Prophylaxis In Thoracic Surgery Research Articles

MA03.10 Venous Thromboembolism in Lung Cancer Patients: A Population-Based Study

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical and cancer patients. Thoracic surgery represents a subset of surgical oncology patients with increased VTE risk due to inherent technical and disease-specific factors. While other surgical specialties have adopted post discharge extended prophylaxis, the literature surrounding extended VTE prophylaxis in thoracic surgery is lacking. This study aims to identify VTE risk factors and VTE-associated mortality amongst surgical lung cancer patients.

Stop The Clot? Towards ‘Quality’ Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis In Thoracic Surgery

Background: Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is uncommon after general thoracic surgery, but is associated with a persistently-elevated mortality risk. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) introduced recommendations for thoracic surgery in their 2018 guidance on VTE prophylaxis (NG89). These extrapolated from a single systematic review, with no thoracic-specific literature.

Adherence to American Society of Health‐System Pharmacists guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery: a prospective observational study

AbstractBackgroundSurgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) decreases the incidence of surgical site infections. However, inappropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics may lead to antibiotic resistance, prolonged hospital stay and adverse drug reactions.AimThis prospective study aimed to assess the concordance of prophylactic antibiotic administration for thoracic operations in Iran with American Society of Health‐System Pharmacists (ASHP) guidelines.MethodsThe appropriateness of SAP administration in 222 thoracic operations was assessed in a respiratory referral centre over a period of 4 months. Demographic, clinical and SAP data were recorded from patient files. ASHP guidelines were used to evaluate the appropriateness of prophylactic antibiotic administration.ResultsCefazolin was correctly prescribed for approximately 70% of patients who required antibiotic prophylaxis. SAP was administered at the correct time (within 60 min before surgery) for 71.6% of surgeries. Intraoperative doses were correctly given in 27.7% of prolonged procedures. In 86.7% of surgeries, antibiotic administration was continued for more than 24 h after surgery (based on a physician's opinion or recent microbiological cultures).ConclusionThe results suggest a relatively low rate of consistency between SAP administration and ASHP guidelines in Iran. A long duration of antibiotic administration after operations is an important finding, which should be considered and re‐evaluated by thoracic surgeons in Iran.

Practice patterns in venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in thoracic surgery: a comprehensive Canadian Delphi survey.

The incidence of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) after resection of thoracic malignancies can reach 15%, but prophylaxis guidelines are yet to be established. We aimed to survey Canadian practitioners regarding perioperative risk factors for VTE, impact of those factors on extended prophylaxis selection, type of preferred prophylaxis, and timing of initiation and duration of thromboprophylaxis. A modified Delphi survey was undertaken over three rounds with thoracic surgeons, thoracic anesthesiologists and thrombosis experts across Canada. Participants were asked to rate each parameter on a ten-point scale. Agreement was determined a priori as an item reaching a coefficient of variation of ≤30% (0.3), with the item then discontinued from later rounds. In total, 72, 57 and 50 respondents participated in three consecutive rounds, respectively. Consensus was reached on previous VTE, age, cancer diagnosis, thrombophilia, poor mobilization, extended resections, and pre-operative chemotherapy as risk factors. Consensus on risk factors impacting extended prophylaxis decisions was achieved on cancer diagnosis, obesity, previous VTE and poor mobilization. With respect to perioperative prophylaxis, once daily low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was the only parameter that demonstrated agreement as a common practice pattern. No agreement was achieved regarding the role of mechanical prophylaxis, unfractionated heparin (UFH) or timing of initiation of peri-operative treatment. VTE prophylaxis until discharge reached agreement but there was substantial variability regarding the role of extended prophylaxis. There is agreement between Canadian clinicians treating patients with thoracic malignancies regarding most risk factors for VTE, but there is no agreement on timing of initiation of prophylaxis, the agents used or factors mandating usage of extended prophylaxis.

2015 Canadian Surgery Forum Abstracts.

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Surgical time out checklist with debriefing and multidisciplinary feedback improves venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in thoracic surgery: a prospective audit

There is a significant global burden of preventable morbidity and mortality after surgery caused by avoidable adverse events. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, despite evidence for its efficacy, is not reliably and consistently prescribed, and is currently a serious concern for patient safety. The aim of this study was to prospectively audit errors captured by an extended surgical time out checklist and relate them to the introduction of a safety culture. The use of an extended surgical time out checklist was prospectively audited, in consecutive patients in one operating theatre over a period of two years. Errors captured were analysed and related to other improvements to safety culture; human factors training, debriefing and regular departmental meetings. Time out was performed in 959 patients of 990 (96.8%) undergoing thoracic surgery. Performance was consistent over time. Errors were categorized as VTE prophylaxis (n = 53, 6%), blood products (n = 11), clerical (n = 5), imaging (n = 2) and miscellaneous (n = 2). After a lag period of 15 months, during which the team underwent human factors training, introduced debriefing and escalated VTE prophylaxis to regular departmental meetings, VTE prophylaxis errors were substantially reduced. The temporal relationship between error capture and error elimination is explored. Use of checklists alongside appropriate human factors training, debriefing and regular multidisciplinary communication can substantially improve VTE prophylaxis in patients undergoing surgery.

Postoperative Pneumonia After Major Pulmonary Resections: An Unsolved Problem in Thoracic Surgery

Antibiotics currently recommended for prophylaxis in thoracic surgery are first-generation and second-generation cephalosporins. Despite this prophylaxis, postoperative pneumonia after major pulmonary resections remains frequent and severe. However, in the medical literature, the origin of these infections is poorly documented. To evaluate the efficiency of current prophylactic regimens, we retrospectively analyzed 312 consecutive cases of major pulmonary resection, performed between January 2000 and December 2004. For patients who experienced postoperative pulmonary infection, the microbiologic agents and their antibiotic susceptibility were studied. A postoperative pneumonia was diagnosed in 76 patients (24.4% +/- 0.43%). Sixty patients (78.9%) experienced the infection in the first 5 postoperative days. A microbiologic documentation was obtained in 44 cases (57.9%) with 56 microorganisms involved. Pathogens responsible for the infections were Staphylococcus aureus (n = 10), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 8), group B Streptococcus organisms (n = 1), nongroupable Streptococcus organisms (n = 2), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 1), Haemophilus spp. (n = 9), Branhamella catarrhalis (n = 2), Enterobacteriaceae (n = 15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 3), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 1), and Candida spp. (n = 4). According to the antibiotic susceptibility testings, the prophylactic regimen by cefazolin proved ineffective for 84% of the microbiologically documented cases. This study confirmed the inefficiency of current prophylaxis against pathogens involved in postoperative pneumonia after major lung resections. Evaluation of new and more-adapted approaches of antibiotic prophylaxis should be the subject of prospective multicenter trials.

Preoperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis with a Long-Acting Cephalosporin for Thoracic Surgery in 192 Non Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

The efficacy of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery with a single dose of ceftriaxone was investigated. Here we report the results of a prospective study including 192 patients undergoing thoracic surgery for non small cell lung cancer. Overall, the postoperative infection rate, as measured by wound, respiratory tract, and urinary tract infections, was 8.3% (16/192). Ceftriaxone was well tolerated, and no allergic or other adverse reactions were reported. A single preoperative dose of ceftriaxone was cost-effective and allowed considerable saving of time, material, labor costs and money. This study, even though open and non-comparative, suggests that the routine use of a single preoperative dose of ceftriaxone provides a cost-effective prophylaxis for patients undergoing major thoracic operations.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of a single dose of ceftriaxone (1,000 milligrams intravenously) for antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery.

The pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of ceftriaxone after a single intravenous injection of 1,000 mg to 17 patients for antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery were studied. The patients were scheduled for elective noncardiac thoracic surgery. Adequate levels in serum (higher than or equal to the MIC for 90% of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were found for all patients throughout the surgical procedures. Mean maximal (5-min) and final (24-h) ceftriaxone levels in serum were 157 +/- 42 and 8.6 +/- 4.5 mg/liter, respectively. The beta-phase elimination half-life was 8.6 +/- 3 h, the plasma clearance was 18.4 +/- 6.25 ml/min, and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.21 +/- 0.07 liters/kg. At the time of the thoracotomy, the ceftriaxone concentrations were 13.5 +/- 7.8 micrograms/g in thoracic wall fat and 27 +/- 9 micrograms/g in lung tissue. At the time of closure, the ceftriaxone concentration was 15 +/- 9 micrograms/g in thoracic wall fat. During the different steps of the surgical procedures, 100% of patients had adequate levels in tissue (higher than or equal to the MIC for 90% of isolates of Streptococcus spp., E. coli, H. influenzae, and K. pneumoniae). For S. aureus, 90 to 100% of patients had adequate tissue ceftriaxone levels.