Properties Of Grouts Research Articles

Portland Cement-Based Grouts Enhanced with Basalt Fibers for Post-Tensioned Concrete Duct Filling

In post-tensioned systems, grouts act as a last line of defense to prevent the penetration of harmful compounds such as chlorides, moisture and other substances that cause corrosion in the prestressing steel. For this reason, improving grouts results in the enhancement of the overall durability of the structure. In this study, the physical properties of grouts with basalt microfiber additions in the amounts of 0.03, 0.07 and 0.10% with respect to the mix volume were evaluated. The fresh properties included flowability and unit mass. Specimens were fabricated to evaluate drying shrinkage, compressive strength, air permeability and rapid permeability to chloride ions. The incorporation of basalt microfibers showed a beneficial effect on the physical properties of the grout by increasing the drying shrinkage resistance and decreasing the permeability compared to the reference mix and two commercial dry prepackaged grouts. The optimal grout mix was the one with a percentage of basalt microfibers of 0.10%, which decreased drying shrinkage by 15.98% at 14 days compared to the reference mix, and permeability to chloride ions decreased by 10.82% compared to the control mix.

Effects of a polycarboxylate superplasticizer and temperature on the rheological properties of grout blended with seawater

A series of subsea tunnel projects with unprecedented scale is under vigorous construction. In the construction sector, grouting has been widely adopted as the primary method for disaster control, and superplasticizers are the additives commonly used in grouting engineering. However, during grouting, seawater intrusion and ambient temperature change lead to significant changes in the rheological properties of grouting materials and failure of the grouting scheme. Therefore, it is critical to study the rheological properties of seawater-mixed grout slurry containing a polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCS) at different temperatures. In this study, the mechanism of a PCS and its effects on the rheological properties of biomass-activated grouts (BAGs) blended with seawater were revealed for the first time. Further, the rheological characteristics and constitutive equations of seawater-mixed grout slurry at 0–30 °C were determined. Results indicated that the PCS significantly reduced the shear stress and viscosity of seawater-mixed grout. The fluidity of grout slurry with 0.8 % PCS increased by 30.8 %. The power law model was applied to describe the rheological characteristics of seawater-mixed slurry with varying PCS contents. With increasing temperature, the rheological index increased, whereas the viscosity, shear stress, and consistency coefficient decreased. The constitutive equation of seawater-mixed BAGs containing 0.8 % PCS at different temperatures was also established for the first time. The findings of this study can provide a basis for grouting diffusion theory, numerical calculation, and the design of a grouting scheme for subsea tunnels at different temperatures.

Effects of modified binders on flowability of grout and properties of preplaced aggregate concrete

In preplaced aggregate concrete (PAC), it is important yet complex to achieve a grout with high flowability and bleed resistance simultaneously. Supplementary cementitious materials, typically incorporated to impart desired properties to concrete and to complement economic and environmental benefits, may uniquely alter the properties of PAC to that of conventional concrete. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of incorporating supplementary cementitious materials, considering alterations in their flowability and constituent materials to improve the overall performance of PAC is essential. The present study investigates the properties of PAC, incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume (SF) as partial replacement of cement at 0–40% and 0–10%, respectively. Different proportions of GGBS and SF were considered, where, flowability and superplasticizer dosage were varied with and without incorporating sand. Grout properties were evaluated in terms of flowability and compressive strength and PAC properties were evaluated in terms of mechanical strength, durability, and dimensional stability. The findings revealed that the combination of GGBS and SF in grout displayed suitable flowability and acceptable strength. Removal of sand from grout improved the properties of grout while deteriorating the properties of PAC. PAC produced using grout with 10% SF and sand to binder ratio of 0.5, exhibiting efflux time of less than 20 s, displayed the highest compressive strength. GGBS and SF significantly improved chloride ion penetration of PAC with the drawback of increased drying shrinkage. Nevertheless, all PAC mixes could still be classified as low shrinkage concrete. PAC produced with 40% GGBS and 10% SF exhibited comparable compressive strength and enhanced resistance to chloride ion penetration to that of PAC without GGBS/SF.

Experimental research on compressive strength-size effect and mechanical properties of cement-based grout

The shapes and sizes of grout blocks used to test the material properties vary in the codes and regulations of different countries. This paper investigated the relationship between the compressive strength of grout with 60 blocks of different shapes and sizes, including 40 × 40 × 160 mm prisms specified in the codes of China, Japan and Europe, 50 mm cubes in American code, 70.7 mm cubes in RILEM, ø100 × 200 mm cylinders in the codes of Australia and New Zealand. In addition, another 60 grout blocks were used to investigate the relationship between the cubic compressive strength and the axial compressive strength, elastic modulus and splitting tensile strength. The test results showed that, in the range of the compressive strength from 65 MPa to 110 MPa, the cubic compressive strength of grout had the phenomena of size effect, but the compressive strength increased with the increase of block sizes, which was different from concrete. Significant deviations were observed in the calculation of grout's axial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and splitting tensile strength by using the concrete conversion equations. Formulas proposed in this study can determine the compressive strength between test blocks with multiple shapes and sizes and calculate material properties of the grout.

Reusing Fine Silty Sand Excavated from Slurry Shield Tunnels as a Sustainable Raw Material for Synchronous Grouting

Using the Nanjing Dinghuaimen Yangtze River Tunnel project as a case study, we proposed a method to reuse the excavated silty-fine sand by adjusting the proportion of the waste sand to replace the commercial sand. This would address the issue of recycling the significant amount of waste sand generated when the slurry shield passes through the silty-fine sand stratum. Moreover, we have evaluated grout indicators such as density, fluidity, consistency, bleeding rate, volumetric shrinkage, setting time, and unconfined compressive strength and examined how the particle size and distribution of the sand affected the grout’s performance. The findings show that as the replacement ratio increases, the grout’s density, fluidity, consistency, and bleeding rate gradually increase; meanwhile, the volumetric shrinkage increases initially before decreasing; the setting time decreases gradually; the unconfined compressive strength initially decreases before increasing. The key factor altering the grout’s performance when the replacement ratio is less than 50% is the weakening of the adsorption effect of fine sand particles on water due to the increase in the sand’s fineness modulus. When it is greater than 50%, the particle size of the sand tends to be distributed nonuniformly and fine particles fill the voids between larger particles, thus contributing to the changes in grout properties.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF EARLY AGE MOVEMENT IN GROUTED CONNECTIONS

AbstractGrouted connections (GC) of offshore structures are susceptible to wave loading and current directly after grouting. Early age movement (EAM) during the curing process can affect the material properties and the interface quality between the grout and the steel structure. Such effects were observed in laboratory tests performed at the Leibniz University Hannover. Generally, EAM can be characterised by high shear rates and identified as a damage mechanism. In this contribution, the authors present a numerical approach that transfers the observed damage mechanism into an ultimate strength analyses of the GCs. For this purpose, EAM simulations and laboratory tests with fluid grout material are combined to determine areas of high shear rates, which mainly affect the grout properties. With an element‐based adjustment approach, the material law of each element is adjusted according to the level of shear rate. The adjusted finite element model is analysed on its maximum axial load resistance.

Effect of admixtures and PVA fiber on the mechanical properties of high strength cementitious grout

In order to seal the joints between the ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) permanent formworks, the high strength cementitious grout (HSCG) was investigated in the presented work. The water reducer content and the water to binding materials (W/B) ratio of the grout were modified to meet the grout fluidity requirement, and then the effects of three commonly used admixtures (i.e., hydrophobic powders (HP), expansive agents (EA), and redispersible polymer powders (RPP)) and PVA fibers on the compressive, tensile, flexural, and adhesive strengths of the HSCG were investigated. In addition to the normal condition, the adhesive strengths under the soaked condition and the thermal aging condition were also evaluated. The HP worsen all strength index, especially the adhesive strength, while the appropriate utilization of the EA could improve all strength indexes by more than 12%. With the addition of RPP, the adhesive strengths under the soaked and thermal aging conditions could be significantly enhanced by over 85%. The PVA fiber could also enhance the normal adhesive strength by 20.5%. Based on the experimental results, the recommended contents of the EA, RPP, and PVA fibers were 6%, 2%, and 0.3%, respectively, while the HP was not suggested for the HSCG due to its adverse effect on the mechanical performances.

Experimental research on the influence of stratum permeability on the time-varying properties of active grout

In the construction of underground projects, the water-binder ratio is generally considered as one of the main factors affecting the cement-based backfill grouting performance. In addition, when the backfill grouting is consolidated in the formation. The difference in the permeability of the formation will affect the consolidation rate and consolidation drainage of the backfill grouting, resulting in changes in the water-binder ratio of the grout, which in turn affects the development of its performance after consolidation. However, it is difficult to simulate the consolidation and hardening process of backfill grouting in the formation with the current indoor test equipment. Therefore, the influence of the permeability difference of the stratum on the time-varying law of backfill grouting and consolidation is less studied. In this paper, the self-made consolidation test device is used to study the time-varying law of grout consolidation in different permeable formations, and the time-varying law of grout performance is studied by using the samples after consolidation. The results show that with the increase of formation permeability coefficient, the dissipation time of excess pore water pressure of grout decreases, and the volumetric strain increases. The grout consolidation rate is determined by the relative permeability coefficient between the grout and the formation, and the difference in consolidation causes changes in the moisture content of the grout after consolidation. The change of the ratio of bound water to free water affects the time-varying law of strength after consolidation.

Influence of Defoamer on the Properties and Pore Structure of Cementitious Grout for Rebar Sleeve Splicing

Grout sleeve splicing of rebar is a major technology in prefabricated buildings, and cementitious grout for rebar sleeve splicing (hereinafter called grout) is an essential material for this technology. Grout, with its excellent mechanical properties, improves the stability of rebar sleeve splicing. In this study, the mechanical properties of grout were improved by introducing an admixture in the form of a defoamer, and the influence of the defoamer on the fluidity, loss rate of fluidity, wet apparent density and strength of the grout was investigated. The action of the defoamer in regulating the pore structure of the grout was further analyzed using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) method. The results showed that when the dosage of defoamer was increased from 0 to 0.025%, the fluidity of the grout initially increased and then decreased, but there was no change in the loss rate at 30 min. The wet apparent density increased continuously, whereas the flexural and compressive strength generally increased initially and then tended to stabilize. The MIP test results showed that the defoamer increased the pore volume of the grout in the range of 6 nm to 30 nm and decreased the pore volume in the range of 30 nm to 60 μm. However, in the 60 μm to 300 μm pore size range, the pore volume increased when the dosage of the defoamer was 0.0025% and 0.0075%, and decreased when the dosage was 0.005% and 0.001%. The porosity of the grout initially decreased and then increased slightly as the dosage of the defoamer increased from 0 to 0.01%. The introduction of defoamer can optimize the pore structure of grout and then improve its mechanical properties. The influence of defoamer on grout properties and pore structure were systemically studied with a view to providing technical and theoretical guidance for rebar sleeve-splicing technology in prefabricated construction.

Study on the Macro-Micro Mechanical Properties of Grout Consolidated Coal under Different Loading Rates.

The bore hole is sealed from a sealing hole: the surrounding coal fracture permeability and grout cementation form a new consolidated body and coal material. In this paper, the characteristics of the macroscopic compressive strength, microscopic interface bending, porosity, and fractal dimension of the consolidated body were studied, and the structure strength relationship between loading rates, porosity, fractal dimension, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) was established. The results show that the loading rates had a great and consistent effect on the macro- and micro-mechanical properties of the consolidated body. Macroscopically, in the range of 0.1~0.4 mm/min, the UCS and elastic modulus of the solidified body increased with the increase in the loading rate, and there was a critical loading rate (η = 0.4 mm/min). At the microscale, with the increase in loading rates, the interface bending phenomenon, porosity, fractal dimension, and UCS of the grout and coal were consistent, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The fractal dimension was linearly correlated with the UCS and porosity. The loading rates, porosity, fractal dimension, and UCS had a multivariate nonlinear regression distribution.

Mechanism and Control of Grout Propagation in Horizontal Holes in Fractured Rock

It is important to control grout propagation and ensure the engineering effectiveness of the advanced regional grouting process in the Middle Ordovician limestone (MOL) aquifer. In our study, we found that the physical and mechanical properties of cement grout are affected mainly by the water–cement ratio, followed by water glass content and finally by hydro-chemical type. In a horizontal grouting hole inclined single fracture, the grout spread over time depended on the water–cement ratio, grouting pressure, width of fracture and angle between fracture and grouting hole and the rate of spread increased over time. However, when the grout propagation length was hundreds of meters or more, the length in the fracture above the grouting hole was greater than that in the fracture below. The sensitivity sequence of influencing factors of grout propagation length in an inclined fracture of a horizontal grouting hole was as follows, from large to small: width of fracture, fracture angle, water–cement ratio, grouting pressure.

Study on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cement-Based Grout Containing Coal-Fly Ash.

To study the physical and chemical properties of grout containing fly ash, Class II fly ash was used as a mineral admixture and mixed with silicate cement to produce grout, and the rheological properties, strength properties, hydration properties, and microscopic mechanism were studied. The results of the study showed the following. The incorporation of fly ash reduced the thixotropic area of the composite cement slurry, which facilitated pumping in the pipeline conveying process. The inclusion of fly ash reduced the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the cement paste, but the rheological index increased and then decreased with the increase in fly ash, and the composite paste had the lowest degree of shear thinning at 30% fly ash inclusion. The incorporation of fly ash reduced the hydration exothermic rate and total hydration exothermic amount of the composite slurry and prolonged the hydration induction period, but the promotion effect of fly ash on the hydration rate of cement was obvious at 10% fly ash admixture. The admixture of fly ash increased the empty volume of the composite slurry, but the effect on the most probable aperture was not significant, and the porosity of the system increased, resulting in a decrease in compressive strength. The effect of adding fly ash on the hydration products was reflected mainly by the C-S-H gel produced by cement hydration and the change in calcium alumina and Ca(OH)2. Fly ash does not directly participate in the hydration reaction of cement, but it can promote cement hydration and increase the reaction rate of cement. By analyzing the rheological properties, mechanical properties, and hydration properties of fly ash composite cement paste, the comprehensive analysis found that the rheological properties are excellent when the fly ash admixture is 20-30%, and the water-cement ratio can be reduced to improve the strength without affecting the pumping demand.

Conversion of the waste drilling mud to renewable grouting materials in deep shaft sinking

Harmless treatment of the huge volume of contaminative waste drilling mud becomes a challenging task in shaft drilling. Due to the similarity between the mud and clay slurry, waste drilling mud with modifications is proposed to replace the clay slurry, to prepare clay-cement-like grouts, i.e. waste drilling mud-cement grout (MTG). Properties of MTG grouts including stability, flowability, plastic strength, groutable period, rheological properties at fresh state and compressive strength at hardened state are experimentally investigated, while case study is employed to examine the applicability of MTG grouts in practical applications. Observed results confirmed the reliability of MTG grouts.

Study on the effect of nanosilica suspension on the properties of cement-based grouts

Abstract The agglomeration trend of nanosilica particles was found to significantly affect the properties of cement-based materials. The influence of nanosilica suspension on the fluidity, setting time, and compressive strength of cement-based grouts were studied. The hardened pastes were characterized by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the fluidity of cement-based grouts with nanosilica suspension had obviously improved. The setting time was obviously decreased, compared with the reference sample. The compressive strengths for 1 day, 3 days, and 28 days were 12.8%, 14.3%, and 10.1% higher than that of the reference group, respectively. This paper may provide a novel route to improve the mechanical properties of cement-based materials without affecting their workability.

Study of Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Epoxy Grouts Subjected to Seawater Conditioning at Elevated Temperature: Tensile Test and Compressive Test

Pipelines and risers are major transportation of oil and gas. These components are often exposed to extreme marine environmental conditions that can cause pipelines to fail due to corrosion. Hence, epoxy grouts are used as a coating material on the surface of pipelines and risers for supporting the pipe structure and corrosion prevention. In this case, the efficiency of epoxy grout is important in pipeline rehabilitation. Research on the adaptation of seawater, temperature, and epoxy grouts is carried out to determine the changes in mechanical and thermal properties of the material. The preparation of epoxy grouts was prepared with a mixture of epoxy resins, epoxy hardeners, and aggregates. After the sample compounds have been flattened, the mixture will be put into the mold. The seawater aging process was performed for seven days before conducting laboratory experiments. After the seawater aging process, there were physical changes on the surface of the epoxy grouts which are the epoxy grout become harder and there were voids that can act as stress concentration points that may cause micro-crack on the specimen. Next, tensile (ASTM 638) experiments were performed at different temperatures of 27°C, 40°C, 52°C, 72°C, 80°C and 100°C while the result of compression experiment is based on the literature critique of past journals. Based on the result, the young modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the epoxy grouts are decreased with increasing temperature. The increment of temperature causes the epoxy grouts to become weaker due to the changes in the polymer matrix structure of the epoxy grouts which lead to the failure at low load and shortens the life of the material. In addition, epoxy grouts are amorphous materials where the glass transition temperature determine the mechanical and physical properties of epoxy grouts. Therefore, the results of the study found that the epoxy grouts changed its mechanical properties from brittle to ductile when the temperature is at 72°C. From the comparison between samples immersed and not immersed in seawater, there is a decrease in Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile stress and strain due to the effect of seawater reaction. In conclusion, the increment in temperature and seawater adaptation factors affect the strength and durability of epoxy grouts.

Effect of glass powder on the rheological and mechanical properties of slag-based mechanochemical activation geopolymer grout

This article discusses the effects of glass powder (GP) replacements and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molarity on the rheological, fresh, mechanical and microstructure characteristics of slag-based mechanochemical geopolymer (MG) grout. A conventionally activated geopolymer grout and an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) grout were also investigated for comparison. Four glass powder replacement ratios were used (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% by the total precursor weight) to prepare slag-based mechanochemical geopolymer at three NaOH concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 3.75 molars). The experimental results showed that the rheological behaviour of MG grouts was considerably reduced, whereas the setting time and the bleeding capacity value increased when slag was substituted with 0%–30% GP. However, after 28 days, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) improved by 2%–13% when 10%–20% GP was used as a slag replacement, then dropped by 4% when 30% GP was substituted. The results confirmed that both geopolymer grouts irrespective of the activation method had shorter setting time and more stable bleeding capacity than OPC grout. The results also revealed that the UCS of geopolymer grout is enhanced by 18% when the source materials are activated by the mechanochemical method compared to the conventional activation of geopolymer grout. The microstructure results revealed that the activation method had a considerable effect on the microstructure of geopolymer grout because the ball milling process increased the surface area and reduced the particle size of slag compared to conventionally activated geopolymer grout.

Effect of nano-Al2O3/epoxy resin composite on the shear strength recovery of fractured rock masses with various crack widths and SCA interfacial treatments

The mechanical properties of grout and the effect of the bonding between grout and the repaired material are the two main factors affecting the shear strength of the material. To study the effect of repairs carried out with nano-Al2O3/epoxy resin composite (NAEC) on the shear strength of rock masses, cracks with different widths and treatments by silane coupling agent (SCA) solutions with various surface treatment concentrations (kSCA) were considered. The mass percentage ratio of nano-Al2O3 in the composite (kAl) was optimized based on the obtained uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The selected NAEC was used to fill cracks of different widths, and the bonding effect was analyzed using a bilateral shear strength test that effectively avoids the bending effect. Solutions with diverse kSCA values were used to treat the rock surfaces with the 3-mm-wide cracks. The results showed that the UCS of the NAEC tended to increase with increasing kAl when the mass ratio (kCE) of the curing agent to epoxy resin was 0.25. When kAl= 0.01, the UCS of the composite peaked at 97.82 MPa. With increasing crack width, the shear strength first increased and then decreased. When the crack width was 3 mm, the shear strength reached a maximum of 29.02 MPa. However, without nano-Al2O3, the shear strength was 23.66 MPa, and the shear strength of ultrafine Portland cement (UPC) material was only 8.37 MPa. With increasing kSCA, the shear strength tended to first increase and then decrease. For a kSCA of 2%, the shear strength reached a maximum of 39.40 MPa, corresponding to an increase of 35.8%. Nevertheless, the composite shear strength as degraded at 5% kSCA. In summary, the NAEC exhibited a sound bonding effect, SCA surface treatments effectively improved the shear strength, and the bonding shear strength was related to the crack width.

Rheological characteristics of cement-sodium silicate grout in its fluid–solid phase transition process

The rheology of quick-setting grout during the phase transition from fluid to solid is a key factor for consideration in grouting diffusion design. In this paper, cement-sodium silicate grout (CS grout) was used in the experiment as a typical quick-setting grout. The rheological properties of quick-setting grout during the entire phase transition period, including phase transition time, grout viscosity, and yield stress, were investigated. The influences of water-cement mass ratio (W/C mass ratio) and cement-sodium silicate ratio (C/S volume ratio) on rheological properties of quick-setting grout were analyzed. Results show that gel reaction process of CS grout can be divided into three stages: fluid phase, fluid–solid phase, and solid phase. Among them, shear stress of CS grout increased rapidly with phase transition from fluid to fluid–solid state. The rheological constitutive relation of CS grout always belonged to the Bingham model with W/C mass ratio ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 and C/S volume ratio ranging from 1 to 3. A rheological model of CS grout was presented, among which the relationship between rheological parameters and reaction time is expressed by exponential functions.

Development of a dry mortar with nanosilica and different types of industrial waste for the application in borehole heat exchangers

A geothermal borehole is a heat exchanger between the soil and a heat transfer fluid. This fluid flows throw in the geothermal pipes, which has been inserted into borehole. Using a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems, the fluid provides heating and cooling buildings.The space between the geothermal pipes and the ground is filled with a geothermal backfill. This geothermal fill must be having high thermal conductivity for facilitate the heat flow. In this way this fill is an important element in a Borehole Heat Exchanger as its choice can result in significant economic and energy savings during the geothermal installation’s lifetime. However, in general it has not received enough attention.The geothermal backfill materials formed by a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, sand and/or additions are known as geothermal grouts. The aggregated additives and the other materials aggregated confers to the geothermal backfill high thermal conductivity. This property is rejected in the conventional grouts used in buildings.On the other hand, the use of industrial waste or by-products in geothermal grouts is considered more sustainable, for it reduces landfill volume and the need of exploiting new mineral resources.This paper describes the development of a geothermal grout, named MG 7. MG-7 has improved thermal properties compared with conventional grouts. In this case, mining and by-products from surrounding companies have been used, following the principles of the circular economy.To determinate the geothermal grout properties different techniques and conventional equipment has been used. However, to calculate the thermal conductivity a specific device developed by the authors. Finally, it has been obtained a pre-dosed geothermal grout with a thermal conductivity of 2.01 ± 0.08 W/m∙K (K = 2), in which 30 % of the aggregates come from industrial waste, such as mine tailings, ladle furnace slag, fly ash and silica fume. It also contains 2 % of silica nanoparticles.

Development and characterization of eco- and user-friendly grout production via mechanochemical activation of slag/rice husk ash geopolymer

In this study, mechanochemical activation was used both to increase the reactivity of a one-part geopolymer during ambient curing and as an alternative activation technique to overcome the difficulties associated with conventional two-part geopolymers. The mechanochemical grinding of raw materials of varied compositions in a solid-state resulted in the synthesis of ready-to-use geopolymeric precursors, which with just the addition of water, resulted in the development of eco- and user-friendly geopolymer grout. In addition, conventionally activated geopolymer grout and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) grout were investigated for comparative purposes. Four rice husk ash (RHA) replacement ratios were used (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by the total precursor weight) to investigate the feasibility of using RHA as a partial precursor in slag-based mechanochemically activated geopolymer (MSG) grout. A series of tests were examined, such as rheological behavior (flow curve response, yield stress, and plastic viscosity), fresh properties (setting time and bleeding capacity), mechanical characteristics (unconfined compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity), and microstructure analysis (scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray Diffraction). The experimental results showed that the rheological characteristics and fresh properties of MSG grouts were considerably enhanced in terms of groutability when slag was replaced with 0–30% RHA. In addition, the mechanical characteristics increased with the increased partial replacement of slag with RHA up to 20% and decreased beyond that. In terms of activation mechanism, the mechanochemical activation technique reduced the rheological characteristics and fresh properties while the strength increased by 18% compared to the conventional activation method. Microstructural analysis revealed the existence of more unreactive particles in both conventionally activated geopolymer and MSG grout containing 30% RHA. The results also confirmed that MSG grouts had a shorter setting time and more stable bleeding capacity than OPC grout.