Properties Of Lead Zirconate Titanate Research Articles

Impact of high-energy electron beam irradiation on piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate

Abstract We measured the resonant and anti-resonant frequencies of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) elements at various temperatures and investigated the change in the electromechanical coupling coefficient to clarify the temperature dependence of the elements. Based on these results, we performed a 20 MeV electron beam irradiation experiment on the PZT elements. We found that the electromechanical coupling coefficient decreased as the cumulative energy absorption due to beam irradiation increased, even when the effect of the temperature rise due to beam irradiation was negligible.

Enabling electrical response through piezoelectric particle integration in AA2017-T451 aluminium parts using FSP technology

In the field of structural engineering, the integration of smart materials and structural health monitoring (SHM) has given rise to self-sensing materials (SSM), leading to a paradigm shift in SHM. This paper focuses on the interplay between self-sensing capabilities and the piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and barium titanate (BT) in aluminium components. Leveraging Friction Stir Processing (FSP), the study explores the synthesis and performance of SSMs with embedded piezoelectric particles, potentially transforming structural engineering. The paper highlights FSP as a key methodology for incorporating piezoelectric particles into structural materials, showcasing its potential in developing SSMs with enhanced functionalities. A specific focus is placed on integrating PZT and BT particles into AA2017-T451 aluminium parts using FSP, with metallographic assessments and mechanical property evaluations conducted to analyse particle distribution and concentration. This study shows how BT and PZT particles are incorporated into AA2017-T451 aluminium to create a SSM that responds to external stimuli. Under cyclic loading, the SSMs exhibit a linear load-electrical response correlation, with sensibility increasing at lower frequencies. Metallographic analysis shows homogeneous particle distribution, while PZT induces increased brittleness and brittle fractures. Yield strength remains relatively stable, but ultimate strength decreases post-FSP. Hardness variations indicate weaker bonding with PZT particles. Eddy’scurrent testing aligns with hardness profiles, and sensorial characterization reveals a non-linear frequency-sensibility relationship, showcasing the SSMs’ suitability for low-frequency applications, particularly with PZT embedment.

Effect of Al2O3 Transition Layer Thickness on the Microstructure and Ferroelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate

Effect of Al2O3 Transition Layer Thickness on the Microstructure and Ferroelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate

Lead zirconate titanate ceramics with aligned crystallite grains.

The piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 or PZT] ceramics could be enhanced by fabricating textured ceramics that would align the crystal grains along specific orientations. We present a seed-passivated texturing process to fabricate textured PZT ceramics by using newly developed Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 microplatelet templates. This process not only ensures the template-induced grain growth in titanium-rich PZT layers but also facilitates desired composition through interlayer diffusion of zirconium and titanium. We successfully prepared textured PZT ceramics with outstanding properties, including Curie temperatures of 360°C, piezoelectric coefficients d33 of 760 picocoulombs per newton and g33 of 100 millivolt meters per newton, and electromechanical couplings k33 of 0.85. This study addresses the challenge of fabricating textured rhombohedral PZT ceramics by suppressing the otherwise severe chemical reaction between PZT powder and titanate templates.

Устойчивость пьезокерамики к процессу радиационной аморфизации при работе в токамаке ИТЭР

Piezoelectric motors designed for operation in ITER tokamak-reactor must be tested for stability under severe radiation conditions. Properties of lead zirconate-titanate - the most common type of piezoelectric materials - were analysed from the point of view on influence of radiation. It is shown that at the expected in ITER level of radiation, this piezoceramic has a good potential for resistance to radiation amorphization and depolarization.

Effect of the Size of Al2o3 Transition Layer on Microstructure and Ferroelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate

Effect of the Size of Al2o3 Transition Layer on Microstructure and Ferroelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate

Effect of the Size of Al2o3 Transition Layer on Microstructure and Ferroelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate

Effect of the Size of Al2o3 Transition Layer on Microstructure and Ferroelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate

Piezoceramic resistance to radiation amorphization during operation in ITER

Piezoelectric motors designed for operation in the ITER tokamak-reactor must be tested for stability under severe radiation conditions. Properties of lead zirconate-titanate that is the most common type of piezoelectric materials were analyzed from the point of view on influence of radiation. It is shown that, at the expected in ITER level of radiation, this piezoceramics has a good potential for resistance to radiation induced amorphization and depolarization. Keywords: piezoceramics, radiation tests, ITER diagnostics.

Effect of Dy doping on the crystal orientation, microstructure, and electrical properties of PDZT thin films prepared by sol–gel method

Dysprosium-doped lead zirconate titanate thin films (PbDyx(Zr0.40Ti0.60)1−(3x/4)O3) (x = 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%), abbreviated as PDZT, were prepared by sol–gel method. The effects of Dy doping on the crystal orientation, microstructure, and electrical properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that PDZT thin films with Dy concentration less than 3% exhibit (111) preferred orientation, and the samples doped with 3%, 4%, and 5% show (100) preferred orientation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis results show that all samples exhibit dense perovskite structure. With the increase of doping content, the electrical properties of PDZT films show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. An enhanced residual polarization strength of 60.89 μC/cm2 and an improved relative dielectric constant of 943.1 at 0.1 kHz are obtained in 2% doped PDZT film. Moreover, the PZT film with 2% Dy doped also exhibits a significantly reduced leakage current density.

Stretchable piezoelectric elastic composites for sensors and energy generators

The search for a piezoelectric elastomer that generates an electrical signal when pressed and stretched has increased significantly in the last decade as they hold great promise in harvesting energy from human motion and monitoring human activities. Here, the excellent elasticity of polydimethylsiloxane-based elastomers and the piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) were combined and, using a thermally activated poling process, elastic piezoelectric composites were obtained. For this, two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrices with a molar mass of 139 kDa and 692 kDa and PZT fillers with particle sizes of 2 and 20 μm were used. For the same poling conditions, an increase in the piezoelectric response with increasing amount of filler, filler size and molar mass of the polymer matrix was observed. Overall, d*33 and d*31 values of 2.7–40 pC N−1 and 16–48 pC N−1 were achieved in this work with filler contents ranging from 37–72 vol%. A composite material with a PZT filler content of 38 vol% (20 μm particle size) in a commercially available PDMS with a Mw = 139 kg mol−1 exhibited high flexibility, good elasticity with long-term mechanical stretchability and high longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric coefficients of 3.6 pC N−1 and 30 pC N−1, respectively. The higher transverse piezoelectric constant d*31 can be explained by an additional capacitor effect of the composite film structure. These properties are interesting features for energy conversion from human motion, monitoring human activities, and stretchable electronics. The functionality of the newly developed material is demonstrated in a pressed sensor.

Improving the Piezoelectric Properties of PZT Ceramics by Low-Temperature Cycling

The piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics can be improved by low-temperature cyclic treatment. It is established that the conditions of ceramics storage predetermine whether a series of high-gradient thermal shock processing will improve or degrade the material properties.

Microstructure and Properties of PZT Films with Different PbO Content-Ionic Mechanism of Built-In Fields Formation.

Experimental studies were conducted on the effects of lead oxide on the microstructure and the ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate-titanate (PZT) films obtained by the method of radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering of a ceramic PZT target and PbO2 powder with subsequent heat treatment. It is shown that the change in ferroelectric properties of polycrystalline PZT films is attributable to their heterophase structure with impurities of lead oxide. It is also shown that, even in the original stoichiometric PZT film, under certain conditions (temperature above 580 °C, duration greater than 70 min), impurities of lead oxide may be formed. The presence of a sublayer of lead oxide leads to a denser formation of crystallization centers of the perovskite phase, resulting in a reduction of the grain size as well as the emergence of a charge on the lower interface. The formation of the perovskite structure under high-temperature annealing is accompanied by the diffusion of lead into the surface of the film. Also shown is the effect of the lead ions segregation on the formation of the self-polarized state of thin PZT films.

Structural insight into the optical and electro-optic properties of lead zirconate titanate for high-performance photonic devices

A series of Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 thin films with compositions across the rhombohedral-tetragonal phase boundary (PZT, 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) have been developed by magnetron sputtering and their optical and electro-optic (EO) properties have been systematically studied. Our results reveal that the optical band gap, propagation loss, refractive index and EO performance of PZT films are strongly composition dependent. The PZT films with the composition at morphotropic phase boundary (MPB, x = 0.52) demonstrate largest EO coefficient (rc = 185.3 p.m./V), low propagation loss (3.6 dB/cm), and fast response time (5.3 μs). Further studies show that the EO coefficients of the PZT52 thin films were almost invariant with the changes of testing temperatures (in 25–250 °C) and wavelengths (λ = 532–1064 nm) and was retained nearly 83% when the testing frequency was increased from 10 Hz to 104 Hz. As an application example, a beam deflector prototype with 10 μm thick PZT52 films has been successfully fabricated and demonstrates a large deflection angle of ~3.4° at 100 V driving voltage. Our study gives an insight into the EO effects of PZT film systems, making them of interest for high-speed, low-driving-voltage and power efficient photonic devices for modern information telecommunication.

Effects of lanthanum doping on electrical and electromechanical properties of (Pb1−xLax)(Zr0.70Ti0.30)O3 ceramics

In this study, the effect of La doping on the structural and electrical properties of lead zirconate titanate (Pb1−xLax)(Zr0.70Ti0.30)1−x/4O3 (PLZT) ceramics have been investigated where the lanthanum content were 8.0, 8.6 and 9.0 mol%. Bulk ceramic samples were synthesized via conventional solid-state reaction method. All of the PLZT ceramic samples exhibited a dispersive dielectric behavior. The maximum dielectric constants and the Curie temperature were found to decrease with increasing La content. The dielectric constants at room temperature were measured as 4069, 4112 and 3932, respectively. The Curie temperature (Tc) at 100 kHz was determined as 94 °C, 88 °C and 82 °C, respectively. The polarization versus electric field results indicated that an antiferroelectric-like character was observed at 8 mol% La-doping. However, further addition of La led to the progressive development of relaxor-like slim and slanted hysteresis loops, which still have a double hysteresis behavior. This indicated that La-doping stabilized the antiferroelectric character. The maximum and remanent polarization values and the field induced strain values of ceramics decreased with increasing La content, whereas the measured energy density and the efficiency was increased. The temperature dependence of the properties indicated a drop of ~ 33% with increasing temperature from 25 to 85 °C.

DFT Investigation of Structural and Electronic Properties of Modified PZT

Abstract Density of states and geometrical structures of modified Lead zirconate titanate are investigated using density functional theory within local density approximation. The electronic properties and bond length variation have been studied in terms of electronic structure and bonding mechanism principles respectively. Hybridization between Ti 3d - O 2p states and ferroelectric distortion have been addressed as a theoretical approach, to rule the improvement of ferroelectric properties of Lead zirconate titanate. The analysis of Ga, Tl modified Lead zirconate titanate were found to diminish the hybridization between Ti 3d - O 2p states, the relaxed behavior lead to the reversal of the known ferroelectric distortion. Y, Ho, Yb and Lu modified Lead zirconate titanate compounds have a tendency to intense the ferroelectric stability, its exhibit higher hybridization between Ti 3d - O 2p states than pure Lead zirconate titanate, also the arrangement of the ions distortions is strongly the same as the more favoured ferroelectric states of Lead zirconate titanate.

Sodium Doping Effect on Optical Permittivity, Band Gap Structure, Nonlinearity and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT Nano-colloids and Nanostructures

In this research, effects of sodium atoms doping on optical properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanoparticles (NPs) are studied and compared with undoped particles. Analyses show formations of PZT nanostructures with dimensions below 30 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the particle size increases and the intensity of the preferred direction decreases as the doping sodium atoms are used in the structure. Analyzing absorption spectra of the colloidal solutions shows doped particles are better absorbers at violet-green region of spectra. Also, it has been concluded that PZT NPs only have indirect optical band gap that is narrower for doped particles. Optical permittivity of the films has been compared using a numerical method and shows the prominent effect of doping on real and imaginary parts of permittivity. Also, z-scan experiments have been done to measure thermo-optical and nonlinear absorption coefficients of the nano-colloids using continue wave Nd-YAG laser illumination. Finally, sodium doping effects on piezoelectric properties of the samples are investigated using a Michelson interferometer.

Using the ferroelectric/ferroelastic effect at cryogenic temperatures for set-and-hold actuation

The ferroelectric and ferroelastic properties of lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) based stack actuators have been characterized at temperatures down to 25 K and under various levels of constant compressive stress. Experiments indicate that the coercive field and magnitude of strain at the coercive field display an inverse relationship with temperature. A factor of 5.5 increase in coercive field, and a factor of 4.3 increase in strain is observed at 25 K in comparison to the room-temperature conditions. This information was used to induce non-180° domain wall motion in the material through the application of electric fields at or near the coercive field. The change in remanent strain accompanying these effects was shown to increase in magnitude as temperature decreased, reaching values of 2000 ppm at 25 K. This behavior was also shown to be temporally stable even under compressive loads. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the material can be returned to its original strain state through a repolarizing electric field. This switchable behavior could be exploited for future set-and-hold type actuators operating at cryogenic temperatures.

Effect of neodymium substitution on crystalline orientation, microstructure and electric properties of sol-gel derived PZT thin films

Pb(NdxZr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PNZT) (x = 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) thin films were prepared by sol-gel process to investigate the effects of neodymium substitution on crystalline orientation, microstructure and electric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that PNZT films with Nd doping concentration below 3% exhibited dense perovskite structure with (100) preferred orientation. The average grain size of PNZT films decreased as the Nd substitution increased. The maximum dielectric constant, remnant polarization and minimum coercive field were obtained in 2% Nd-doped PZT films. Fatigue resistance was also improved significantly with 2% Nd dopant.

High energy density in PVDF nanocomposites using an optimized nanowire array.

TiO2 nanowire arrays are often utilized to prepare high performance polymer nanocomposites, however, the contribution to the energy density is limited due to their non-ferroelectric characteristics. A nanocomposite with an optimized nanowire array combining the ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) with TiO2, readily forming nanowires (denoted as a TiO2-P nanowire array), is prepared to enhance the permittivity. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is used as the polymer matrix due to its high breakdown strength, e.g. 600-700 kV mm-1. As a result, the permittivity and breakdown electric field reach 53 at 1 kHz and 550 kV mm-1, respectively. Therefore, the nanocomposites achieve a higher discharge energy density of 12.4 J cm-3 with excellent cycle stability, which is the highest among nanocomposites based on a nanowire array as a filler in a PVDF matrix. This work provides not only a feasible approach to obtain high performance dielectric nanocomposites, but also a wide range of potential applications in the energy storage and energy harvesting fields.

Structural and dielectric studies of excessive Bi3+ containing perovskite PZT and pyrochlore biphasic ceramics

The influence of high concentration of Bi3+ substitution on the phase formation, microstructure, dielectric and conductivity properties of lead zirconate titanate (Pb1−xBi2x/3(Zr0.5Ti0.5O3) with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4)) (PBZT) ceramics synthesized by a high energy ball milling method, has been studied. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the samples have crystallized to rhombohedral or tetragonal perovskite phases depending on the concentration of Bi3+ substitution. As x is increased to more than 0.1 mol% the presence of a pyrochlore phase, identified as Bi2Ti2O7, has also been observed. The crystalline and prismatic nature of the grains improved as Bi3+ concentration is increased. Dielectric studies revealed that all the samples are characterized by high values of ε′ and as Bi3+ concentration is increased Tc values are found to decrease from 450 °C to 395 °C. The DC electrical conductivity studies showed the existence of both positive and negative temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR and NTCR) in the present systems indicating their potential applications in switching devices.