestyle and Greko-Roman male wrestlers from 1st to 8th ranks who participated in the World Championships 2017, 2018 and 2019. The following indicators are analyzed: the average age, the average age of the international career start, the average age of first success and the proportion of athletes who achieved success at junior level. Results. The average age of the wrestlers is 26.5 ± 3.6 years: the medalists are slightly younger – 26.3 ± 3.4 years, and non-medalists are older than 26.7 ± 3.8 years. The analysis of the distribution of the age of peak competitive performance of athletes-medalists has shown the following results: there are 67.7 % of medalist among the athletes who are 22-28 years old, 11.8% among those who are younger than 23 years old and only 26.6% among those who are older than 28 years. More than half (53.4%) of medalists achieved success being juniors, while for non-medalists this proportion is only 38.2%. The linear regression coefficient between the age and the weight of athletes is positive and is equal to 0.47 kg per year. The results obtained on the medalists show that the period for achieving the peak competitive performance is limited and quite a few athletes can succeed beyond a certain period of age.

Concussion-Reporting Behavior in Rugby: A National Survey of Rugby Union Players in the United States.

Background:Rugby is the fastest growing team sport in the United States for male and female athletes. It is a contact/collision sport with an injury risk profile that includes concussions.Purpose:To examine the prevalence of concussions in male and female rugby players in the United States and to characterize behaviors around reporting concussions that could be a target for prevention and treatment efforts.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:An online survey distributed to active members on the USA Rugby membership list was used to examine self-reported concussions in male and female athletes. Concussion-reporting behaviors and return to play after a concussion were also explored. Statistical analysis was used to compare male with female athletes and report differences, with years of experience as a dependent variable.Results:The proportion of athletes with a history of at least 1 concussion was 61.9% in all respondents. Of those who reported a concussion, 50.8% reported the concussion during the game or practice in which it occurred, and 57.6% reported at least 1 concussion to a qualified medical provider. Overall, 27.7% of participants who reported ≥1 rugby-related concussion in our survey noted that at least 1 of these concussions was not formally reported. The most commonly cited reasons for not reporting a concussion included not thinking that it was a serious injury, not knowing that it was a concussion at the time, and not wanting to be pulled out of the game or practice. Additionally, 61.0% of athletes did not engage in recommended return-to-play protocols after their most recent rugby-related concussion.Conclusion:US rugby union athletes may not report concussions to medical personnel or follow return-to-play protocols guided by medical advice. This could result from a lack of education on concussion recognition and the risks associated with continued play after a concussion as well as limited access to health care. Further education efforts focusing on the identification of concussions, removal from play, and return-to-play protocols are necessary in the US rugby union population.

The prevalence of high school multi-sport participation in elite national football league athletes

ABSTRACT Objectives: Early youth specialization is increasingly being researched and identified as a risk factor for overuse injuries and burnout. This study aimed to characterize high school sport specialization in top National Football League (NFL) athletes and determine whether associations exist between single-sport specialization and future injury risk, performance, and longevity. Methods: For NFL first-round draft picks from 2008–2017, data on the number of games played in the NFL, overuse injuries causing athletes to miss one or more regular season games, Pro Bowl selections, and current status in the NFL were collected using publicly available information. Results: A total of 318 athletes were analyzed. Multi-sport athletes were highly prevalent (88%, n = 280), while only 12% (n = 38) of athletes were classified as single-sport. No difference between multi-sport and single-sport athletes was found regarding games missed to upper (p = 0.93) or lower extremity injuries (p = 0.49), total games played (p = 0.57), or NFL longevity (p = 0.97). There was no significant difference in the proportions of athletes reaching at least 1 Pro Bowl. Conclusion: The majority of NFL first-round draft picks were multi-sport athletes in high school. Single-sport football participation in high school does not appear to aid athletes in reaching or succeeding in the NFL.

Sport Injuries in Elite Paralympic Judokas: Findings From the 2018 World Championship

To provide information regarding injury incidence, injury pattern, and associated injury risk factors in elite Paralympic judokas. Participants in this observational research were elite judokas taking part in the IBSA 2018 World Judo Championship. The entire championship was videotaped, and all injuries were prospectively documented using an all-complaints definition. The tournament featured 267 judokas, (B1 = 58; B2 = 105; B3 = 104). The injury proportion was estimated at 18.9 injuries/100 fighters (B1 = 13.8; B2 = 22.3; B3 = 18.5). A total of 745 athletic exposures were registered. The overall injury rate was 68.5 (95% CI, 52.5-89.2); 62.5 (95% CI, 32-122.3); 79.6 (95% CI, 53.8-17.8); and 61.2 (95% CI, 40-93.5) for the total sample, B1, B2, and B3 judokas, respectively. When only injuries resulting in medical attention were analyzed, the overall injury rate was calculated to be 22.8 (95% CI, 14.3-36.5), and the injury proportion was estimated at 6.3 injuries/100 fighters. No significant differences were found for sex, weight, and visual class regarding injury proportion and injury rates. Paralympic judokas show a high injury rate. However, when only injuries that needed medical attention were taken into account, the proportion of athletes injured was low. The degree of visual impairment was not considered as an injury risk factor.

A-09 Time to Unrestricted Participation Following Sport-Related Concussion in High School Athletes

Abstract Objective To measure time-to-unrestricted participation in high school athletes following a sport-related concussion (SRC) diagnosis. Method This was a descriptive epidemiological study using the Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA) online Head Injury Reporting System (HIRS). This study included 10,411 (65.9%) male and 5,412 (34.1%) female SRC cases that occurred in 20 sports with greater than 30 SRC cases during the 2015–2016 to 2018–2019 academic years. The HIRS includes dates for SRC injury events and medical clearance for unrestricted return-to-participation for each case; dates were used to calculate recovery time. Kaplan-Meier time-to-event analysis identified crude proportions of athletes that had not obtained medical clearance in weekly increments (e.g., 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, 35 days) across sports. Results The median time-to-unrestricted participation was 11 days. Overall, 71.8% of SRC cases took longer than 7 days to return, 29.6% of SRC cases took longer than 14 days, 13.1% of cases took longer than 21 days to return, and 6.5% took longer than 28 days to return to their respective sports. Results by sport show that over 25% of gymnasts took longer than 28 days to return-to-unrestricted participation, followed by competitive cheerleaders (15.5%), wrestlers (12.1%), and male divers (12.0%). Conclusions Almost one in three high school athletes with SRC took longer than 14 days to return-to-unrestricted participation. These results serve as proportional time estimates for return-to-unrestricted participation across a sample of 20 high school sports; and provide rationale to further evaluate recovery patterns in individual sport groups.