Properties Of High-carbon Steel Research Articles

Time-Dependent Austempering of High Carbon Steel using Epoxidized Cotton Seed Oil

The work seeks to ascertain the potential of austempering time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high carbon steel using epoxidized cotton seed oil bath. Five sets of high carbon steel (HCS) samples were heated to an austenitizing temperature of 830°C in the furnace, soaked at that temperature for 1 hour and quenched interruptedly at a temperature of 310°C in epoxidized cotton seed oil (ECO) bath for 15 – 75 minutes (at regular intervals of 15 minutes for different samples’ sets). Subsequently, samples air-cooled at ambient temperature. Hounsfield tensometer, Indentec universal hardness tester and Izod impact tester were used to determine the mechanical properties of the austempered samples. From the outcome of the investigation, appreciable improvement was noted in tensile strength (1210 N/mm2), hardness (397 HBN) and impact strength (12.1 J/mm) of the austempered samples. Further, samples were subjected to metallographic sample preparation, succeeded by microstructural examination using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The structures observed to be majorly bainite. The austempering time of 15 minutes produced the outstanding combination of mechanical properties.

Optimization of Heat Treatment Parameters to Improve Hardness of High Carbon Steel Using Taguchi’s Orthogonal Array Approach

EN31 is a high carbon steel, used in manufacturing bearings, punches and gauges because of its better hardness. Heat treatment is one of the major process adopted to improve microstructural and mechanical properties of high carbon steels. The present investigation aims to improve hardness of EN31 high carbon steel through heat treatment. Parameters considered during this investigation were austenization temperature, soaking time, temper temperature and temper time. Microstructure examination was carried out to confirm the phases of heat treated EN31. Taguchi’s orthogonal approach was adopted to minimize the number of experimental runs. Influence of each parameter on the hardness was analyzed. The levels of each parameter were identified that maximize the hardness through S/N ratio. Identified optimal levels of parameters are 900 °C austenization temperature, 30 min soaking time, 150 °C temper temperature and 10 min temper time. A regression model for hardness has been established. Analysis of variance test was used to identify the significant parameters. Finally, the results were validated through confirmation experiments.

Effect of Quenching on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel for Hammer Mill

This paper covers the effect of quenching on the mechanical properties of high carbon steel for hammer mill. The main objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructure of high carbon steel before and after heat treatment (i.e., quenching). In this study, the specimens were heated at different level temperature which are 750 °C,800 °C and 900 °C prior to quenching process in water with soaking time of 5 minutes. After the heat treatment of quenching process completed, Rockwell hardness test and tensile test were performed, and the results were collected for both untreated and heat-treated specimens. The fractured surfaces of the specimens were also examined by using metallurgical microscope. It was observed that different level of quenching temperature and untreated specimens gave different mechanical properties. The specimen undergone water quenching recorded the highest hardness and tensile strength as 67.9 HRA and 426.11 MPa, respectively. Besides, the microstructure obtained from untreated specimen provided a good combination of ferrite and pearlite, meanwhile in quenched specimens formation of martensite was observed.

Influence of Microalloying and Isothermal Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steel

Influence of Microalloying and Isothermal Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steel

Effect of quenching-partitioning treatment on the microstructure, mechanical and abrasive properties of high carbon steel

The present work employed the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and electron probe microanalysis techniques to identify the microstructural evolution and mechanical and abrasive behavior of high carbon steel during quenching-partitioning treatment with an aim to enhance the toughness and wear resistance of high carbon steel. Results showed that, with the increase in partitioning temperature from 250 to 400°C, the amount of retained austenite (RA) decreased resulting from the carbide precipitation effect after longer partitioning times. Moreover, the stability of RA generally increased because of the enhanced degree of carbon enrichment in RA. Given the factors affecting the toughness of high carbon steel, the stability of RA associated with size, carbon content, and morphology plays a significant role in determining the toughness of high carbon steel. The analysis of the wear resistance of samples with different mechanical properties shows that hardness is the primary factor affecting the wear resistance of high carbon steel, and the toughness is the secondary one.

Retraction: Microstructure Observation and Mechanism Analysis of High Carbon Steel Decarburization at High Temperature under Electric Field (IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 782 022103)

This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an admission by the authors that this article contains overlap with another work by different authors without citation [1]. IOP Publishing has investigated in line with COPE guidelines and agree that this work should be retracted. The authors agree to this retraction. [1] G Minglong, 2006, Effects of electrical and magnetic field heat treatment on microstructure and properties of high-carbon steels. Master’s Thesis. Northeastern University Retraction published: 19 October 2022

Effect of Nickel Powder Buffering Layer on Microstructure and Hardness Properties of High Carbon Steel / Stainless Steel Arc Stud Welding

Abstract In this study, arc stud welding process was employed for welding AISI 316 stainless steel studs to AISI 1060 high carbon steel plates. A disc of Ni powder prepared and used as a buffering layer to enhance the properties of welding area. Optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the microstructure. Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were performed to analyse and identify elements and phases, respectively in the weld region. The results observed that Ni powder prevented the direct contact between the dissimilar base metals. Existing of Ni altered the microstructure of the weld zone and encouraged dendritic type over cellular. Hardness reduced in the weld region from 600 HV to 200 HV due to the effect of Ni powder which prevented the formation of brittle Fe-Cr phase.

The influence of the pack decarburizing process with Pinctada maxima shell powder agent on the properties of high carbon steel

In the present study, ductility enhancement of high carbon steel AISI 420 was conducted by pack decarburizing method to improve mechanical properties of this steel. This specimen was placed in a rectangular box containing pinctada maxima shell powder (PMSP) mixed with the carburizing agent with different percentage variations and heat treated in an oxygen atmosphere at different temperatures and soaking times. Phase analysis results indicated that the pack decarburizing process at a temperature of 900 °C, for soaking time 3 hours and an additional 30 % PMSP in the carburizing agent causing the martensit microstructure, the surface hardness number and thickness of carbon layer decreased but the impact energy of high carbon steel AISI 420 increased. The surface hardness number, carbon layer thickness each respectively decreased by 63 % and 60 %, but impact energy or impact strength increased by 33 %. This phenomenon indicates that the pack decarburizing treatment causes carbon diffusion from the surface of the specimens to the carburizing agent or reverse carbon diffusion occurs, because the concentration of carbon in the carburizing agent is higher than the surface of the specimen. The addition of PMSP in the carburizing agent increases the occurrence of carbon diffusion from the surface of specimens to the carburizing agent or reverse carbon diffusion occurs, because differences in concentration and influence of PMSP contains elements of Ca which function as catalysts or energizers. The results showthat the pack decarburizing process with an additional PMSP in the carburizing agent accelerates the diffusion of carbon atoms out the surface of the specimens (reverse carbon diffusion process), thus decreasing the thickness of the surface carbon layer, surface hardness number and increasing the impact energy

Surface modification of high carbon steel through microstructural engineering

Surface modification of steel has been used for a decade to increase its hardness and impact resistance that withstand extreme operational condition. One of the successful approaches for this modification is using other materials as surface coating via physical or chemical bonding or diffusion of the element(s) into steel structure as an alloying element(s). Surface diffusion technique required the temperature to activate diffusion of elements into steel structure which may cause grain growth. In this study, we have demonstrated the success of using microstructural engineering for modifying the surface properties of high carbon steel. A controlled impact deformation was carried out via drop ball test to generate nano-grain martensitic structure through high deformation process combined with in situ recrystallizations which caused by generated heat through deformation. This newly formed structure on the surface of the steel exhibits high and uniform nano-structured (~40 nm) layer which has a smooth transition from the base material to the surface and has ultra-hardness of 14.29 GPa without compensating the fracture toughness. This new approach facilitates the surface modification of steel without adding any additional element or materials and is applicable for modifying the surface properties of high carbon steel which can be used in some industrial application.

Kinetic Behavior and Microstructure of Pearlite Isothermal Transformation Under High Undercooling

The kinetic behavior of highly undercooled austenite and its effects on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of high-carbon steel are studied. The undercooling degree is increased through a temporary undercooling treatment at the bainite transformation temperature of 380 °C to 450 °C before the pearlite isothermal transformation at 500 °C to 620 °C. The transformation kinetics reveals an increased nose temperature and a rightward shift of the transformation curve under high undercooling conditions. In addition, the undercooling treatment leads to an increased driving force during pearlite transformation, which is responsible for the refined hierarchical structures of pearlite. As a result, a 20 to 40 pct size reduction is achieved for pearlite colonies and lamellae. Such refinement is in turn attributed to an ~ 26 pct increase in reduction in area. This work provides both a new understanding of high-performance fully pearlitic steels for practical applications and new perspectives for potential technological applications in drawing processes for hypoeutectoid steels.

Modelling of Conventional and Severe Shot Peening Influence on Properties of High Carbon Steel via Artificial Neural Network

Shot peening (SP), as one of the severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods is employed for surface modification of the engineering components by improving the metallurgical and mechanical properties. Furthermore artificial neural network (ANN) has been widely used in different science and engineering problems for predicting and optimizing in the last decade. In the present study, effects of conventional shot peening (CSP) and severe shot peening (SSP) on properties of AISI 1060 high carbon steel were modelled and compared via ANN. In order to networks training, the back propagation (BP) error algorithm is developed and data of experimental test results are employed. Experimental data illustrates that SSP has superior influence than CSP to improve the properties. Different networks with different structures are trained with try and error process and the one which had the best performance is selected for modeling. Testing of the ANN is carried out using experimental data which they were not used during networks training. Distance from the surface (depth), SP intensity and coverage are regarded as inputs and microhardness, residual stress and grain size are gathered as outputs of the networks. Comparison of predicted and experimental values indicates that the networks are tuned finely and adjusted carefully; therefore, they have good agreement.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МНОГОКРАТНОГО ОТЖИГА НА СТРУКТУРУ И СВОЙСТВА ВЫСОКОУГЛЕРОДИСТОЙ СТАЛИ

ВЛИЯНИЕ МНОГОКРАТНОГО ОТЖИГА НА СТРУКТУРУ И СВОЙСТВА ВЫСОКОУГЛЕРОДИСТОЙ СТАЛИ

Effects of laser pulse energy on surface microstructure and mechanical properties of high carbon steel

Surface microstructure and mechanical properties of pearlitic Fe–0.8%C (mass fraction) steel after laser shock processing (LSP) with different laser pulse energies were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and microhardness measurements. After LSP, the cementite lamellae were bent, kinked and broken into particles. Fragmentation and dissolution of the cementite lamellae were enhanced by increasing the laser pulse energy. Due to the dissolution of carbon atoms in the ferritic matrix, the lattice parameter of α-Fe increased. The grain size of the surface ferrite was refined, and the microstructure changed from lamellae to ultrafine micro-duplex structure (ferrite (α)+cementite (θ)) with higher laser pulse energy, accompanied by the residual stress and microhardness increase.

Effect of Quenching Process on Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steels

In this study, quenching process was applied to high carbon steel and the effect of this process on mechanical properties was investigated. The specimens were placed in a box-type furnace held at the desired temperature and then quenched. According to the tensile test and hardness measurements, it was concluded that the material has become brittle and the tensile strength decreased. The reason for this was higher cooling rate occurred during quenching process.

Effect of an Organic Inhibitor on the Electrical Properties of High Carbon Steel in Simulated Acid Environment

The effect of 1-Phenyl-3-Methyl Pyrazol-5-one (HPMP) on the electrical properties of high carbon steel in Hydrochloric acid (HCI), Trioxonitrate (v) acid (HNO3) and Perchloric acid (HCIO4) was studied by weight loss method. The acidic medium caused a complete degradation of the electrical properties of the coated and uncoated high carbon steel. However, the attack was more on the uncoated coupons, which showed that HPHP is an effective corrosion inhibitor. HNO3 had the most severe effect on the metal. The coupons coated with HPMP generally had higher values of resistance (0.0155 Ω) and conductivity (6.20 mho/m) in HCI environment than the uncoated coupons (0.0043 Ω) and (1.72 mho/m). Similar results were obtained for HNO3 and HCIO4 environments. These values are lower than the values obtained for as-received coupons: -0.0466 and 8.64 mho/m respectively.

Effect of V and N on Microstructures and Properties of Cold Drawn High Carbon Steel

In order to enhance the strength of cold drawn high carbon steel and improve its comprehensive properties ,the law of change in microstructures and properties of high carbon steel with various contents of V and N were investigated .The size of pearlite colony，interlamellar spacing of pearlite and mechanical properties with various contents of V and N were measured; the change of magnetic properties of wires with different cold drawing strains were measured by VSM. It is shown that V can decrease the size of pearlite colony and interlamellar spacing of pearlite when V content is less than 0.06 wt %; N can decrease the size of pearlite colony and increase slightly the interlamellar spacing of pearlite. The tensile strength is enhanced with increasing V or N content, but V decrease plasticity of wire and N has little effect on it. The cementite in wire is dissolved with increasing cold drawing strain. The volume fraction of cementite is decreased to 4.4%，dissolution of 7.8%，as the true strain is increased up to 3.19.

Magnetic and electromagnetic inspection of mechanical properties of high-carbon steel with an initial fine-pearlite structure subjected to high-temperature annealing

We study the possibilities of applying the measurements of major and minor magnetic hysteresis loops and electrical and eddy-current parameters for estimating changes in the strength and plastic characteristics of the high-carbon steel У 10 (with 1.03 wt % C) with a fine-pearlite structure during annealing at 650°C for 10–300 min. We analyze the correlations between the mechanical and physical properties of this steel with pearlite structures differing in morphology and imperfection of cementite, as well as the levels of solid-solution hardening and microdistortions of the ferrite-component lattice.

Specific features of magnetic testing of the mechanical properties of high-carbon steel with the structure of lamellar pearlite

It is shown that the magnetic characteristics measured on the saturation and incremental magnetic hysteresis loops may be used for forecasting the strength and plasticity characteristics of highcarbon steel Y10 (1.03 wt % C) with the structures of coarse and fine-lamellar pearlite formed at temperatures of the isothermal decay of supercooled austenite of 650 and 500°C, respectively. A growth of the strength characteristics and a reduction in the uniform and total elongation of steel that are observed if the temperature of the pearlite decay diminishes can be determined from the values of the coercive force measured in strong magnetic fields, the residual magnetic induction in weak fields, and the maximum magnetic permeability.

Effect of volume fraction of undissolved cementite on the high cycle fatigue properties of high carbon steels

A present study was performed to investigate the effect of volume fraction of undissolved cementite on the high-cycle fatigue (HCF) properties of high carbon steels. High carbon steels were heat treated to have three distinctive volume fractions of undissolved cementite phase in the martensite matrix. With increasing holding time at the austenitizing temperature of 800 °C, the volume fraction of undissolved cementite gradually decreased from 9% to 1%. A series of tensile and micro-hardness tests showed that the specimen with 1% volume fraction of undissolved cementite exhibited the highest strength, which was mainly attributed to the increased carbon content in the martensite matrix. Though of its highest tensile strength, however, the fatigue strength was the lowest in the specimen with 1% volume fraction of undissolved cementite, which was the reverse trend as compared to the general relationship between fatigue strength and tensile strength. This was attributed to the higher propensity of crack initiation in the specimen containing fewer amounts of undissolved cementite, where cracks were observed to nucleate at the interfaces between nonmetallic inclusions (Al 2O 3 and SiO 2) and martensite matrix during HCF tests. A probabilistic model was developed to predict fatigue strength of heat treated high carbon steel and compared with the experimental data.

ミニ特集「高炭素鋼の組織制御と機械的性質」企画にあたって

ミニ特集「高炭素鋼の組織制御と機械的性質」企画にあたって