Prophylactic Bilateral Salpingectomy Research Articles

Effect of Bilateral Salpingectomy versus Bilateral Tubal Ligation on Ovarian Reserve for Patients Seeking Permanent Sterilisation: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a common malignancy in women with a high mortality rate, necessitating effective preventive measures. The American Cancer Society and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, in their newer guidelines, suggest that patients undergoing tubectomy have an opportunity for the prevention of ovarian carcinoma by undergoing Prophylactic Bilateral Salpingectomy (PBS) instead of tubectomy in average-risk women. However, salpingectomy is not widely accepted as a method of sterilisation over tubectomy during caesarean section due to concerns about its potentially detrimental effect on ovarian reserve. Aim: To determine the effect of Bilateral Salpingectomy (BLS) and Bilateral Tubectomy (BLT) on ovarian reserve over a period of six months from surgery and to compare salpingectomy and tubectomy for their intraoperative and postoperative complications. Materials and Methods: The study is a hospital-based prospective cohort study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College and Hospital (FAAMCH), Barpeta, Assam, India, from Sept 2020 to Aug 2021, over a period of one year, involving women between 32-35 years undergoing sterilisation during caesarean section. Mean Antimullerian Hormone estimation was done preoperatively, at the 3rd month, and at the 6th month to assess changes in ovarian reserve following salpingectomy and tubectomy. Intraoperative blood loss, surgery time, surgical complications, postoperative complications, recovery period, histopathological study of the fallopian tube, etc., were analysed and compared between the two groups. All data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant at a 5% confidence level. Results: A total of 114 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 9.64% dropped out midway, while the remaining 103 (90.36%) patients were part of the study until its completion. The mean age of the participants was 33 years and six months. There was no significant intergroup variation in preoperative, 3rd month, and 6th month mean Antimullerian Hormone (AMH) values (p>0.05). However, in each group, the preoperative mean AMH was lower than its 3rd month and 6th month values, which were in the normal range. This was attributed to ovarian suppression during pregnancy, which normalised following delivery and showed an increasing trend thereafter. However, on average, salpingectomy required approximately 10 minutes more than tubectomy. Conclusion: Salpingectomy does not affect ovarian reserve in the short-term of six months. Other than being more timeconsuming compared to tubectomy, salpingectomy is on par with traditional tubectomy. Therefore, it may be adopted as a routine sterilisation method considering its role in the prevention of ovarian cancers.

Opportunistic salpingectomy versus traditional partial salpingectomy at the time of cesarean delivery: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial

Background: Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality of all gynecologic malignancies, howeverthere is no proven effective screening for ovarian cancer. Evidence suggests that epithelial ovarian cancer begins in the fallopian tubes. Prophylactic bilateral total salpingectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer and is now recommended to be considered at the time of sterilization procedures. There are limited well designed clinical trials that compare the safety and feasibility of total salpingectomy to that of traditional partial salpingectomy for tubal sterilization in obstetrics. We thus conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the safety of bilateral total salpingectomy at the time of cesarean delivery. Methods: We conducted a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Women age 21 years and older who were undergoing cesarean delivery and desired concomitant sterilization were enrolled between May 17, 2017 and July 16, 2018. Stratified randomization was performed based on number of previous cesarean deliveries and their Basal Metabolic Index, into a bilateral total salpingectomy (BTS) group and bilateral partial salpingectomy (BPS) group. All salpingectomies were performed using clamps and suture. The primary outcome was to compare the mean peri-operative hemoglobin change for both groups. Secondary objectives included sterilization completion time, postoperative length of stay, estimated blood loss, postoperative pain and adverse events. Results: Of the 111 women screened, 40 were enrolled and randomized. Of these, 38 underwent the assigned procedure (18 BTS, 20 BPS). No difference in Mean ± SD hemoglobin drop between groups (1.4 ± 0.7 g/dL for the BPS group and 1.8 ± 1.0 g/dL for the BTS group, p = 0.08), however the point estimate of –0.4 is very close to the non-inferiority margin of –0.5, and the CI widely exceeds the non-inferiority margin (95% CI –0.99, 0.17). Therefore non-inferiority was not shown. Mean time to completion of sterilization procedure was significantly longer in the BTS group (16.3 ± 5.6 minutes for the BTS group vs 5.1 ± 1.6 minutes for the BPS group, p < 0.01). No significant differences for other outcome measures. Conclusions: Bilateral total salpingectomy is not non-inferior to tradiational bilateral partial salpingectomy with regards to postoperative hemoglobin drop, and is associated with a small increase in operative time. There, however, was no difference in adverse events, postoperative length of stay and postoperative pain between the two groups. This information may be helpful when counseling patients.

The effect of prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy on ovarian reserve in patients who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy

BackgroundBilateral salpingectomy has been proposed to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, but it is not clear whether the surgery affects ovarian reserve. This study compares the impact of laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign disease with or without prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy on ovarian reserve.MethodsRecords were reviewed for 373 premenopausal women who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy with ovarian reserve for benign uterine diseases. The serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and three-dimensional antral follicle count (AFC) were assessed before surgery and 3 and 9 months postoperatively to evaluate ovarian reserve. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether they underwent prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy. The incidence of pelvic diseases was monitored until the ninth month after surgery.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the two surgery groups in terms of baseline AMH, E2, FSH, LH, and AFC (all P > 0.05). There was no difference in potential bias factors, including patient age, operative time, and blood loss (all P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference between the two groups 3 months after surgery with respect to AMH (P = 0.763), E2 (P = 0.264), FSH (P = 0.478), LH (P = 0.07), and AFC (P = 0.061). Similarly, there were no differences between groups 9 months after surgery for AMH (P = 0.939), E2 (P = 0.137), FSH (P = 0.276), LH (P = 0.07) and AFC (P = 0.066). At 9 months after the operation, no patients had malignant ovarian tumors. The incidences of benign ovarian tumors in the salpingectomy group were 0 and 2.68 % at 3 and 9 months after surgery, respectively, and the corresponding values in the control group were 0 and 5.36 %. The incidences of pelvic inflammatory disease in the salpingectomy group were 10.72 and 8.04 % at 3 and 9 months after surgery, respectively, while corresponding values in the control group were 24.13 and 16.09 %.ConclusionsProphylactic bilateral salpingectomy did not damage the ovarian reserve of reproductive-age women who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy. Prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy might be a good method to prevent the development of ovarian cancer. Larger clinical trials with longer follow-up times are needed to further evaluate the risks and benefits.

Patient reported experiences following laparoscopic prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or salpingectomy in an ambulatory care hospital.

Women at risk of developing ovarian cancer because of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variant are candidates for prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO). While BSO surgeries are routinely performed, to our knowledge there are no studies that have examined patient-reported experiences following laparoscopic BSO performed in an ambulatory care setting. The objective of this study was to examine whether women undergoing prophylactic laparoscopic BSO felt they were adequately informed about post-operative outcomes. A telephone interview was conducted among 46 women undergoing laparoscopic BSO to collect detailed information regarding surgical outcomes, complications, symptoms, and time to return to daily activities. The average age at surgery was 45.0years (range 34-66) and 67% of women underwent BSO prior to age 50. The mean reported hospital stay was 7.2h (range 4-12h) and at time of discharge, 78% of the women felt well enough to go home. None of the women required a readmission to hospital. Forty-three percent (n = 20) of the women did not feel well informed about what to expect post-operatively. Most of the patient-reported outcomes (including pain, vaginal bleeding, and nausea/vomiting) were expected and patient-reported menopausal symptoms were more common among women who were premenopausal at surgery. In terms of returning to regular activities, premenopausal women (n = 36) resumed sexual activity on average at 43days (range 2-365), which is later than postmenopausal women (n = 15) at 19days (range 7-30). On average, women returned to full-time work in 16days (range 1-56days). Despite patients receiving pre-surgery counselling, our findings suggest that there is a need to provide supplemental, reinforcing patient materials in preparing patients for what to expect after surgery.

Patients' perceptions toward and the driving factors of decision-making for opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy at the time of cesarean section.

Objective:Enough data can be found in the literature regarding the protective effect of tubal ligation on gynecological cancers. In addition, a large body of evidence revealed that prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy had no significant negative effect on the ovarian function, quality of life, sexuality, surgery duration, and cost-effectivity. This study was aimed at exploring the underlying factors that motivate women for either opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy (OBS) or tubal ligation, particularly focusing on their preferences, knowledge, and beliefs toward female sterilization, satisfaction from counseling, and body image following the salpingectomy.Materials and Methods:A total of 54 patients who had undergone surgical sterilization with either OBS or tubal ligation were included in this prospective cohort study. The acceptance rate of the OBS at the time of cesarean section among pregnant women seeking surgical sterilization was calculated. The underlying reasons for women’s acceptance or refusal for salpingectomy were assessed by a non-validated data collection tool that had 14 open-ended questions focusing on the women’s preferences, knowledge, beliefs toward female sterilization, satisfaction from counseling, and body image following the salpingectomy.Results:The acceptance rate of OBS at the time of cesarean section among pregnant women and electively among non-pregnant women were 93.5% (n=43/46) and 75% (6/8), respectively. The main driving factors influencing the decision of preferring OBS over tubal ligation were the risk-reducing effect for ovarian cancer and superior pregnancy prevention.Conclusion:The acceptance rate of OBS at the time of cesarean section was found to be very high, and it should therefore be offered at the time of cesarean section to women who desire permanent contraception.

Comparative Study of Ovarian Function in Patients Undergoing Hysterectomy With or Without Bilateral Complete Salpingectomy

Hysterectomy is one of the most common gynaecological procedures performed in clinical practice. Over the past decade, there is increasing evidence that the majority of high-grade serous ovarian cancers arise in the fallopian tube and not primarily in the ovary. This new theory has led to an opportunity to prevent epithelial ovarian cancer by the addition of the prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy in all surgical procedures for average-risk women, not carrying BRCA mutations, who completed their reproductive goal (American Cancer Society and the American College of Obstetricians and gynaecologists). The rising trend in salpingectomy has been associated with a rising concern over its potentially damaging effect on ovarian reserve due to possible concomitant damage of ovarian blood supply given the close proximity of tubal and ovarian arteries. In view of the above arguments the present study was planned to compare the effect on ovarian function in patients undergoing hysterectomy with or without bilateral complete salpingectomy. 50 premenopausal women planned for hysterectomy for benign indications were randomized to undergo hysterectomy with bilateral complete salpingectomy (group A) or hysterectomy alone (group B). Blood sample was collected on pre-operative period for baseline FSH, LH and Serum oestradiol (E2) level estimation. Group A (n = 25) patients underwent total hysterectomy with complete excision of the fallopian tubes bilaterally and in group B (n = 25) patients’ classical approach was done and ovaries and fallopian tubes were left in situ. Duration of surgery, change in haemoglobin on third post-operative day, post-op complications, and total duration of hospital stay was noted. The follow up of these patients was done 3 months after surgery and again blood sample was taken for serum FSH, LH and oestradiol (E2) level estimation. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups. There was also no difference in operative outcomes such as operative time, intra-operative blood loss or complications between the two groups. Mean FSH, LH, and oestradiol values were unchanged after both the techniques. Bilateral complete opportunistic salpingectomy at the time of hysterectomy does not appear to have any short-term deleterious effects on ovarian function or increased surgical risk.

Impact of prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy on ovarian reserve in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether bilateral opportunistic salpingectomy (BOS) in premenopausal women has any detrimental effect on ovarian reserve (OR) and if this increases surgical consequences in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy (VH)/Non-Descent vaginal hysterectomy (NDVH).Materials and Methods: This prospective, open-label, randomized, multisite, parallel group, concealed allocation, superiority trial was conducted at Benha University Hospital (BUH), and two private centers in El-Qalubia, Egypt, From September 2015 to September 2017. 110 women undergoing VH/NDVH were allocated to adding BOS (intervention group) or not (control group) at 1 : 1 ratio. The primary outcomes were differences in change of serum Anti-mullerian hormone (ΔAMH), serum follicular stimulating hormone (ΔFSH), antral follicular count (ΔAFC), flow index (ΔFI) vascularization index (Δ VI), vascularization flow index (Δ VFI) and calculated ovarian age with OvAge (Δ OvAge), measured preoperatively and at 6 to 8 months postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were surgical outcomes as well as the feasibility of performing BOS at VH/NDVH and hospital stay.Results: Baseline demographic, clinical, hormonal and three-dimensional ultrasound characteristics did not show significant differences between both groups according to both intention to treat (ITT) analysis as well as per protocol (PP) analysis. Also, the groups did not differ significantly regarding operative outcomes such as operative time, operative bleeding and hospital stay according to ITT and PP analyses. The BOS was surgically feasible in 95% (58/61) of tried cases. In both groups the postoperative AMH, AFC, VI, FI, VFI were decreased, while FSH, OvAge were increased. There were no statistically significant differences between intervention and control groups according to ITT as well as PP analyses regarding Δ AMH (P = 0.17), Δ FSH (P = 0.11), ΔAFC (P = 0.07), Δ VI (P = 0.82), Δ FI (P = 0.94),ΔVFI 9 (P = 0.96) and Δ OaAge (P = 0.78).Conclusion: Performing bilateral opportunistic salpingectomy at time of vaginal hysterectomy / Non-descent vaginal hysterectomy did not have a detrimental effect on ovarian reserve as well as surgical consequences when compared with a policy of performing hysterectomy alone. So adding BOS as ovarian cancer risk-reducing surgery appears to be a safe procedure in average OvCa risk premenopausal women undergoing VH/NDVH for benign gynecological indications.

Prophylactic salpingectomy for prevention of ovarian cancer at the time of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BackgroundMost serous ovarian cancers are now understood to originate in the fallopian tubes. Removing the tubes (salpingectomy) likely reduces the risk of developing high‐grade serous ovarian cancer. Numerous gynaecological societies now recommend prophylactic (or opportunistic) salpingectomy at the time of gynaecological surgery in appropriate women, and this is widely done. Salpingectomy at the time of non‐gynaecological surgery has not been explored and may present an opportunity for primary prevention of ovarian cancer.MethodsThis study investigated whether prophylactic salpingectomy with the intention of reducing the risk of developing ovarian cancer would be accepted and could be accomplished at the time of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Women aged at least 45 years scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were recruited. They were counselled and offered prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy at the time of cholecystectomy. Outcome measures were rate of accomplishment of salpingectomy, time and procedural steps needed for salpingectomy, and complications.ResultsA total of 105 patients were included in the study. The rate of acceptance of salpingectomy was approximately 60 per cent. Salpingectomy was performed in 98 of 105 laparoscopic cholecystectomies (93·3 per cent) and not accomplished because of poor visibility or adhesions in seven (6·7 per cent). Median additional operating time was 13 (range 4–45) min. There were no complications attributable to salpingectomy. One patient presented with ovarian cancer 28 months after prophylactic salpingectomy; histological re‐evaluation of the tubes showed a previously undetected, focal serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma.ConclusionProphylactic salpingectomy can be done during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Opportunistic Salpingectomy at the Time of Benign Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: Assessment of Possible Complications and Histopathological p53-Signatures.

Introduction The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of tubal histopathological abnormalities (serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma STIC and p53 signatures) and the prevalence of perioperative and postoperative complications related to opportunistic laparoscopic salpingectomy in a low risk population. Materials and Methods In this observational prospective cohort, prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy during benign laparoscopic hysterectomy was systematically performed in 100 consecutive women. Peri- and postoperative complications were registered. Duration of salpingectomy and post-salpingectomy blood loss were also measured. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis with anti-p53 antibody were performed on the whole fallopian tubes according to a specific and validated protocol. Results Laparoscopic salpingectomy was always possible without any peri- or postoperative complication attributable to the salpingectomy itself. The mean duration was 428 seconds (354 – 596) and the blood loss was 9 cm 3 (2 – 15). Using histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment with anti-p53 antibody on 199 fallopian tubes (99 bilateral salpingectomies and one unilateral salpingectomy because of previous salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy), there was a prevalence of 5.52% (11/199) of p53 signatures. No STIC were observed and no associated cancer. Conclusions Laparoscopic salpingectomy is both feasible and innocuous during benign hysterectomy. Meticulous histopathologic examination of the tubes may reveal specific abnormalities.

Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery as a Rescue for Total Vaginal Hysterectomy

BackgroundTransvaginal surgery is the most minimally invasive surgery for a gynecologic procedure but can be challenging for many to perform as evidenced by its declining rate. Vaginal removal of the adnexal structures can be difficult because of poor visualization. Factors such as abnormal pathology, incidental finding of early-stage endometriosis or adhesions from previous cesarean section or surgery, and obesity may further complicate the procedure. Transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) may be performed during vaginal surgery using basic laparoscopic single-site skills as a “rescue” procedure for the complete removal of the adnexae. This allows the surgeon to complete the procedure vaginally without requiring conversion or addition of abdominal incisions. The combination of total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH) with NOTES as a “rescue” procedure may be a useful tool for gynecologic surgeons for removal of the adnexae and performance of other pelvic procedures. Study ObjectiveTo demonstrate various common pelvic procedures that can be performed by transvaginal NOTES after completion of TVH. DesignVariety demonstrations of the transvaginal NOTES technique as a “rescure” for total vaginal hysterectomy with narrated video footage (Canadian Task Force classification III). SettingAcademic tertiary care hospital. PatientsPatients with various surgeries including prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, adhesiolysis, and incidental finding of superficial endometriosis resection. This video is exempt from institutional review board review at our institution. InterventionsTransvaginal NOTES adnexal surgery and other procedures using basic laparoscopic single-site surgical skills. Measurements and Main ResultsSalpingectomy, oophorectomy, lysis of adhesions, and resection of endometriosis can be performed using NOTES at the time of vaginal hysterectomy. ConclusionNOTES allows the surgeon to survey the pelvis for pathology and to complete other pelvic procedures transvaginally during TVH with no additional abdominal incisions. Transvaginal NOTES can be considered a “rescue” approach and can be a helpful tool for the pelvic surgeon.

Comparing surgical outcome and ovarian reserve after laparoscopic hysterectomy between two methods of with and without prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy: A randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed to compare the surgical outcome and ovarian reserve in premenopausal women undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy (without oophorectomy) for benign cause between two methods of with and without prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy. In a prospective randomized clinical trial, 62 premenopausal women with benign indication underwent a laparoscopic hysterectomy. Patients were then randomized to undergo hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy (Group 1; n = 15) or without bilateral salpingectomy (Group 2; n = 15). We evaluated the impact of bilateral salpingectomy on surgical outcome and ovarian reserve using serum levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) that were measured preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively (P < 0.001). Baseline characteristics such as age, uterine size, body mass index, and preoperative AMH and FSH levels were similar between the two study groups. The average operative time, estimated blood loss, uterine size, uterine weight, and intraoperative complication were similar between two groups. The mean AMH levels were not significantly different at baseline (1.44 ng/mL vs. 1.2 ng/mL) and at 3-month postoperatively (1.13 ng/mL vs. 0.97 ng/mL) among women with salpingectomy versus no salpingectomy. At 3-month follow-up, in both groups, postoperative AMH levels were significantly lower and FSH levels were significantly higher than before surgery. Prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy at the time of laparoscopic hysterectomy neither has a negative effect on ovarian reserve nor increases the surgical risk. Therefore, we may recommend gynecologic surgeons to perform prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy during laparoscopic hysterectomy to conserve both ovaries.

Prophylactic salpingectomy and ovarian cancer: An evidence-based analysis.

Introduction:One of the ovarian carcinogenesis theories was the presence of premalignant cells in the epithelium of the fallopian tube. Therefore, the prophylactic salpingectomy during benign gynecological surgery is now expected as the attempt to reduce the ovarian cancer incidence. We studied the effect of prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy (PBS) in reducing the ovarian cancer incidence.Methods:This evidence-based report resulted from critical appraisal of 5 articles. It is aimed to answer our clinical question, can bilateral prophylactic salpingectomy reduce the incidence of ovarian cancer among women underwent hysterectomy for benign condition or permanent contraception surgery? The search was conducted on the Cochrane Library®, PubMed®, and Embase® using keywords of “prophylactic salpingectomy,” and “ovarian cancer incidence.” Reference lists of relevant articles were searched for other possibly relevant articles.Results:Five studies were included in our appraisal. The incidence of ovarian cancer among women underwent prophylactic salpingectomy is lower compared to women who were not underwent any intervention (2.2% to 13% and 4.75% to 24.4%). The salpingectomy may reduce 29.2% to 64% of ovarian cancer incidence. No significant effect of PBS to ovarian function, quality of life, sexuality, surgery duration, and its cost-effective profile were also found throughout our literature study.Conclusion:PBS is suggested to be performed for women during benign gynecological surgery as a primary preventive strategy of ovarian cancer. PBS is a cost-effective procedure, risk-reducing for ovarian cancer and has no significant effect to the ovarian function.

322 - Whether Prophylactic Bilateral Salpingectomy Will Reduce Quality of Life and Ovarian Function?

Study Objective: To evaluate patients' quality of life(QOL) and ovarian function who received prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy.

Serous Tubal Carcinogenesis: The Recent Concept of Origin of Ovarian, Primary Peritoneal and Fallopian Tube High-Grade Serous Carcinoma.

Pelvic (non-uterine) high-grade serous carcinomas (PHGSC) including ovarian, tubal and primary peritoneal serous carcinomas have increased death: incidence ratio due to presentation at advanced stage, rapid progression, poor prognosis and high morbidity. Ambiguity regarding their pathogenesis and lack of a proper screening method is the cause of their late detection and high fatality rate. This study was undertaken to assess the fallopian tube for the presence of precursor lesions in pelvic serous carcinoma. This was a prospective case-control study carried out in a tertiary care center. Consecutive specimens of 55 cases of pelvic high-grade serous carcinoma and 41 controls inclusive of 21 low-grade serous carcinoma, 10 benign adnexal masses and 10 normal adnexa were included in the study. Both side fallopian tubes in each case were subjected to histopathological examination and p53, Ki67 immunohistochemistry. There were 55 cases of PHGSC comprising of 50 cases of ovarian HGSC, two cases of primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC) and three cases of tubal carcinoma. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) was detected in 14 cases (28%), p53 signature in 13 cases (26%) and tubal intraepithelial lesion in transition in 10 cases (20%) of ovarian HGSC. One case (50%) of PPC and one (33%) case of tubal carcinoma revealed the presence of STIC. None of the controls exhibited any precursor lesion except ovarian low-grade serous carcinoma where p53 was detected in 20% of cases. This revelation concludes that fallopian tubes are the sites of precursors of PHGSC to a large extent. In the absence of a proper screening method of HGSC, prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy at hysterectomy for benign diseases can achieve ultimate goal of reduction in incidence of PHGSC.

Retrospective Review of Prophylactic Bilateral Salpingectomy: Evaluation of Rates &amp; Perioperative Complications [15H

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Current evidence suggests that high grade serous ovarian cancer originates in the fallopian tube. It is thought that bilateral salpingectomy (BS) will decrease the risk of ovarian cancer. Our goal is to observe the trend in rates of BS at our institution over the last three years, and evaluate operative time and complications in those patients undergoing BS. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed. Records of patients who underwent hysterectomy with and without salpingectomy for benign conditions from January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2014 were reviewed. Charts were identified using CPT codes. Exclusion criteria included malignant pathology and history of bleeding disorder. Statistical Analysis was performed, using Student's t-test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables. RESULTS: In total 921 samples were collected. A significant increase in the rate of BS was seen over the observed time period (27.8% 2012, 41.9% 2013, 46.8% 2014, P &lt; 0.0001). Length of procedure, estimated blood loss, intraoperative/postoperative complications and unplanned readmissions were the same in the BS and no BS groups. BS was more commonly performed in abdominal and laparoscopic hysterectomies compared to vaginal and robotic hysterectomies. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate an increase in the performance of BS in benign procedures at our institution. There were no increased operative risks associated with performing BS at the time of hysterectomy. These results are consistent with the results of other facilities and should encourage routine planning for BS at the time of benign hysterectomy.

Current Updates on Salpingectomy for the Prevention of Ovarian Cancer and Its Practice Patterns Worldwide.

A paradigm shift of the origin of ovarian cancer to fallopian tube has brought more focus on bilateral salpingectomy as a preventive method for ovarian cancer. Bilateral salpingectomy has shown a dramatic reduction in the risk of ovarian cancer. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy has been a long-used practice to prevent ovarian cancer, but it brings surgical menopause and an increased mortality rate to women undergoing such a surgery at the age of <47.5. With the prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy, however, the ovarian function remains unaltered. Recent studies have shown that prophylactic salpingectomy was helpful not only in preventing high-grade serous type ovarian cancer, but also in decreasing adnexal pathologies. With the publication of committee opinion, more practitioners have accepted this proposal, but some are more concerned about its disadvantages. This review illustrates the latest updates on salpingectomy as a preventive method for ovarian cancer, including its advantages and disadvantages, clinicians' opinions, public opinions, so as to find out Obstetricians' and Gynecologists' practice pattern related to opportunistic salpingectomy worldwide.

Does prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy during pelviscopic hysterectomy increase perioperative morbidity?.

The study was conducted in the Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg (Baden-Wirttemberg, Germany). Classical laparoscopic hysterectomies were performed between 2010 and 2011 and a prophylactic salpingectomy was added thereafter. The authors analysed the postoperative complications until 2013 according to the Clavien-Dindo scale in performing a logistic regression model adjusted on potential confounders. They also analysed other surgery outcomes such as operative time, duration of the hospital stay, and the blood loss during the surgery. Over 301 patients were retrieved from the records. Postoperative complication rates were not different between the two groups (13.8% versus 14.2 % patients, OR = 0.93 [0.47 - 1.84], p = 0.84). Other outcomes were also not different. Prophylactic salpingectomy performed during a laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign conditions seems to be' safe and recommended. Prospective studies especially with respect to the magnitude of the prophylactic effect are needed.

Mini-Laparoscopy for Removal (Partial) of Adnexae at the Time of Hysterectomy

Study ObjectiveTo demonstrate our technique of mini-laparoscopic adnexectomy or salpingectomy at the time of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH). DesignStep-by-step video demonstration of our technique. SettingThe advantages of laparoscopic surgery have been widely recognized, including improved visualization and exposure, reduced operative trauma owing to smaller incisions and gentler tissue handling, and faster postoperative recovery. Continuing technological developments have allowed the use of smaller-caliber instruments while maintaining a high standard of surgical performance. Mini-laparoscopy requires the use of 3-mm or smaller ports. The main advantage of mini-laparoscopy is the reduced incision size, which can translate into a lower incidence of incision-related complications such as postoperative pain, infection, and trocar site herniation, along with superior cosmetic results. Today, in younger patients, prophylactic salpingectomy can be considered instead of adnexectomy, taking into account the well-known benefits of ovarian conservation. Prophylactic salpingectomy involves Fallopian tube removal for primary prevention of epithelial carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneum in women undergoing pelvic surgery for another indication. Other advantages of this intervention are the avoidance of hydrosalpinx (which affects ∼30% women after hysterectomy), the 7.8% lifetime risk of revision surgery [1], tubal infection, and benign and malignant Fallopian tube tumors. Finally, salpingectomy has no known physiological side effects, is safe and feasible, does not worsen surgical outcomes, does not significantly increase the operative time, and is not related to increased rates of intraoperative and postoperative complications or readmission. InterventionsThe patient is a 44-year-old woman with a history of 2 previous cesarean sections with adenomyosis and endometriosis infiltration of the uterosacral ligaments. After discussion about the risks and benefits of ovarian conservation with prophylactic salpingectomy versus adnexectomy, the patient opted to preserve her ovaries. A TLH with partial removal of the uterosacral ligaments nodules and prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy was performed. To begin, the patient was placed in lithotomy position with Allen stirrups at an angle of approximately 100 degrees. Standard trocar placement was used. A 5- or 10-mm 0° scope was placed at the level of the umbilicus and three 3-mm skin incisions were made for accessory lower quadrant trocar placement: 2 lateral, approximately 3 cm medial to the anterior superior iliac spine, and 1 suprapubic, slightly higher than the line made by the lateral trocars, ensuring that the distance between this port and the camera trocar exceeded 8 cm. This triangulation of the accessory ports allowed for good ergonomics for the surgeon. The procedure continued with abdominopelvic cavity inspection and bilateral transperitoneal ureter identification and eventual adhesiolysis, and then the following steps:1.Coagulation and section of the round ligament bilaterally.2.Opening of the anterior leaf of the broad ligament.3.Fenestration of the posterior leaf of broad ligaments to displace the ureter laterally.4.Bilateral salpingectomy. The tuba-ovarian ligament was first divided at the fimbriae, and then the tube was completely removed from its fimbriated end up to the uterotubal junction, preserving the vascularization of the mesosalpinx as much as possible. The tubes were left attached to the uterus to allow en bloc removal.5.Coagulation and sectioning of the uteroovarian ligaments bilaterally.6.Vesicouterine and posterior dissection.7.Uterine vessel dissection, coagulation, and sectioning.8.Opening of the vagina.9.Uterus extraction by the vaginal route.10.Vaginal closure with laparoscopic figure-eight sutures.The instruments used were a 10-mm scope, a 3-mm bipolar forceps, 3-mm cold scissors, a 3-mm suction-irrigation device and 3-mm grasping forceps. ConclusionMini-laparoscopy is an alternative to classic laparoscopy associated with greater patient satisfaction. Prophylactic salpingectomy has proven to reduce the risk of ovary, peritoneal, and tubal epithelial carcinomas as well as benign tubal diseases, and does not significantly increase the operative time or the incidence of postoperative complications.

3 to 5 Years Later: Long-term Effects of Prophylactic Bilateral Salpingectomy on Ovarian Function

Study ObjectivePreliminary data on the effects of prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy (PBS) show that postoperative ovarian function is preserved up to 3 months after surgery. The confirmation of PBS safety on ovarian function even many years after surgery is essential to reassure the medical community that this new strategy, recently proposed for the prevention of ovarian cancer, is at least able to avoid the risk of premature surgical menopause. We investigated whether the addition of PBS during total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) causes long-term effects on ovarian function. DesignAn observational study (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). SettingDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro, Italy. PatientsSeventy-nine patients who underwent TLH plus salpingectomy between September 2010 and September 2012 at our institution have been recalled to be submitted to ovarian reserve evaluation in February 2015. Eight of 79 women refused to participate in this follow-up study. InterventionsThe ovarian age of PBS patients has been determined through OvAge (OvAge sr., Catanzaro, Italy), a statistical model that combines antimüllerian hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, 3-dimensional antral follicle count, vascular index, flow index, and vascular flow index values. The control group consisted of a large population of 652 healthy women (with intact uterus and adnexa) previously enrolled to build the OvAge model. Comparisons between ovarian ages of PBS patients and the control group have been assessed by analysis of covariance linear statistical modeling. Measurements and Main ResultsThe main outcome measurement was the differences in the behavior within OvAge/age relation between PBS and control women. Descriptive statistics of those 71 enrolled PBS patients are the following: age, 49.61 ± 2.15 years; OvAge, 49.22 ± 2.57 years; follicle-stimulating hormone, 43.02 ± 19.92 mU/mL; antimüllerian hormone, 0.12 ± 0.20 ng/mL; 3-dimensional antral follicle count, 1.91 ± 1.28; vascular index, 2.80% ± 5.32%; flow index, 19.37 ± 5.88; and vascular flow index, 0.56 ± 1.12. Analysis of covariance disclosed that PBS and control women do not exhibit different behaviors (p = .900) within OvAge/age relation. ConclusionAccording to our model, the addition of PBS to TLH in the late reproductive years does not modify the ovarian age of treated women up to 3 to 5 years after surgery.

Prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy for the prevention of ovarian cancers: What is happening in Italy?

In 2011, the Society of Gynecologic Oncology of Canada encouraged physicians to discuss with their patients the risks and benefits of prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy (PBS) at the time of hysterectomy or tubal ligation for prevention of ovarian cancers (OCs). The aim of this study was to examine obstetrician-gynaecologists' knowledge, opinions and practice patterns relating to opportunistic salpingectomy in the general population. An anonymous electronic survey was sent to residents, academic and hospital staff in Italian OBGYN departments. The survey included questions on demographics, knowledge and attitudes in terms of the implementation of PBS in women at average population risk of OC. At least 80% of the 479 respondents reported performing PBS during hysterectomy for benign indications, chiefly with the intent of OC risk reduction but also to decrease the risk of reoperation and subsequent tubal pathologies. Among the 86 colleagues who do not routinely perform PBS, more than 50% stated that they have doubts regarding the benefits associated with the procedure. Most of the respondents declared that they were familiar with the literature on the topic and were aware of the data reporting the safety of the procedure, and only 21 (4.53%) had never heard of PBS. Over 40% of the respondents worked in hospitals in southern Italy. PBS as a prophylactic measure to reduce the incidence of OC is a well-known strategy among the Italian OBGYNs interviewed. Given the unequal distribution of respondents, however, wider educational initiatives should be undertaken, at least in Italy, to increase the implementation of salpingectomy among OBGYNs.