Properties Of Herbal Medicines Research Articles

Uji Fitokimia, Kapasitas Total Antioksidan, Bslt Serta Kadar Total Fenolik pada Ekstrak Daun Meniran (Phyllanthus Niruri L.)

Indonesians believe in a tradition passed from generation to generation about the properties of herbal medicine. Meniran leaf is one of the ber grown in Asia and found in many parts of Indonesia. It contains flavonoids and alkaloid able to stimulate the immune system and antioxidants to combat ROS. Antioxidant can neutralize the effects caused by oxidative stress (a conndition where the is an imbbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in the body). Antioxidants can prevent degenerative diseases and malignancies caused by prolonged oxidative stress. Because of its ability to prevent oxidation, this study uses meniran leaves to further investigate its uses. This study aims to look into meniran leaves’ phytochemical constituents, antioxidant capacity, and toxicity. Meniran leaves extract was made by maseration using methanol, phytochemical screening used Harborne’s method, antioxidant capacity used Blois’ DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) method, total phenolic content used Singleton’s method, and toxicity with BSLT. Phytochemical screening of meniran leaf extract determined that it contains alkaloids, flavonoids, cardioglycosides, glycosides, saponins, coumarins, phenolics, quinones, betacyanins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. Its antoxidant capacity ((IC50 =81.585µg/mL), total phenolic content (10,295µg/mL), total alkaloid content (13.788 µg/mL), and toxicity (LC50 =170.308 μg/mL) which can be considered to have a cytotoxic effect and categorized as moderate (100 ppm ≤ LC50 ≤ 1000 ppm). In summary, meniran leaf extract has the potential to be an antioxidant with an antimitotic effect

Role and common types of herbal medicine used for oral health in the Middle-East

Herbal therapies are used worldwide to treat health conditions. In Middle Eastern countries, since ancient generations, herbal medicine has been used for oral health because of cultural and religious norms. Antiseptic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiviral agents, and analgesic derived from plants are of widespread interest in dentistry. The properties of herbal medicine are used to treat toothache, gum inflammation, canker sores, halitosis, gingivitis, and periodontitis, as well as tooth decay. The popular herbs and spices used in treating dental disorders in Middle Eastern countries are cloves, miswak, thyme, green tea, peppermint, rosemary, olive oil, myrrh, anise, sesame, ginger, and garlic. Based on the available evidence from research demonstrating the antibacterial, antimicrobial, analgesic, and antiplaque effects of these herbs used in Middle Eastern countries, they could still be useful as an alternative treatment for gingivitis, periodontal diseases, or antiplaque agents. However, more clinical data is required to ascertain the benefits of herbal medicine for oral tissues and the prevention of oral diseases.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE COVID-19 PATIENTS TO CHOOSE HERBAL MEDICINES

This research paper aims to study the factors that drive Covid-19 patients to take herbal supplements to find out the reasons behind the consumption of herbal supplements as the first choice of medicine. Researchers conducted the research via online interviews and online questionnaires with 30 participants who were Covid-19 patients. Factors that resulted in Covid-19 patients choosing to take herbal medicine are divided into three areas: the efficacy of herbs, properties of herbs, and access to herbal products. It was done by analyzing the data using the number of respondents. The results showed that most respondents were female (18 people), followed by 12 males. The majority of respondents were 18-35 years old, numbering 13 people, followed by the age range of 36-55 years, amounting to 10 people. Most respondents were at the bachelors degree level (17 people), followed by ten people with qualifications lower than a bachelors degree. Most respondents had an average monthly income of fewer than 10,000 baht (15 people), followed by 10,001 – 30,000 baht (12 people). Regarding the properties of herbal medicines, 25 respondents commented that they have healing properties of the side effects of Covid-19. In addition, all respondents agreed that herbal medicines are reliable and safe. Regarding price, 19 respondents stated that herbal medicines were reasonably priced, while 11 indicated their prices were just acceptable. Lastly, 23 patients responded that they received medicinal advice from doctors to use herbal medicines.

THE EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON MICROORGANISMS CAUSING CARIES AND PERIODONTITIS

The oral cavity contains a large number of bacteria, some of which are involved in the development of caries and periodontitis (S. mutans, S. sobrinus, Lactobacilli spp, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, and T. forythus). The disadvantages of existing antiseptics used in dentistry necessitate the study of antibacterial properties of herbal medicines, and, in particular, of essential oils. The aim of this review is to provide the analysis of literature sources from PubMed and Google Scholar databases related to the effects of essential oils of cloves, mint, thyme, eucalyptus, tea tree and their components on cariogenic and periodontopathic microflora. It was found out that the most in vitro studies evaluated the effects of essential oils or isolated compounds (eugenol, menthol, thymol, carvacrol, eucalyptol, and terpinene-4-ol) on S. mutans, which is considered to be the most cariogenic of oral streptococci, and the researchers limited to defining the susceptibility of the microorganism and effects on biofilm formation. Only in a few studies, the effects of essential oils on the virulence factors of oral pathogens, in particular glycosyl transferase, are represented. Clinical trials of essential oils, their components and combinations confirm the therapeutic potential of these agents in vivo, but raise the question of their effectiveness, taking into account the short-term action, which does not exceed the potency of chlorhexidine. Essential oils of cloves, mint, thyme, eucalyptus, tea tree and their components should be used for treating caries and periodontitis. They are also promising when used as agents of the oral care products, preservatives of the dental medicinal forms, and as remedies for halitosis. With a rational prescription, essential oils can be useful in improving the quality of dental treatment and preventive procedures.

Echium amoenum from viewpoint of Avicenna: a brief review

Echium amoenum, also named Gol-e-gavzaban in Persian, from boraginaceae family is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants, is distributed in the Northern region of Iran, as well as Europe and Mediterranean region. E. amoenum is traditionally used as herbal tea in Iranian traditional medicine for conditions such as common cold, bronchitis, stress and fatigue. It also possesses diaphoretic, diuretic and blood rectifying properties. The dried violet–blue petals of Iranian Borage are used as general tonic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and anti-tussive according to the Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM). In this review article, the uses of E. amoenum as explained by Avicenna book II, Canon of medicine, book of Al-Adviah-Al-ghalbiah, and various databases of the latest scientific studies are discussed and compared. Using the experiences of old scientists in the botanical field and the properties of herbal medicines, as well as adapting new findings to old knowledge, can help us improve our understanding of prevention and treatment.It can also lead to obtain safe and cheap drugs. However, there are many common characteristics about the pharmacological properties of this plant in modern medicine and Iranian traditional medicine, but more research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of the plant.

Self-reference chemical profiling in the comprehensive dissolution test of herbal medicines

The power of chemical profiling in characterizing the samples' chemical pools has greatly raised the interests of phytomedicine researchers. Unfortunately, the semi-quantitative nature of chemical profiling retards its exploration into the dissolution test of herbal medicines, which is a crucial quantitative measure to evaluate and control the in vitro releasing properties as the prerequisite for biomembrane permeation of herbal constituents. Here, a method integrating chemical profiling approach and self-reference strategy is developed for the purpose of dissolution test of herbal medicines. The chromatographic fingerprints of the self-reference samples are translated by principal component analysis (PCA) into chemical profiles that highly correlate to their nominal gross concentrations in spite of the poor quantitative performances of some individual peaks. Pareto scaling previous to PCA selectively highlights the relative loadings of peaks with good quantitative performances. An example of ginkgo biloba tablets shows that this method is efficient to judge whether the detected constituents are simultaneously released or not, determine both the gross release and the respective dissolution rates of them, and rapidly screen the slowly released ones that may have potential clinical implications. This method has potentials to enable deep insight into the molecular diffusion and dissolution of complex herbal formulations, and open a new window to comprehensively consider the bioavailable properties of herbal medicines.

식약공용 한약재의 관리 방안에 관한 연구

Objectives : This article reviews a solution preventing the illegal distribution of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine and risks on public health by conducting safety management of food and medicine. Also, this article would like to contribute to improvement of public health treating diseases in compliance with accurate diagnosis and prescription of Oriental Medicine Doctor("OMD")'s. Methods : An approach in this research can be categorized into two : first, to examine the current administrative situation and problems of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine based on policy documents of Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Food and Drug Adminstration("KFDA") and academic articles of the herbal medicine;second, to find reasonable administrative solutions to solve the problems. Solutions : A solution is to strengthen the management level of herbal medicine in common use for food and medicine by selecting 117 items as target items requiring concentrated management. In case herbal medicine is imported for food, KFDA strengthens the quality management level of herbal medicine by making use of inspection frequency at random, collecting and verifying herbal medicine on the market. However, KFDA decides to maintain current different quality specification system of food and medicine reflecting a civil complaint that quality specification of food and medicine should separately managed according to the purpose of use. Herbal medicine as medicine that is functioned as treating diseases and alleviating symptoms, unlike herbal medicine for food, can cure all kinds of diseases by recovering inner balance of human body, making use of other properties of herbal medicine. Medicine has its own properties. If a doctor uses properties of medicine appropriately, he cures diseases. If a doctor uses herbal medicine inappropriately. he may damage human body. Thus, whether side effects of medicine depend on a doctor who uses herbal medicine. Conclusions : All herbal medicine will be supplied into the market after strict safety control of manufacturers of herbal medicine according to the revised Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, beginning in April, 2012. Thus, people can take safer and more reliable herbal medicine through strengthening safety management of herbal medicine and improving quality and transparency in the distribution system. Herbal medicine should appropriately be prescribed by licensed OMD because herbal medicine is used to treat diseases and alleviate symptoms, unlike herbal medicine for food.

Application of genetic algorithm‐support vector regression (GA‐SVR) for quantitative analysis of herbal medicines

In this paper, a genetic algorithm‐support vector regression (GA‐SVR) coupled approach was proposed for investigating the relationship between fingerprints and properties of herbal medicines. GA was used to select variables so as to improve the predictive ability of the models. Two other widely used approaches, Random Forests (RF) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) combined with GA (namely GA‐RF and GA‐PLSR, respectively), were also employed and compared with the GA‐SVR method. The models were evaluated in terms of the correlation coefficient between the measured and predicted values (Rp), root mean square error of prediction, and root mean square error of leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. The performance has been tested on a simulated system, a chromatographic data set, and a near‐infrared spectroscopic data set. The obtained results indicate that the GA‐SVR model provides a more accurate answer, with higher Rp and lower root mean square error. The proposed method is suitable for the quantitative analysis and quality control of herbal medicines. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.