Properties Of Wires Research Articles

Randomized clinical trial evaluating mechanical and surface properties of esthetic arch wires compared to conventional super elastic Nickel Titanium arch wires after alignment phase

Randomized clinical trial evaluating mechanical and surface properties of esthetic arch wires compared to conventional super elastic Nickel Titanium arch wires after alignment phase

Quantum wires with local particle loss: Transport manifestations of fluctuation-induced effects

We investigate the transport properties of a quantum wire of weakly interacting fermions in the presence of local particle loss. We calculate current and conductance in this system due to applied external chemical potential bias that can be measured in experimental realizations of ultracold fermions in quasi one-dimensional traps. Using a Keldysh field theory approach based on the Lindblad equation, we establish a perturbative scheme to study the effect of imbalanced reservoirs. Logarithmically divergent terms are resummed using a renormalization group method, and a novel powerlaw behavior for the conductance as a function of the potential bias across the wire is found. In contrast to the equilibrium case of a potential barrier in a Luttinger liquid, the conductance exhibits a scaling behavior, which depends on the interaction strength and on the loss probability. Repulsive interactions reduce the conductance of the wire while attractive interactions enhance it. However, perfect reflectivity and transparency are only reached in the absence of particle loss. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Solution Strengthening and Short-Range Order in Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires

Pearlitic steel rods are subjected to cold-drawing processes to produce pearlitic steel wires with true strains ranging from 0.81 to 2.18. Tensile tests are utilized to attain mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. TEM and XRD investigations were performed on the microstructure of the cold-drawn steel wires. With an increasing cold-drawn strain, both the interlamellar spacing and cementite lamellae thickness decrease, while the dislocation density significantly increases. The drawn wire has a tensile strength of 2170 MPa when the true stain reaches 2.18. Deformation-induced cementite dissolution occurs during cold-drawing progress, which releases many C atoms. The findings indicate that the supersaturation of C is heterogeneously distributed in the ferrite matrix. The ordered distribution of the released C in ferrite phases creates short-range order (SRO). SRO clusters and disordered Cottrell atmospheres contribute to solution strengthening, which, together with dislocation strengthening and interlamellar boundary strengthening, form an effective strengthening mechanism in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. Our work provides new insights into carbon redistribution and the mechanism of solution strengthening within ferrous phases.

Optical properties of T-shaped quantum wires considering impurity, temperature and pressure

Optical properties of T-shaped quantum wires considering impurity, temperature and pressure

Optical properties of a hollow cylindrical quantum wire in a parallel applied magnetic field

In this theoretical study, we investigate optical properties of a hollow cylindrical quantum wire in the presence of a homogeneous magnetic field. The magnetic field is applied parallel to the axis of the quantum wire. The investigations were achieved by solving the Schrödinger equation within the effective mass approximation. The optical properties studied were absorption coefficient (AC) of electromagnetic radiation and changes in refractive index (CRI) of the hollow cylinder. The parallel applied magnetic field lifts the degeneracy of states of opposite angular momentum (the ±|m|\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm |m |$$\\end{document} states, m being the angular momentum quantum number) known as the Zeeman splitting. As such, in the presence of magnetic field, AC splits into two branches, one corresponding to a transition involving the positive m states and the other corresponding to a transition involving the negative m states. Increase in intensity of the electromagnetic radiation reduces the magnitude of the AC. Presence of inner radius of the hollow cylindrical wire lowers transition energies. Apart from absorption due to the (m=0→±1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(m=0 \\rightarrow \\pm 1)$$\\end{document} transitions, the presence of the inner radius also facilitates absorption due the (m=-1→0)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(m=-1\\rightarrow 0)$$\\end{document} transition as the magnetic field strength increases, a phenomenon that does not happen in solid cylindrical quantum wires. The presence of the inner radius also enhances AC in strong magnetic field. Increase in intensity of the electromagnetic radiation affects the CRI (here considered up to third order), introducing a normal dispersion region in an otherwise anomalous region. The parallel magnetic field also splits the CRI depending on the sign of the m states involved in the transitions.

Tensile Strength Property with PdCo-Cu Multi-Layer Lamination and Heat Treatment of MEMS Probe for Probe Card

Cantilever wire probe card has limited to transport high-speed signal because of long wire but it is suitable for inspecting high-current and high voltage semiconductor such as wide band gap (WBG) power semiconductors.Superior mechanical property of a probe card wire is in demand because it is respectively used wafer inspection with in and out pad on the top surface of the power semiconductor wafer. Therefore, in this study, tensile specimens of micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) probe alternatively layered and electroplated with palladium (Pd)-cobalt (Co) alloy layers and copper (Cu) layers. MEMS probe was also measured tensile strength and elongation with multi-lamination and heat treatment conditions. Additionally, fractography of fracture surface after tensile test were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As the number of PdCo-Cu multi-layer increased, 11, 15 and 21 layered specimens showed higher tensile strength and longer elongation than 5 layered specimens because of the increase of laminated interface of PdCo and Cu. 7 layered specimen after isothermal aging had higher tensile strength and longer elongation than before isothermal aging. In 5, 11, 15 and 21 layered specimens, the fracture surfaces of tensile test specimens without aging treatment showed a ductile-brittle mixed fracture mode. Fracture surfaces of 7-layered specimen before and after isothermal aging showed a ductile-brittle mixed fracture mode.

Properties of Wedge Wire Bonded Connection Between a Composite Copper Core Aluminum Shell Wire and an 18650 Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Cell.

Wedge wire bonding is a solid-state joining process that uses ultrasonic vibrations in combination with compression of the materials to establish an electrical connection. In the battery industry, this process is used to interconnect cylindrical battery cells due to its ease of implementation, high flexibility and ease of automation. Wire materials typically used in battery pack manufacturing are pure or alloyed aluminum and copper. While copper wires possess better electrical properties, the force used in the bonding process can lead to cell isolator damage and cell thermal runaway. This is an unacceptable result of the bonding process and has led to the development of new types of composite wires containing a copper core embedded in an aluminum shell. This material has the advantage of high copper electrical and thermal conductivity combined with less aggressive bonding parameters of the aluminum wire. The aim of this study was to establish a process window for the wedge wire bonding of 400 µm composite copper-aluminum Heraeus CucorAl Plus wire on the surface of a BAK 18650 battery cell. This study was conducted using a Hesse Bondjet BJ985 CNC wire bonder fitted with an RBK03 bond head designed for the bonding of copper wires. The methods used in this study included light and scanning electron microscopy of bond and battery cell cross-sections, shear testing on the XYZtec Sigma bond tester system, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results were compared with a previous study conducted using a wire of the same diameter and made out of high-purity aluminum.

Influence of trapped magnetic field of Sn-Pb solders on electrical resistivity measurement: an example of superconducting transition of Sn

We examined the effect of the flux-trapped states of Sn60-Pb40 solders on the superconducting properties of a Sn wire. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity at H = 0 Oe after zero-field cooling (ZFC) showed a sharp superconducting transition at T = 3.7 K. In contrast, field cooling (FC) resulted in a broadening of the transition. The difference between ZFC and FC data evidences the critical effect of trapped fluxes at solders on superconducting states. We propose that, in electrical measurements where magnetic fields of several hundred Oe are critical, field experience should be seriously considered when using solders.

Effect of different mouthwash solutions on the surface morphology, nanohardness and flexural modulus of nickel-titanium orthodontic wire.

This laboratory study aimed to evaluate the effect of different mouthwash solutions on the surface and mechanical properties of NiTi arch wire. This experimental study was conducted at the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia from September 2023 to November 2023. A 30 mm NiTi wires in length with 0.017 × 0.022" in dimensions were selected and equally divided into four groups: Control (G0) group wires were immersed in distilled water (DW); G1 wires were immersed in antiseptic mouthwash; G2 wires were immersed in fluoridated mouthwash; and G3 wires were immersed in therapeutic mouthwash. Surface morphology, nanohardness, and flexural modulus were evaluated at 24-hours, four weeks, and eight weeks' time points. Data were statistically analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (P<0.05). The arch wires immersed in DW showed insignificant effects on surface roughness, nanohardness, and flexural modulus at different time points. However, all the experimental groups showed a significant effect of time and immersion solutions on the said properties (P<0.05). At the end of eight weeks, G3 showed the highest surface roughness (0.346 ± 0.032 µm) and the lowest nanohardness (1.350 ± 0.412 GPa) and flexural modulus (3.960 ± 0.140 MPa) compared to other study groups. The efficiency of tooth realignment could be influenced by the detrimental influence of fluoride and hydrogen peroxide mouthwash solutions on superelastic NiTi arch wires.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufactured 2319 aluminum alloy treated by laser shock peening

The components manufactured by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) have some problems to be solved urgently, such as uneven microstructure, numerous pore defects, and residual tensile stress. Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is an innovative and advanced surface modification technology that improves mechanical characteristics by inducing significant plastic deformation and high compressive residual stress on metal surfaces. Therefore, combining LSP with WAAM is expected to solve its existing problems. In this work, LSP with different energy parameters was used to post-process the WAAM 2319 aluminum alloy. The results indicated that LSP could improve the microstructure, eliminate near-surface pores, harden the surface layer, and induce a residual compressive stress layer, and the effect was more effective with the increase of laser energy applied. The yield strength of the peened specimens significantly increased by 60.73 %, and the ultimate tensile strength also increased by 16.03 %. The hole fatigue life of the peened specimens was significantly improved, increasing by 179.8 % and 261.7 %, respectively, applying laser energies of 5 J and 10 J. Therefore, the engineering industry may benefit from a combination of LSP and WAAM technology.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Stacking-Fault Energy Cu-Based Alloy Wires

Innovations in electronic devices and their capabilities have driven the demand for improved conductive materials relevant to device fabrication. To gain insights on developing solid solution-type Cu alloy thin wires with a superior balance of strength and conductivity, this study investigated variations in the microstructures and properties of pure Cu wires and Cu–5 at. pct Zn, Cu–5 at. pct Al, and Cu–5 at. pct In alloy wires during intense drawing and analyzed the effects of stacking-fault energy (SFE) of Cu alloys on their microstructural evolution. During the initial drawing stages, lower SFE Cu–5 at. pct Al and Cu–5 at. pct In alloys yielded more high-density deformation twins than pure Cu and Cu–5 at. pct Zn. Deformation twins promoted grain refinement during drawing. Effective grain refinement and dislocation accumulation during drawing in low-SFE Cu alloys substantially strengthened them without adversely impacting electrical conductivity. During intense drawing in the Cu–5 at. pct In alloy wires, ultrafine fibrous grains (diameter ~ 80 nm) and a high-dislocation density yielded excellent tensile strength and conductivity. These results indicate that adjusting the solute element content in Cu matrix to reduce SFE and optimizing deformation strain via wire drawing significantly improve alloy wire performance.

The effect of different clinical recycling methods on load deflection properties of super-elastic and thermal nickel-titanium orthodontic arch wires: A comparative assessment.

Repeated clinical use of arch wires requires sterilization and may result in alteration of the properties of the wires as they get subjected to corrosion and cold working. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effects of different clinical recycling methods on the load-deflection properties of super-elastic and thermal nickel-titanium orthodontic arch wires. A total of 50 0.014" round nickel-titanium orthodontic wires [Group I: super-elastic nickel-titanium (n = 25) and Group II: thermal nickel-titanium wires (n = 25)] were tested for changes in their load deflection properties after three different recycling methods, that is, dry heat sterilization, autoclave, and cold sterilization. For each group, five wires as received from the manufacturer were taken as control (T0), and the rest of the 20 wires were placed intra-orally for a duration of one cycle of clinical use (T1). Five wires out of these were subjected to 3-point bending tests, and the rest of the wires were subjected to different recycling methods. Load deflection properties of recycled wires were measured with an Instron universal testing machine. The results were tabulated, and the data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Tukey post hoc test. Statistically, no significant difference was found in the super-elastic group between samples recycled by dry heat, autoclave, and cold sterilization when compared with as-received super-elastic NiTi up to 2.5 mm of deflection. A highly significant difference was found between as-received thermal NiTi group (83.51 ± 6.49 N/mm) and samples recycled by dry heat (53.73 ± 4.72 N/mm), autoclave (45.38 ± 4.37 N/mm), and cold sterilization (48.44 ± 3.12 N/mm) at 0.5 mm of deflection. Among thermal NiTi, any of the sterilization methods could opt at all deflections. For super-elastic NiTi, at higher deflections or in cases of crowding of more than 2.5 mm, cold sterilization should be the method of choice, whereas any sterilization method can be used at deflections less than 2.5 mm.

MRI susceptibility artefacts caused by orthodontic wire.

To evaluate magnetic susceptibility artefacts produced by orthodontic wires on MRI and the influence of wire properties and MRI image sequences on the magnitude of the artefact. Arch form orthodontic wires [four stainless steels (SS), one cobalt chromium (CC) alloy, 13 titanium (Ti) alloys] were embedded in a polyester phantom, and scanned using a 1.5-T superconducting magnet scanner with an eight-channel phased-array coil. All wires were scanned with T1-weighted spin echo (SE) and gradient echo (GRE) sequences according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F2119-07 standard. The phantom also scanned other eight sequences. Artefacts were measured using the ASTM F2119-07 definition and OsiriX software. Artefact volume was analysed according to metal composition, wire length, number of wires, wire thickness, and imaging sequence as factors. With SE/GRE, black/white artefacts volumes from all SS wires were significantly larger than those produced by CC and Ti wires (P < .01). With the GRE, the black artefacts volume was the highest with the SS wires. With the SE, the black artefacts volume was small, whereas white artefacts were noticeable. The cranio-caudal extent of the artefacts was significantly longer with SS wires (P < .01). Although a direct relationship of wire length, number of wires, and wire thickness with artefact volume was noted, these factors did not influence artefact extension in the cranio-caudal direction. Ferromagnetic/paramagnetic orthodontic wires create artefacts due to local alteration of magnetic field homogeneity. The SS-type wires produced the largest artefacts followed by CC and Ti.

Effect of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires

Effect of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires

Effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of wires produced from A356 aluminum alloy chips by Continuous Friction Stir Extrusion: Experiments and numerical simulation

Recycling of metals is becoming crucial from an economic and environmental point of view. The solid-state recycling process Continuous Friction Stir Extrusion was used to produce wires out of A356-T6 chips. The mechanical properties of the produced wires were explored by varying the main process parameters. Characterization involved Vickers hardness tests, tensile tests, grain size measurements, and fracture surface analysis. It has been found that it is possible to achieve 77 % of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and 92 % of Vickers hardness with respect to the as-fabricated A356 alloy. The average grain size increases with the tool rotational with values ranging from about 9 µm to about 11 µm. A 3D dedicated numerical model was used to predict the distributions and histories of primary field variables, and to calculate the Piwnik-Plata parameter, fostering a more in-depth understanding of the process mechanics. This allows for the precise prediction of unacceptable product quality of the bonding when the Plata and Piwnik parameters are low. Predicted temperature close to the rotating tool should reach 400 °C while the cochlea temperature should be below 100 °C for sound wires production thus avoiding early chip bonding and process failure.

Influence of aloe-vera powder addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel

ER70S-6 steel Wire Arc Additive Manufactured deposit was fabricated using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) under two conditions: without and with aloe-vera powder. Aloe-vera is added at the interlayer during deposition. The effect on microstructure evolution, hardness and tensile properties due to addition of aloe-vera were investigated. Without aloe-vera deposits recorded non-uniform microstructure from lower to upper zone, resulting in wide variation in hardness. On the other hand, presence of aloe-vera minimized the microstructural inhomogeneities. The presence of aloe-vera also suppressed the formation of bainite phase and stabilize the hardness throughout the deposit. The tensile strength of the aloe-vera added deposit also increases compared to without powder particle deposit.

Innovative Synthesis of Au Nanoparticle-Trapped Flexible Macrocrystals: Achieving Stable Black Crystal Wires with Broadband Absorption.

In optical materials, the development of absorbers for a wide spectrum is a focal point of research. A pivotal challenge lies in ensuring the stability and durability of optical absorbers, particularly at elevated temperatures. This study introduces a novel approach to creating absorbers with diverse colors, focusing on the synthesis and properties of black crystal wires. In contrast to black gold nanoparticle (Au NP) precipitates, which change color within hours under similar conditions, the method involves strategically trapping Au NPs within defects during the growth of single crystals. This results in black crystal wires that not only exhibit broadband absorption but also maintain exceptional stability even under prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The method also involves the controlled synthesis of colorless and red crystal wires. As a proof of concept, these stable black Au crystal wires demonstrate superior performance in photothermal conversion applications. The methodology, derived from the crystal growth process, presents a defect template that offers a novel approach to material design. Furthermore, these unique crystals, available in various colors, hold significant promise for a range of unexplored applications.

Impact of recycling on efficiency and efficacy of copper nickel titanium wire and heat activated nickel titanium wire – An invitro study

The aim of the study is to assess the feasibility of reusing copper nickel titanium wire and heat activated nickel titanium wires by evaluating the changes in efficiency and efficacy of wire after different sterilization techniques. 120 total samples were taken. 60 samples of Damon copper nickel titanium (ORMCOTM) and 60 samples of heat activated nickel titanium wires (ORMCOTM). Damon CuNiTi and HANT were divided in 4 different sub groups of 15 samples each. 15 as received wires served as controlled group. The remaining wires were placed intraorally for a period of 4 weeks in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. After 4 weeks, these wires were taken out. Remaining 45 wires were divided on the basis of sterilization method to be used. (autoclave, 70% isopropyl alcohol, 2% glutaraldehyde solution). Maximum load and tensile strength were tested using universal testing machine. No significant difference in mechanical properties of wires after various sterilization process (p value &amp;#62; 0.05). There no such difference in mechanical properties of controlled group wires and wires those are placed intraorally for 4 weeks. Results suggested that there was no statistically significant difference in the Ultimate Tensile Strength and Maximum Load of Damon Copper Nickel-Titanium wire and Heat Activated Nickel Titanium wire following various sterilization procedures. These wires can be reused after sterilization.

Unveiling the mechanisms behind texture formation and its impact on the torsional performance of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires

High carbon pearlitic steel wires are widely used in the industry, such as for producing tyre cords and steel cables due to its excellent mechanical properties. Cold drawing is a crucial step in steel wire production. Due to the loading state during the cold drawing process, pearlitic wires tend to exhibit a <110> fiber texture. The non-uniform texture distribution on the cross-section of steel wires has been observed experimentally. The mechanisms yielding this non-uniformly distributed texture are carefully investigated in this study using a multi-scale computational approach. Firstly, a macroscale finite element model is established to simulate the deformation behaviour of pearlitic steel wires during cold drawing, with the aim of thoroughly investigating the inhomogeneous elastic-plastic deformation behaviours. Secondly, the macro mechanical responses are incorporated into the mesoscale representative volume element model as boundary conditions to comprehensively study the effect of inhomogeneous deformation characteristics on texture formation. The results present a significant advancement by revealing that the non-uniform texture distribution in a steel wire can primarily be attributed to the multiaxial stress state on the cross-section. Notably, at the center of the steel wire, the maximum principal stress aligns with the drawing axis, resulting in a dominant <110> fiber texture. Conversely, at the subsurface, the maximum principal stress progressively shifts towards the circumferential direction, yielding an evolving texture characterized by a {110}<110> circumferential texture. Furthermore, the research uncovers a crucial finding that it is the {110}<110> circumferential texture that significantly weakens the torsion ability of the wires. This is due to the limited activation of slip systems, marking a key advancement in understanding the mechanical properties of steel wires.

Influence of post-deformation annealing conditions on microstructures and mechanical properties of hypereutectoid steel wires during cold drawing

Abstract This investigation delves into the complex influences of annealing conditions post-deformation, such as duration and heat levels, upon the microstructure, as well as the mechanical properties of hypereutectoid steel wires subjected to cold drawing. XRD and VSM analyses confirmed that higher annealing temperatures precipitated a notable increase in cementite volume, concurrently inducing the spheroidization of cementite lamellae. This transformation was evidenced by the expansion of cementite volume and the transition of cementite layers into a spherical morphology as the annealing temperature increased. The evolution of tensile strength in response to varying annealing temperatures and time revealed two distinct patterns. Initially, at lower annealing temperatures ranging between 200°C and 300°C, tensile strength exhibited an upward trajectory with increasing annealing time. This phenomenon can be attributed to age-hardening mechanisms, notably associated with solution hardening. As annealing time increases, the decomposition of cementite releases additional carbon atoms into the ferrite matrix. These carbon atoms act as effective barriers, hindering dislocation movement within the structure and consequently contributing to increased tensile strength. However, this increase in carbon content within the ferrite matrix also elevated the susceptibility to delamination phenomena. Conversely, at higher annealing temperatures of 400°C and 500°C, a contrasting trend was observed, characterized by a consistent decline in tensile strength post-annealing. This decline could be attributed to the phenomenon of aging softening, wherein the process of spheroidization and re-precipitation of cementite resulted in a reduction of dissolved carbon atoms within the ferrite matrix. Consequently, this led to a decline in tensile strength as well as a reduced incidence of delamination. In summary, the study explored how different annealing conditions affect the structure as well as the strength of hypereutectoid steel wires, revealing detailed mechanisms behind these changes.