Properties Of Waste Cooking Oil Research Articles

Enhancing waste cooking oil biodiesel yield and characteristics through machine learning, response surface methodology, and genetic algorithms for optimal utilization in CI engines

ABSTRACT The current study seeks to predict and optimize the biodiesel production yield and physicochemical properties of waste cooking oil. Using Box-Behnken design (BBD), L46 orthogonal arrays were developed for experimentation at five factors and three levels. Furthermore, three different boosting algorithms (AdaBoost, ExtraTrees, and Gradient-Boosting regression) were used to develop an ML-based prognostic model using experimental data. Based on the coefficient of determination (R2) (0.997 for biodiesel yield, 0.999 for kinematic viscosity, 0.996 for calorific value, and 0.999 for flash point), the Gradient-Boosting model has the most accurate predictions, followed by ExtraTrees and AdaBoost. Through the implementation of GA, the most optimal conditions for biodiesel production were obtained, including a molar ratio of 7.24:1, catalyst concentrations of 1.49 wt.%, reaction temperatures of 65°C, reaction times of 59.95 minutes, and stirring speeds of 733.32 rpm. Experimental validation of these optimized conditions is closely aligned with the predicted values. Furthermore, the study evaluates engine performance and emission parameters to assess the impact of different biodiesel/diesel blends (B10, B20, and B30) compared to pure diesel. The utilization of these biodiesel blends demonstrates satisfactory performance, effectively reducing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. However, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions increase compared to pure diesel.

Optimization and characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using modified CaO catalyst derived from snail shell

Currently, research has diverted toward generating renewable fuels due to the unreliable supply and rising cost of conventional fuels. Biodiesel is renewable fuel commonly obtainable via a simple process. Biodiesel was produced via the transterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) using heterogeneous catalysts. The aim of this study was to synthesis a ZnO and TiO2-supported CaO catalyst from a snail shell for the transterification of waste cooking palm oil to produce biodiesel. Sol-gel and wet-impregnated methods were adopted to synthesize ZnO and catalyst, respectively. The physicochemical properties of waste cooking oil and biodiesel were characterized in accordance to AOAC and ASTMD standard methods. The FTIR and XRD analyses were carried out to characterize the biodiesel and the prepared catalysts. The result of this study revealed that CaO catalyst derived from snail shall, resulted to a WCO-derived biodiesel yield of 80%. The CaO catalyst modified with ZnO and TiO2, further led to an increased biodiesel of 90% and 95%, respectively. The result of this study showed that the optimum conditions associated with highest biodiesel yield over the synthesized catalysts were at 3% catalyst weight, 65 °C, a 6:1 methanol-to-oil ratio and 3-h reaction time. The FTIR spectra also proved successful formation of biodiesel. Biodiesel was successfully synthesized from WCO, and the CaO catalyst synthesized from snail shells and modified with ZnO and TiO2, showed potential to substitute for costly catalysts derived from chemical reagents for biodiesel production.

Experimental study of the thermal properties of waste cooking oil applied as thermal energy storage

Waste cooking oil is a residue containing 40%–60% cooking oil that has been used several times. It has a great potential that has not been widely explored considering the fact that residual oil is usually wasted in the drainage and soil with subsequent negative effects on the ecosystem. Cooking oils have potential to application in cooling rooms and this is the reason it is necessary to determine its thermal properties. Several tests were conducted in this study on the waste cooking oil and these include PCM compound composition determination using Agilent brand of Gas Chromatography (GC) type 7890 b, T-History, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) using DSC type 214 Polyma Brand NETZCSH, and thermal conductivity through the TCi Thermal Conductivity Analyzer Brand C-Therm. Some changes were observed in the type and composition of fatty acid compounds of cooking oil during the frying process such as the increase in the methyl arachidate from 10.71% to 45.68% in waste coconut cooking oil (WCCO). The WCCO is also very interesting to be developed as thermal energy storages considering the similarities it has with CCO such as the 97.7 kJ/kg latent heat for melting and 0.155 W/m.K thermal conductivity.

Performance evaluation of waste cooking oil at different stages and rejuvenation effect of aged asphalt through molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations

• Representative models of waste cooking oil at different stages are determined. • When the triglyceride is converted to free acid, the positive electrostatic potential, and cohesive energy density increase. • After chemical treatment, waste cooking oil can improve rejuvenation effects on fraction free volume and diffusion characteristics of aged asphalt. Waste cooking oil (WCO) has received more and more attention as an asphalt rejuvenator. The properties of WCO itself will change with the use of time, affecting its rejuvenation effect on aged asphalt. This paper explored the property changes of WCO with the cooking process and the rejuvenation effect on aged asphalt through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. First, the representative molecules of WCO at different stages were determined. The polarity, basic properties, and solubility parameters of WCO at different stages were discussed. Finally, the thermodynamics properties, binding energy, free volume, and diffusion characteristics of WCO rejuvenated asphalt at different stages were compared. With the cooking process, the triglyceride (TG) is converted into fatty acid (FA), positive maximum electrostatic potential and electrostatic interaction increase, FA has stronger adsorption capacity leads to the reduction of model energy. After chemical treatment, the dipole moment and cohesive energy density of treated fatty acid (TFA) decrease. WCO at different stages can restore asphalt properties, and the surface free energy of asphalt can be better restored by FA. WCO at different stages mainly affects non-bond energy. Compared with FA, the incorporation of TFA has a better rejuvenation effect on the free volume fraction and diffusion coefficient of aged asphalt. The diffusion coefficients in asphalt are respectively: TFA > TG > FA.

Effect of the duration time of cooking frequency on chemical and physical properties of waste cooking oil used for biodiesel production

Effect of the duration time of cooking frequency on chemical and physical properties of waste cooking oil used for biodiesel production

Investigation of physiochemical and rheological properties of waste cooking oil/SBS/EVA composite modified petroleum asphalt

ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to investigate the physiochemical and rheological properties of waste cooking oil (WCO)/styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene/ethylene vinyl acetate (SBS/EVA) composite modified asphalt. A petroleum asphalt composite modified with SBS/EVA and oil/SBS/EVA were prepared to undergo the physical, rheological, and microscopic experiments. Comparing these tests results with the properties of unmodified petroleum asphalt, SBS and EVA cause an improvement in pavement performance, but weaken the storage stability. Although the high‐temperature performance undermined by the addition of WCO, the thermal stability, fatigue property, and low temperature crack resistance improved obviously. In addition, WCO mainly composed by low‐weight components, and these can supplement the light components in the polymer‐modified asphalt. EVA could increase the percentage of large molecular size of asphalt, while WCO relieves this trend. The reactions between WCO and these polymers (SBS and EVA) are physical reactions. Atomic force microscopy morphology results reflect that SBS and EVA increase the surface complexity and roughness, and WCO makes the asphalt surface smooth. This indicates WCO increases the dispersion of polymers in asphalt. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48828.

Effect of Adding RON97 Into Waste Cooking Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine

Petroleum-based fuel reserves are drastically depleting due to a high demand on sustaining a better lifestyle. This paper presents the utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Although WCO and conventional diesel fuel have similar physiochemical properties, the properties of WCO is considered inferior than conventional diesel fuel. It is due to higher viscosity and density of WCO while its calorific value is lower than conventional diesel fuel. In this research, unmodified WCO was blended with petrol fuel grade RON97. Five blended fuels samples were prepared from five to 25 percent volume base with five percent step increment. The density and calorific value of all fuel blend samples together with unmodified WCO were measured and compared to the conventional diesel and RON97 fuels. Each of the blended fuel and conventional diesel were used to run a single cylinder diesel engine. The performance characteristic of the engine was recorded at different engine speeds ranging between 1500 and 3000 rpm. Results showed that the properties of blended fuel were inferior compared to the conventional diesel fuel; however, by adding 15 percent of RON97 into the unmodified WCO, the results were comparable to the conventional diesel fuel.

Assessment of the Physico-Chemical Properties of Waste Cooking Oil and Spent Coffee Grounds Oil for Potential Use as Asphalt Binder Rejuvenators

Recycling of waste is an optional approach across industries to reduce environmental harm and turn it into sustainable and valuable resource alternatives. This paper addresses recycling of food industry waste through exploring potential use to enhance damaged asphalt binder used in roadways. The two wastes, spent coffee grounds and waste cooking oil were subjected to different levels of oxidation after which their physical and chemical properties were analyzed. Results show that oxidation significantly affects the oils by increasing the release of fatty acids and breaking of double bonds. The latter, in addition to polymerization and release of high molecular weight compounds, increases the viscosities of the oils while retaining their Newtonian behavior. As such, oxidation may be able to effectively customize physicochemical properties of oils, namely viscosity, for their reported application as asphalt binder rejuvenators. The rejuvenated binder can then be reused in production of asphalt for low traffic roadways.

Performance and emissions analysis of a diesel engine directly fuelled with waste cooking oil biodiesel

ABSTRACTThis research focuses on a comparative study of the physical and chemical properties of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel with China stage IV diesel fuel. The estimate method of excess air ratio and the heating value ratio of an engine's cylinder mixture are proposed based on the differences of properties of two fuels. The bench tests of engine performance are carried out with an engine fuelled with two fuels separately. The estimated excess air ratio and the heating value ratio of an engine's cylinder mixture through the method are approximate to the experiment results. This comparison demonstrates that the estimate method can be applied to the performance analysis of an engine. Compared with China stage IV diesel, when a diesel engine is fuelled with WCO biodiesel, the torque and power decline from 1.9% to 13.8%; the brake-specific fuel consumption rises from 3.7% to 15.6%; CO, HC and PM emissions decrease significantly and NOX emissions increase slightly.

Friction Properties of Waste Cooking Oil with Banana Peel Broth

The aim of this study is to investigate the friction properties of waste cooking oil (WCO) with banana peel broth. The WCO was purified using a physical technique. Several weight percentages of 15 wt.%, 30 wt.% and 45 wt.% of banana peel broth was dispersed in WCO using ultrasonic homogenizer. Span 80, as a surfactant, were added to the blends. The tribological test was performed using a four-ball tribometer according to the ASTM standards. At early stage, between 0-1200 seconds, it was found that the presence of banana peel broth in WCO reduces the friction coefficient. However, after a certain time, the oil film breakdown and instantly increased the friction coefficient. By observation of worn surfaces, it can be suggested that WCO with 30 wt.% banana peel broth could be a good blends for this study. As a conclusion, this study proposes that the banana peel broth could improve the tribological properties of WCO in mild conditions.

Transesterification and Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil: Effect of Operation Variables on Fuel Properties

Biodiesel is proved to be the best replacement for diesel because of its unique properties like low toxicity, no sulfur emissions, no particulate matter pollutants, significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and biodegradability. Several processes for biodiesel fuel production have been developed, among which transesterification using alkali catalysis gives high levels of conversion of triglycerides to their corresponding methyl esters in short reaction times. It is prepared from waste vegetable oils and animal fats by trans-esterification process. It is alkali catalyzed reaction which involves waste cooking oil, methanol, and potassium hydroxide. The study focus on the physical and chemical properties of waste cooking oil (WCO), transesterification and production of biodiesel from WCO. The operation variables used were methanol/oil molar ratio (5:1-9:1), catalyst concentration (0.5-2.0 wt%), temperature (30-70°C). The evolution of the process was followed by gas chromatography, determining the concentration of the methyl esters at different reaction times. The biodiesel was characterized by its density, viscosity, high heating value, cetane index, cloud and pour points, characteristics of distillation, flash and combustion points, saponification value, and iodine value according to ISO norms. The biodiesel with the best properties was obtained using a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%), and 60°C temperature. This biodiesel had properties very similar to those of no. 2 diesel.

Comparative studies of thermal, oxidative and low temperature properties of waste cooking oil and castor oil

This study compares the thermo-oxidative stability and cold flow properties of waste cooking oil (WCO) and castor oil (CO) as inexhaustible potential raw materials to replace the conventional diesel fuels. The thermo-oxidative stability and high viscosity are the limitations of the vegetable oils to use directly as fuel in diesel engines. Therefore, proper investigation on these physical properties of WCO and CO could help to develop high energy efficient biofuels which could act as an alternative to fossil fuels. This study proposes modern and advanced analytical techniques, i.e., thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) which consumes less time, energy, and requires less quantity of sample to evaluate aforementioned physical properties. For comparison purpose, properties were also found out using conventional ASTM standard methods. Obtained results by TGA and DSC were very much close to the conventional standard methods. WCO used in this study was found to be thermally more stable, but displays less oxidative stability than CO. Similarly, CO demonstrates improved cold flow properties, i.e., pour point (PP) than WCO. Higher oxidative stability and PP of CO attributed due to the presence of more mono-unsaturated fatty acids in its composition. Finally, from this communication, it can be concluded that the TGA and DSC studies proved as a reliable and efficient analytical techniques to determine thermo-oxidative stability and cold flow properties of virgin oils.

Investigation on physical properties of waste cooking oil – Rejuvenated bitumen binder

Nowadays, the main problem pertaining to the use of the recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) material in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is the ageing of bitumen, which limits the percentage of applied RAP in the HMA. In this respect, rejuvenation of bitumen binder is the major but the most costly part of recycling. This paper investigates the novelty of using waste cooking oil (WCO), which is frequently found as a polluting waste material in landfills and rivers from the food industry, to rejuvenate the bituminous binder. The physical properties of the original bitumen, aged bitumen and rejuvenated bitumen were measured and compared by the conventional bitumen binder tests including softening point, penetration and Brookfield viscosity, and statistical analyses were used to assess the results. In general, the results showed that the aged bitumen was rejuvenated by the WCO due to a change in its physical properties, which resemble the physical properties of original bitumen (80/100). The optimum percentage of waste cooking oil for the rejuvenated aged bitumen group of 50/60, 40/50, and 30/40 was recognised by adding 1%, 3–4%, and 4–5% WCO, respectively. The statistical analyses also confirm that there was no significant difference between the original bitumen and rejuvenated bitumen.

812 廃食油の物性および燃焼特性(エンジンシステムI)

812 廃食油の物性および燃焼特性(エンジンシステムI)