Properties Of Polyethylene Glycol Research Articles

Coral‐inspired anti‐biofilm therapeutic abutments as a new paradigm for prevention and treatment of peri‐implant infection

AbstractPeri‐implant infection is one of the major causes for implant failure. The transmucosal/transcutaneous surface of implant abutment is directly connected to the external environment and constantly exposed to a large number of bacteria. Establishing a robust anti‐biofilm barrier at the abutment surface to minimize the risk of peri‐implant infection is highly desirable in the field of dental implantology but remains challenging. Herein, a new class of therapeutic abutments featuring excellent anti‐biofilm performance is developed, which is achieved by admirably integrating the outstanding self‐cleaning property of polyethylene glycol and the long‐lasting renewable antibacterial property of N‐halamine. Through a comprehensive series of in vitro and in vivo experiments closely mimicking clinical conditions, therapeutic abutments have been successfully demonstrated to possess the ability of inhibiting biofilm accumulation to prevent peri‐implant infection, as well as to achieve persistent and accurate administration to reverse early‐stage peri‐implant infection. Furthermore, the therapeutic abutment could be repeatedly used, representing the characteristic of sustainable medical devices. These findings indicate a new paradigm for the prevention and treatment of peri‐implant infection.

Preparation and Tribological Behaviors of Modified Rice Husk Carbon/MoS2 Composite Particles as a Functional Additive in Polyethylene Glycol

Rice husk carbon/molybdenum disulfide (RHC/MoS2) nanoparticles were prepared by a chemical precipitation method in order to comprehensively utilize the rice husk. 3-Aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (ATS) was used as a surface modifier to promote the dispersion capability of RHC/MoS2 particles in polyethylene glycol. The tribological behavior of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different amount of modified particles was investigated using a ball-disk tribometer at the different velocities and loads. A three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning microscope (LSM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to clarify the friction and wear mechanisms of modified composite particles in PEG. Results show that the modified RHC/MoS2 has good friction characteristics and dispersion in PEG. Modified RHC/MoS2 particles can effectively improve the wear resistance and friction reduction properties of PEG. The optimal additions of two kinds of particles are both 0.5 wt%. Friction and wear mechanism of composite particles were ascribed to the tribofilm that came from the components of composite particles.

Interfacial Structure and Function of Nano-Structured Membranes of Newly Synthesized Phosphorylcholine Derivatives on Single Crystal Electrodes

Properties of modified surface for biosensing interface are recognized as important subjects to develop methodologies in bio-related analysis and techniques. Therefore, various surface modification materials to fabricate biosensing interface have been synthesized and studied on properties of modified surface of gold,1-4 carbon,5 silicon6 and some polymer7,8 substrates for application to biosensor and micro flow analytical system. The non-specific adsorption of proteins that occurs during analysis of biomolecules often has a serious detrimental effect on selectivity and detection limit, and research on surface modification materials has attracted great interest with a view to avoiding the interference caused by the non-specific adsorption of proteins. The properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) such as flexibility, chemical stability, water solubility, and low cytotoxicity make it a versatile surface modification material. The most attractive property of PEG is its suppressive effect on the non-specific adsorption of proteins. While polymers consisting of the ethylene glycol moiety have been studied extensively, it has also been reported that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of oligoethylene glycol-alkane thiols suppress the non-specific adsorption of proteins in a similar way to surfaces modified with PEG. Our previous work showed that SAMs of oligoethylene glycol–alkane thiols effectively suppressed the non-specific adsorption of proteins allowing us to realize the high performance detection of proteins.1 On the other hand, phosphorylcholine derivatives are other promising candidates for suppressing the non-specific adsorption of proteins because the phosphorylcholine group is one of the primary lipid components of plasma membranes. Although SAMs of phosphorylcholine-alkane thiols were also reported to suppress the non-specific adsorption of proteins, there have been relatively few studies related to SAMs of phosphorylcholine-alkane thiols compared with those on SAMs of oligoethylene glycol–alkane thiols. Therefore, we are interested in the properties of phosphorylcholine SAMs. It was found that newly synthesized phosphorylcholine-alkane thiols bearing the oligoethylene glycol moiety, namely phosphorylcholine–oligoethylene glycol–alkane thiols, formed SAMs on gold surfaces and suppressed fibrinogen adsorption more effectively than the corresponding oligoethylene glycol–alkane thiols.2 The incorporation of oligoethylene glycol moieties in phosphorylcholine-alkane thiols enhanced the suppressive effect on concanavalin A adsorption but not on fibrinogen adsorption. Furthermore, we studied the newly synthesized zwitterion–alkane thiol SAMs which have phosphorylcholine, inverse phosphorylcholine and sulfobetaine terminal groups as shown in Figure 1, and repot here mainly the results on the interfacial structure and function of the phosphorylcholine-alkane thiol SAMs on a single crystal Au(111) electrode in solution. An electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM) was used to observe surface feature of phosphorylcholine-dodecanethiol (C12PC) SAMs on Au(111) in 0.1M HClO4, and mostly flat terrace surface with the surface roughness less than 0.3 nm was observed in a wide scan area, indicating that the molecules were closely packed. A typical high-resolution EC-STM images of C12PC SAM on Au(111) was presented in Figure 2. Bright spots aligned toward √3 directions were clearly observed with spacing of 0.5 nm, corresponding to individual C12PC molecules. The molecular arrangement was assigned to (√3 x 3√3)R30° structure with two C12PC molecules in the lattice. The surface coverage of the monolayer was 2/9, which is consistent with that from the charge of electrochemical reductive desorption process with an assumption of one-electron reaction. In the case of the phosphorylcholine–diethylene glycol–alkane thiols (C12O2PC) SAMs, the monolayer exhibited the double-striped (√3 x 3√3)R30° structure with a molecular coverage of 2/9, where every three C12O2PC molecular rows was missing. In comparison with C12PC and C12O2PC SAMs, the molecular arrangement of C12PC would be (√3 x 3√3)R30°-2C12PC missing row structure, which is the same as that of the C12O2PC SAM, because of bulkiness of phosphorylcholine head group. A detailed analysis of the surface structure will be discussed with the function suppressing the non-specific adsorption of proteins.References(1) Y. Sato, K. Yoshioka, M. Tanaka, T. Murakami, M. N.Ishida, N. Niwa, Chem. Commun., 4909 (2008).(2) M. Tanaka, T. Sawaguchi, Y. Sato, K. Yoshioka, O. Niwa, Tetrahedron Lett., 50, 4092 (2009).(3) S. Taira, D. Kaneko, K. Yokoyama, T. Sawaguchi, J. Molecular Imaging & Dynamics, S1-001, 1 (2012).(4) M. Tanaka, T. Sawaguchi, Y. Hirata, O. Niwa, K. Tawa, C. Sasakawa, K. Kuraoka, J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 497, 309 (2017).(5) M. Tanaka, T. Sawaguchi, Y. Sato, K. Yoshioka, O. Niwa, Langmuir, 27, 170 (2011).(6) M. Tanaka, T. Sawaguchi, M. Kuwahara, O. Niwa, Langmuir, 29, 6361 (2013).(7) M. Tanaka, Y. Hirata, T. Sawaguchi, S. Kurosawa, Arkivoc, ii, 330 (2018).(8) M. Tanaka, Y. Ogawa, Y. Hirata Y, T. Sawaguchi, S. Kurosawa, Sensors and Materials, 31, 33 (2019). Figure 1

Тhe Viscosity Study of Naftifine Hydrochloride Solution with a Combination of Polyethylene Glycols

Introduction. Naftifin hydrochloride is an antifungal drug from the allylamine group, which is used as a drug for external use in the treatment of onychomycosis. Quickly penetrates the skin and nails. It has antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. It has a wide range of actions against many fungi that cause onychomycosis (dermatophytes, molds and yeast). In addition, it has an antibacterial effect in the ratio of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, reduces the risk of complicated course of the disease. It has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. Polyethylene glycols belong to the class of organic polymers of ethylene glycol. Polyethylene glycols are safe and widely used in pharmaceutical production, due to the variety of applications. The object of the study is a number of solutions of naftifin hydrochloride in different combinations and with different ratios of polyethylene glycols.Aim. The purpose of the work is to choose the optimal composition of the solution of naftifin hydrochloride. Achieve due to the viscosity of the prolonging action of the solution. Depending on the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol to determine the flow time of solutions. Choose among a number of samples with different ratios of polyethylene glycols, a solution with maximum viscosity.Materials and methods. To determine the viscosity of this solution, a capillary viscometry method was used on the vpzh-2 apparatus. «Exoderil» solution was chosen as a reference formulation.Results and discussion. Alternating different combinations of polyethylene glycol, we have increased the viscosity of the fluid naftifine hydrochloride, which has achieved a more accurate method of application of medicinal substances. During the study, it was determined that the solution «Exoderil» has a minimum viscosity, compared with all samples of the studied solutions.Сonclusion. The optimal viscosity of the solution of naftifin hydrochloride provides a prolonged action of the drug, due to a longer stay on the nail plate. Viscosity allows for more accurate application to the damaged nail, and reduces the loss of concentration of the active substance. Moisturizing properties of polyethylene glycols will help to reduce the severity of side effects (dryness, rarefaction), and provide a longer and more comfortable treatment of onychomycosis.

Effects of ultrasonic cavitation on neutralization process of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol

In recent decades, ultrasound has been broadly employed in different applications, particularly in the chemical industry. Ultrasound enhances chemical reactions in a solution via generation of cavitation microbubbles. It improves mass transfer rate and kinetic rate of targeted systems under various process conditions. In polyethylene glycol (PEG) production, the neutralization reaction is generally carried out by employing a mechanical stirring operation. However, this process produces a soluble salt containing potassium and acetate ions, which are known to appreciably manipulate/alter the properties of PEG. In this paper, ultrasound influence is initially analyzed through the neutralization of deionized water. This study then focuses on the neutralization of PEG using ultrasonic cavitation and its impact on the properties of PEG. The ultrasonic cavitation unit employed in this research is a COLE‐Parmer® 500 W & 20 kHz with an ultrasonic probe. To investigate the efficiency of the ultrasonic cavitation reactor and analyze the important aspects of the implemented method, the concentration of soluble salts and conductivity of PEG neutralized by the ultrasonic cavitation method are measured and compared with those of the commercial PEG prepared by the mechanical stirring methodology. The results reveal that the neutralization reaction via the ultrasonic cavitation lowers the conductivity and concentrations of potassium and acetate ions, compared to the traditional stirring methods. It is also concluded that the minimum conductivity and the minimum content of potassium and acetate ions are achieved at 30 % power and a reaction time of 5 min. This study promises the efficient utilization of the ultrasonic cavitation in the industrial sectors, particularly in pharmaceutical industries.

Impact of Die Materials on the Effect of New Polymer Processing Aids for Sharkskin Properties

Flows of polymeric liquids undergo instabilities whose origins are quite different from those of Newtonian flows, due to their elastic character and the complexity of the fluid/solid boundary condition. One of these instabilities is well known as “shark-skin” which damages the surface appearance and properties of polymer extrudate while processing in blowmolding or piping, while it can be suppressed by employing various methods including coating the die surface and/or adding Polymer Processing Aid’s (PPA) to the polymer. In this article, the effect of various die materials on the properties of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a new type of PPA for suppressing the sharkskin phenomenon has been studied.

Hygroscopic properties of PEG treated archaeological wood from the rampart of the 10th century stronghold as exposed in the Archaeological Reserve Genius loci in Poznań (Poland)

Abstract The archaeological wood from the rampart of the Poznan stronghold built in the 10th century was subjected to the investigations. The material was obtained during the excavations and conservation works of the earthen and wooden relicts. The archaeological wood, both untreated and treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), was characterized by determining adsorption and desorption isotherms, which were formed by GAB and GDW models. The anomalous increase of the equilibrium moisture content for air relative humidity values above 80% was found for the PEG treated wood. It was clearly presented that the safety of wood exposition strongly depends on the proper maintaining of air parameters. The mechanisms of the reduction of equilibrium moisture content and sorption hysteresis for the PEG treated wood were explained. It was not recommended to predict equilibrium moisture content values with the Hailwood-Horrobin model fitted to the sorption data collected by the US Forest Products Laboratory as it was not accounting for sorption hysteresis, decay of archaeological wood and the influence of the PEG treatment.

Вплив молекулярної маси на властивості поліетиленгліколей, допованих багатошаровими вуглецевими нанотрубками

Вплив молекулярної маси на властивості поліетиленгліколей, допованих багатошаровими вуглецевими нанотрубками

Synthesis, optical and surface morphological properties of polyethylene glycol capped lead sulphide nanoparticles

The polyethylene glycol (PEG) capped lead sulphide (PbS) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by simple wet chemical method. The synthesized product has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectrophotometry, FTIR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence studies. The size of the PEG capped PbS nanoparticles was determined from XRD and it is found that the size of the particles of the order of 43–4 nm. Significant “blue shift” from bulk material was observed on the PbS nanoparticles using UV–Vis and photoluminescence spectrum. A eightfold increase in photoluminescence intensity is reached at 6 g PEG addition.

Reply to Rebuttal by Bechekh and Ghaouar Regarding “Rheological Properties of Polyethylene Glycol: An Interpretation of a Negative Intrinsic Viscosity and a High Huggins Coefficient Value”

We consider the attempt of Bechekh and Ghaouar to rehabilitate their work as not well substantiated. In our opinion, the authors of the discussed paper [1], reading our comment [2] and seeing our f...

Preparation and Properties of Polyethylene Glycol-Based Composite Phase Change Materials

This paper aims to improve the small temperature range and poor heat-conducting property of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in practical use. One side, two different PEGs which have different phase change temperatures are mixed, in order to wider the temperature range; another side, the thermal conductivity was improved by adding graphite into composite. The structure characteristics and thermal property of composite were measured and studied. Thermal infrared imager is used to measure the practical effect of temperature-control, by coating composite on fabrics.

One-pot facile synthesis of PEGylated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI contrast enhancement

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PEG·SPIONs) were prepared by a facile one-pot approach. The synthesized PEG·SPIONs were found to be uniform in size with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 11.7nm. PEG·SPIONs exhibited excellent dispersibility in water, colloidal stability, and biocompatibility. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties of PEG·SPIONs were characterized both in vitro and in vivo. The dual contrast both in T1 and T2-weighted imaging was well enhanced with longitudinal and transverse relaxivity (r1, r2) of 35.92s−1 per mM of Fe3+ and 206.91s−1 per mM of Fe3+ respectively. In vivo T2-weighted MRI shows pronounced enhancement in the liver and spleen but not in T1-weighted MRI. Accumulations of nanoparticles were found primarily in the liver, spleen, and intestine, while much lower uptake in the kidney, heart, and lungs. A gradual excretion of PEG·SPIONs was observed via hepatobiliary (HB) processing over a period of 14days. The toxicity of PEG·SPIONs was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. PEG·SPIONs were found to be biocompatible by investigating organ tissues after hematoxylin–eosin staining. The conclusion of the study indicates a high potential of PEG·SPIONs in medical MRI.

Properties of PEG, PPG and Their Copolymers: Influence on Copper Filling of Damascene Interconnects

Common open-source suppressors for copper filling of damascene interconnects include polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), or a copolymer structure of both. Differences in the structure of these suppressors generate variations in polarization strength, surface adsorption rate, and SPS displacement rate. These properties were measured by electrochemical transient analysis and coupled with the results of time-evolved partial fill plating experiments on 32 nm and 45 nm node features to determine the effect of electrochemical property variations on the gap-fill characteristics. The high polarization strength of PPG, along with its greater dependence on concentration was found to greatly increase the bottom-up growth rate during copper filling, while the improved resistance to accelerator displacement of PEG resulted in better sidewall protection. Both these gap-fill characteristics were evident when PEG and PPG were combined together as a homopolymer mixture or in copolymer structures, although the overall influence was dependent on the size and configuration of each component. These data sets provided a more fundamental understanding of PEG, PPG and their different configurations role in the metallization of damascene interconnects. The relative gap-fill performance can also be inferred to screen new suppressor candidates and reduce the quantity of plating experiments by comparison of the electrochemical properties.

Studies on thermal activities of fabrics treated by polyethylene glycol

In this study, the special adjusting-temperature function of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with low molecular weight was introduced. PEGs and a two-group mixing system of PEGs of different molecular weights were added to fabrics, respectively, and the thermal activities of modified fabrics were studied. In addition, the thermal stability of PEG and fabric at a higher curing temperature was also discussed in detail. The results showed that the thermal properties of PEG decreased after being crosslinked to fabrics and the thermal activity parameters of treated fabrics could be changed and adjusted by selecting an appropriate two-group mixing system. Some thermolysis and thermooxidative degradation of PEG and fabric used in the investigations might take place at higher curing temperatures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2288–2292, 2003

Hydration and Some Other Properties of Polyethylene Glycol Modified Cement Products

Effect of polyethylene glycol addition to ordinary Portland cement on its properties like heat of hydration, setting time, compressive and tensile strength has been studied by adding 0.1 to 5.0 percent additive by weight of cement. Corrosion resistance of the resulting product has been tested against sea water and 0.1 and 1.0 N HCI and H2SO4 respectively. Water absorption/open porosity have also been determined and the microstructures examined. It was observed that strength, hardness, toughness and corrosion resistance increase up to 3.0% addition of polyethylene glycol in ordinary Portland cement. The polymeric phase was interspersed in cement causing decrease in water absorption/porosity and also its interaction with hydrating cement caused additional bond formation leading to increase in strength.

Micellization and Catalytic Properties of Polyethylene Glycol 600 Monolaurate in Toluene

The reaction of 4-nitrophenyl bis(chloromethyl)phosphinate with 2-dialkylaminomethylphenols in toluene solutions of polyethylene glycol 600 monolaurate was studied spectrophotometrically. The effect of structural features of the micellar system on the catalytic effect depends on the nucleophile hydrophobicity. Micellization of the nonionic surfactant was studied by dielectrometric titration and by the kinetic method. The aggregation numbers and the composition of detergent aggregates were determined.

Properties of thin polyethylene glycol layers on the surface of silica gel and pyrocarbon/silica gel

The structural and energetic heterogeneity of silica gel and pyrocarbon/silica gel adsorbents was studied by means of the adsorption methods. The properties of polyethylene glycols (PEG 4000, PEG 1500) in a mixture with the solid adsorbents have been investigated using different probe molecules for gas chromatography. The carbosils investigated possessed a mosaic structure due to carbon deposit distribution features. The mechanism of formation of polyethylene glycol layers on the carbosils surface depends on the chemical structure and amount of pyrocarbon. Chemical and structural heterogeneity of the adsorbent surface is of great importance in this case. From the practical point of view, it was interesting to study the effect of such heterogeneity on the selectivity of the chromatographic columns in relation to the model mixtures.

Effect of Carbopol and polyvinylpyrrolidone on the mechanical, rheological, and release properties of bioadhesive polyethylene glycol gels.

This study examined the mechanical (hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness) and rheological (zero-rate viscosity and thixotropy) properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) gels that contain different ratios of Carbopol 934P (CP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVP). Mechanical properties were examined using a texture analyzer (TA-XT2), and rheological properties were examined using a rheometer (Rheomat 115A). In addition, lidocaine release from gels was evaluated using a release apparatus simulating the buccal condition. The results indicated that an increase in CP concentration significantly increased gel compressibility, hardness, and adhesiveness, factors that affect ease of gel removal from container, ease of gel application onto mucosal membrane, and gel bioadhesion. However, CP concentration was negatively correlated with gel cohesiveness, a factor representing structural reformation. In contrast, PVP concentration was negatively correlated with gel hardness and compressibility, but positively correlated with gel cohesiveness. All PEG gels exhibited pseudoplastic flow with thixotropy, indicating a general loss of consistency with increased shearing stress. Drug release T50% was affected by the flow rate of the simulated saliva solution. A reduction in the flow rate caused a slower drug release and hence a higher T50% value. In addition, drug release was significantly reduced as the concentrations of CP and PVP increased because of the increase in zero-rate viscosity of the gels. Response surfaces and contour plots of the dependent variables further substantiated that various combinations of CP and PVP in the PEG gels offered a wide range of mechanical, rheological, and drug-release characteristics. A combination of CP and PVP with complementary physical properties resulted in a prolonged buccal drug delivery.

Effects of Physical Properties of PEG 6000 on Pellets Produced by Melt Pelletization

This study examined the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) binders of different physical forms and from different commercial sources on size and size distribution of pellets produced. The meltable binders used were PEG 6000 in the form of flakes, and coarse and fine powders, and melt pelletization using lactose 450 M was carried out in an 8-liter high-shear mixer. Binder particle size, molecular weight, tack, and viscosity were determined. The results showed that the size and size distribution of the pellets obtained could not be explained by the binder particle size. The size and size distribution of the pellets were related to the tack and viscosity of the molten binders. PEGs used were labeled as the same nominal molecular weight grade, although their determined molecular weights could be quite different. Differences in tack and viscosity of the molten binders were associated with determined molecular weight of the binders. The melt pelletization process is sensitive to tack and viscosity of the molten binders. When different PEG brands of the same nominal molecular weight or different batches of the same brand are used in melt pelletization, it is important to characterize the tack and viscosity of the binders used. The effects of the physical form of binders on the pellet quality appear to be less important when compared to the influences of tack and viscosity of the molten binder.

Non-aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis using polyethylene glycol as a matrix agent

Non-aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis in acetonitrile containing polyethylene glycol as a matrix agent was investigated. Separation of benzoate anions as model samples were optimized by a control of the concentration and the selection of the chain length of polyethylene glycol. Base line resolution was attained in the presence of 15% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 4000 for the benzoates used. In acetonitrile, polyethylene glycol works as a hydrogen-bonding donor and acceptor; the terminal hydroxyl groups serve as a donor toward the dissociated carboxyl groups of the benzoates, while the ether oxygen atoms serve as an acceptor toward the hydrogen-donating substituents of the benzoates. This property of polyethylene glycol is in marked contrast with that observed in aqueous phase, where polyethylene glycol works predominantly as just a hydrogen acceptor. Quantitative analysis of the interaction is presented.