Properties Of Polyvinyl Chloride Research Articles

Effect of magnesium hydroxide fly ash compounded flame retardant on the properties of polyvinyl chloride

Abstract This study investigated the effects of compound flame retardants on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film. Four F-M/PVC composite film materials (F0.1M0.1/PVC, F0.1M0.2/PVC, F0.1M0.3/PVC, and F0.1M0.4/PVC) were obtained by blending different ratios of fly ash (FA) and magnesium hydroxide (MH(OH)2, MH) compounded flame retardants (F-M) with PVC. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and smoke density of the composite film materials were examined. The results showed that the loss of mechanical properties of F0.1M0.2/PVC composites was small. TGA analysis showed that the thermal stability of the four F-M/PVC composites was improved. The degradation temperature of pure PVC at T50 was 286.5°C, and that of F0.1M0.2/PVC composites was 335.38°C. Smoke density analysis showed that the maximum smoke density of pure PVC was 6.310, and the maximum smoke density of the composite material (F0.1M0.4/PVC) was reduced to 5.960, which had a better smoke suppression effect. For the comprehensive utilization of Salt Lake magnesium resources, the development of PVC composite film materials to provide the experimental basis has a strong practical value.

Study on the influence of environmentally friendly plasticizers on the properties of polyvinyl chloride

In this work, the torque rheology, mechanical properties, migration resistance, thermal deformation, and Vicat softening point temperature of PVC plasticized by four environmentally friendly plasticizers are investigated. The experimental results reveal that the plasticizer’s heavy metal content meets production requirements while falling below the limiting standard. Plasticizer melting points differ, as do the enthalpy and torque of the entire melting process, resulting in different energy consumption when melting plasticizers. Also, the mechanical properties of PVC are not different, but the mechanical properties of PVC plasticized by epoxy soybean oil are the most prominent. Besides, the Vicat softening point temperature of PVC plasticized by four environmentally friendly plasticizers is within the normal standard range, and the migration amount in different solvents is changed in a small range, which will not affect human health.

Bibliometric and Co-Occurrence Study of Process System Engineering (PSE) Applied to the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Production.

PVC is widely used in packaging, electrical insulation, and medical devices due to its versatility owing to its resistance, incombustible and barrier properties as well as affordable cost. In the present study, bibliometric and co-occurrence analyses are proposed to identify trends, gaps, future directions, and challenges regarding process system engineering (PSE) applied to the production process of PVC using VOSviewer as a tool for analyzing the data obtained from SCOPUS. A mapping of different topics alluding to simulation of PVC production was provided to gain a better insight into the development of the topic and its progression. The findings indicate that the literature on this topic falls into five different clusters: modeling and simulation of PVC production, process control and optimization, and optimization strategies of the process. From a co-occurrence study we identified that mathematics and statistics applied to polymer chemistry, separation phenomena, and polymer production are the main areas of interest for further research. The trends suggest that Monte Carlo and numerical simulation can contribute to a deeper understanding of PVC's properties and behavior. In addition, the focus on plastics and microplastics reflects concerns about the environmental impact. A bibliometric study evidenced that PSE provides the tools for improvement in PVC production processes by employing advanced process engineering techniques. Modelling and new algorithms for simulation methods of continuous polymerization processes are important to enhance accuracy and efficiency across various applications. The study also proposes a research agenda for future researchers working in the field of the use of PSE applied to the PVC production process.

Fabrication and characterization of light weight PVC foam based E-glass reinforced polyester sandwich composites

The chemical, mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) foam based E-glass reinforced polyester sandwich composites are evaluated as compared with single layer E-glass both side of PVC foam polyester composite (C1) and double layer E-galss both side of PVC foam polyester composite (C2). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical composition of composites. The mechanical properties of fabricated composites were studied in terms of impact, flexural, and tensile strength. Thermogravimetric analysis and Dynamic mechanical analysis tests were done for examine thermal properties. Carbonyl group –C=O of the ester group, unsaturation sites of –(CH2)n–, CH, and CH3 stretching were identified in chemical analysis. The tensile strength and tensile modulus for C2 was found higher 37% and 152% more respectively as compared to C1 composite however C1 composite showed better flexural properties as compared to C2. C2 composite has a 31% higher impact strength than composite C1. Both C1 and C2 composite showed approximately equal thermal stability whereas C2 composite showed better damping properties. SEM micrograph of fractured surface divulges the fiber pullout, matrix cracking, and honeycomb structure. Fabricated light weight sandwich composites can be used for marine application.

Comparison of fiberoptic bronchoscopic intubation using silicone and polyvinyl chloride double-lumen tubes.

Direct insertion of a double-lumen tube (DLT) using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (FOB) is an option for DLT intubation. The difficult process of fiberoptic intubation is that the different properties of polyvinyl chloride and silicone DLTs may affect railroading differently. Therefore, we aimed to compare intubation using polyvinyl chloride and silicone DLTs over an FOB. Patients aged 19-75 years who required one-lung ventilation under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study. After induction of anesthesia, the anesthesiologist intubated the DLT using FOB. The primary outcome was the difficulty of railroading over the flexible FOB scaled into five grades (I, II-1, II-2, III, and IV). Additionally, the intubation time and mucosal damage were recorded. A total of 46 patients participated in this study, 23 each in the silicone and polyvinyl groups. The difficulty of railroading over the FOB was significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001). In the silicone group, the grades of difficulty in railroading were limited to I and II-1; 20 patients (87%) presented no difficulty in advancing the tube. In contrast, in the polyvinyl group, 13 patients (57%) had scores of II-2 and III. Both the intubation time and mucosal damage were significantly better in the silicone group than in the polyvinyl group. Intubation using a silicone DLT over an FOB was easier and faster than that with a polyvinyl chloride DLT with lesser trauma around the glottis.

The effect of Zn0.95Ni0.05O nanoparticles on the physical properties of polyvinyl chloride

Nanoparticles of Zn0.095Ni0.05O (ZNO) were prepared by the co-precipitation technique and added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to get nanocomposite films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed on nano-sized ZNO to test its crystal structure. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to check the homogeneity of PVC and the dispersion of ZNO on the surface of the polymer matrix. The crystal size of ZNO is about 40.5 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the same element compositions of ZNO. The dielectric properties of ZNO/PVC nanocomposite film were analyzed in details within the frequency and temperature ranges of 0.5–1000 kHz, and 303–430 K, respectively. The dielectric permittivity as well as the ac conductivity of pure PVC increased noticeably with adding ZNO nanoparticles. The dependence of both temperature and frequency of the dielectric modulus, M", showed α-relaxation due to the micro-Brownian motion of the main polymeric chains. The UV–vis spectroscopy revealed a pronounced increase in both absorbance and extinction coefficient by adding ZNO to PVC. Different optical parameters were calculated. The outcome results of this work were compared and discussed with similar nanocomposite films.

Static and Dynamic Tensile Mechanical Behavior of Polyvinyl Chloride Elastomers with Different Shore Hardness

An experiment on the static and dynamic tensile mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elastomers is conducted using an Instron-5943 universal testing machine and an improved Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar to study the dynamic tensile mechanical properties of PVC elastomer materials. The stress-strain curves of PVC materials with three types of Shore hardness (57A, 52A, and 47A) under the strain rates of 0.1 s−1 and 400 ∼ 1800 s−1 are obtained. Results show that the mechanical behavior of PVC elastomer materials with different Shore hardness has remarkable linear elastic characteristics under the action of quasistatic tensile load. It has substantial sensitivity to strain rate and viscoelastic mechanical characteristics under the action of dynamic tensile load. The Zhu–Wang–Tang nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model is used to characterize the viscoelastic mechanical characteristics with small error. This paper can provide theoretical model and method support for the design, development, production, and reliability analysis of PVC elastomers and other soft polymer materials.

Electrical and Optical Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride–Polyacetylene Copolymer

The temperature dependence of the conductivity of heat-treated polyvinyl chloride films containing conjugated double carbon–carbon bonds in the chain of its macromolecules and representing polyvinyl chloride–polyacetylene copolymers is studied. The samples with an above threshold concentration of conjugated carbon–carbon double bonds and associated charge carriers (π-electrons) exhibit changes in the conductivity by ten orders of magnitude as the temperature increases. It is found that the semiconducting state of the copolymer in the temperature range, the width of which depends on the concentration of conjugated double carbon–carbon bonds and associated charge carriers, is unstable. Qualitatively, the increase in the concentration of conjugated double carbon–carbon bonds was controlled by recording photoluminescent spectra and infrared absorption spectra.

In silico analysis of mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride and polymethyl methacrylate composite

In silico analysis of mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride and polymethyl methacrylate composite

In silico analysis of thermal and dielectric properties of polyvinylchloride and polymethyl methacrylate composite

In silico analysis of thermal and dielectric properties of polyvinylchloride and polymethyl methacrylate composite

Properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ultrafiltration membrane improved by lignin: Hydrophilicity and antifouling

Usually seen as a waste with low chemical value and limited commercial potential, lignin produced in large quantity from paper industry performs abundant valuable hydrophilic groups which make it a potential hydrophilic assistant. In this contribution, in order to improve hydrophilicity and antifouling properties of PVC ultrafiltration membrane, lignin was doped into PVC to prepare a uniform sol under strengthening heat and mass transfer process, and then PVC/lignin ultrafiltration membranes were prepared via phase inversion strategy. The resulted PVC/lignin ultrafiltration membranes were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, XPS, DSC and were also tested by oily wastewater. According to the results of SEM, XRD and DSC analyses, PVC is compatible with lignin and the homogeneous PVC/lignin sol can be formed. The hydrophilicity of membrane is significantly enhanced with water contact angle (WCA) decreasing from 106.73° to 41.53°. Particularly, the PVC/lignin ultrafiltration membranes exhibit attractive properties with oil rejection of 97.36% and oily wastewater permeation flux of 156.55 L m−2 h−1 (0.1 MPa), nearly 2.5 times that of pure one (65.06 L m−2 h−1). Lignin suggests to be a superior additive to improve hydrophilic and anti-fouling properties of PVC membranes, and the lignin-modified membranes are promising candidates for cleaning oily wastewater and sewage.

Relationship Between the Thermal Conductivity and Viscoelastic Properties of Polyvinylchloride Filled with Nanodispersed Metal

The authors have given results of an investigation of the thermal conductivity and viscoelastic properties of metal-nanodispersed systems based on polyvinylchloride at 298 ≤ T ≤ Tg + 10 K which contains 0 ≤ φ ≤ 1.0 vol.% Cu and NiCr. Using the Alfrey–Maxwell model, an analytical correlation has been established between the properties of the composite in ultrasonic and thermal fi elds and the ways for their directional control have been pointed.

Preparation and Characterization of PVC Matrix Composites with Biochemical Sludge

Biochemical sludge (BS), generated in the waste water treatment of paper mills, was pretreated by enzyme hydrolysis. The effect and action mechanism of the enzymatic treatment on the properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix composites with BS were discussed. Results showed that when the filler content was 30 wt%, the tensile strength of the PVC composites filled with BS and its modified products which were pretreated by laccase, cellulase and hemicellulase can be increased by 38.64, 67.4, 63.5 and 66.3% than the PVC composite filled with calcium carbonate. When the dosage of filler was 40 wt%, the elastic modulus of PVC composites filled with BS and its above three modified products decreased by 53.3, 52.3, 50.0 and 46.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of PVC composites can also be improved at the temperature of over 340 °C. It can be concluded that the enzyme pretreatment can improve the application performance of BS usage in PVC matrix composites.

Characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers extracted from alfa fiber and the effect of their dispersion methods on nanocomposite properties

In this study, cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) were prepared from alfa fiber (Stipa tenacissima) by an alkali treatment at room temperature in association with a bleaching treatment followed by a sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to highlight the evolution of chemical composition. Atomic Force Microscopy and Zeta-sizer indicated that the transverse size of the particles varied between 30 nm and 170 nm. Thermal stability was higher for CNW as compared to alfa fiber. FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, and Thermogravimetric analysis studies confirmed the removal of hemicelluloses and lignin during the chemical treatment process. The swelling of CNW in water with Cloisite 30B (CNW/C30B) or with the Polyethylene glycol (CNW/PEG) was carried out. The properties of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) nanocomposites reinforced with CNW which was dispersed with two different methods were also compared. The results showed that the morphology of both samples have drastic differences which may explain the fact that the storage modulus prepared with CNW/C30B was higher than those prepared with CNW/PEG. However, PVC/CNW/PEG nanocomposites exhibited more thermal stability. In the end, the obtained CNW may have potential applications in alternative power sources as a reinforcement phase.

Dielectric properties enhancement of PVC nanodielectrics based on synthesized ZnO nanoparticles

Nanodielectrics based on metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit significant improvement in dielectric performances. This study was carried out to examine the dielectric properties of Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) with the introduction of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs synthesized by simple sol gel method. The microstructure and surface morphology of the synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM). The formation of the wurtzite-type ZnO was verified from XRD with average crystallite sizes around 35 nm. PVC/ZnO-NPs nanocomposites were prepared by the solution-cast technique with two different procedures of NPs addition. The dielectric properties of PVC/ZnO nanocomposites were studied by measuring the DC dielectric strength with constant 1 kV/s ramp and the dielectric response as function of frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. A significant enhancement in breakdown strength has been observed with addition of ZnO NPs. The breakdown strength values reached up to 45 % (for PVC/0.14 vol% ZnO) more than obtained for the pristine PVC sample. The effect of dispersibility of NPs due to the used procedures of addition on the DC dielectric strength was studied and confirmed by FE-SEM. The dependency of the real part of permittivity (e ′) on filler concentration was observed and confirmed the obtained results from DC dielectric strength.

Electric explosion of wires as a source for modifying the viscoelastic properties of polyvinylchloride

The results of studies of the acoustic properties of polyvinylchloride (PVC) with a nanofiller (Cu) prepared by the electric explosion of wires have been described. It has been shown that, under a longitudinal and shearing deformation at a frequency of 0.4 MHz in a wide range of temperatures and component concentrations, the viscoelastic properties of the material are formed owing to the interaction at the polymer-filler interface and the occurrence of topological effects. The application of PVC systems under dynamic and temperature loads has been specified.

Application of equation of state and artificial neural network to prediction of volumetric properties of polymer melts

The modified ISM EOS and artificial neural network (ANN) methods were used to predict the PVT behavior of polymer melts containing polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate bisphenol-A (PC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polypropyleneglycol (PPG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene (PP), poly vinylchloride's properties (PVC), poly(1-butene) (PB1), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl methyl ether (PVME) over the entire range of available temperature and pressure. The obtained results show that the modified ISM EOS and ANN models have good agreement with the experimental data with mean average absolute deviation of 0.58% and 0.20%, respectively.

Study on bonding properties of PVC-based WPC bonded with acrylic adhesive☆

In this paper, the bonding properties of polyvinylchloride (PVC)-based wood–plastic composite (WPC) materials bonded with acrylic adhesive have been studied. The results showed that dry compression shear strength of bonded specimens glued with acrylic adhesive was 6.12 MPa, and reached 58.8% of the strength of the PVC-based WPCs. The results also showed that wet compression shear strength in accordance with Chinese standard GB/T17657 was 0.9 times the dry compression shear strength of 5.48 MPa. In addition, the retention rate of the compression shear strength of the bonded specimens gluing with acrylic adhesive after UV aging for 7 days and 14 days was 69.1 and 66.8%, respectively. The aging was done in accordance with UV-aging test process as given in this paper. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the bonded specimens of PVC-based WPCs showed that the J-39 acrylic adhesive penetrated into the adjacent porous regions of the PVC-based WPC which had resulted from foaming. This penetration enhanced the mechanical interlocking between the substrate and the acrylic adhesive.

Preparation of composite materials on the basis of polyvinyl chloride and nanomodifiers

The influence of carbon nanocompositions on physical-mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride was investigated.

Investigating Features of the Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride with Polybutadiene Maleinisation Products

Comprehensive studies of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) modified with the maleinisation products of low-molecular-weight polybutadiene were carried out. The region of modifier concentrations that corresponds to the optimum combination of properties of PVC-based polymeric materials was established. The possibility of complex control of the properties of polyvinyl chloride using oligomer modifiers was shown. It was established that the effectiveness of the modifying action of the additive is connected with the degree of maleinisation of polybutadiene and with the modifier content.