Flow Properties Research Articles

Thermal and Flow Characteristics of Alumina Nanofluids in Microfluidic Systems: A Low-Concentration Study

Microfluidic technologies and nanofluids represent a synergistic combination with significant potential for enhancing heat transfer and thermal management applications. This study investigates the thermal and flow characteristics of a 0.001 wt.% alumina (Al₂O₃)-water nanofluid within a custom-designed serpentine microfluidic channel. The nanofluid was prepared and characterized for its thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, and density. Experimental microfluidic studies, supplemented by numerical simulations, were conducted to evaluate the fluid's behavior under controlled conditions. Results indicated a slight increase in thermal conductivity for the Al₂O₃ nanofluid compared to pure water, with increments ranging from 0.16% at 20°C to 0.30% at 80°C, attributed to enhanced Brownian motion of the nanoparticles. Viscosity measurements revealed marginal increases, suggesting minimal impact on fluid flow dynamics. The microfluidic experiments demonstrated a consistent pressure gradient and laminar flow regime, essential for precise control and efficient thermal management. Temperature contours showed effective heat dissipation, with a steady thermal gradient from the inlet to the outlet. The study concludes that low-concentration Al₂O₃ nanofluids can enhance thermal performance in microfluidic systems without significantly affecting flow characteristics, making them suitable for applications requiring efficient heat dissipation, such as electronic cooling and chemical reactions. These findings provide a foundation for future research into higher nanoparticle concentrations and different base fluids, aimed at optimizing the thermal and flow properties of nanofluids in microfluidic environments. The integration of nanofluids with microfluidic technologies holds promise for advancing the performance and reliability of next-generation thermal management systems.

Numerical analysis of double-fractional PDEs in MHD hybrid nanofluid blood flow with slip velocity, heat source, and radiation effects

Abstract The study of blood flow in cylindrical geometries resembling small arteries is crucial for advancing drug delivery systems, cardiovascular health, and treatment methods. However, Conventional models have failed to capture the complex memory effects and non-local behavior inherent in blood flow dynamics, which hinders their accuracy in predicting critical flow and heat transfer properties for medical applications. To overcome these limitations, this research introduces a novel fractional-order magnetohydrodynamic model for blood flow, incorporating a $ZnO$ and $Fe_3O_4$ hybrid nanofluid. The model uniquely integrates boundary slip velocity effects within the double fractional Maxwell model (DFMM) rheology framework and utilizes the dual fractional phase lag bioheat model (DFPLM) applied to a porous cylindrical structure. Fractional-order time derivatives in the thermal and momentum equations are formulated using the Caputo approach, with numerical solutions derived via finite difference methods leveraging L1 and L2 approximations for Caputo fractional derivatives. The study examines the effects of fractional orders, relaxation time, and phase lags for heat and temperature, along with parameters such as thermal radiation, wall slip velocity, and porosity. These factors are analyzed for their impact on velocity, temperature, skin friction, and the Nusselt number. Results indicate that the hybrid nanofluid enhances heat transfer compared to blood or mono-hybrid nanofluids, while also reducing skin friction. Furthermore, fractional-order models provide more reliable and realistic predictions under varying flow conditions. The DFMM shows smoother transitions in velocity and friction, while the DFPLM predicts higher temperatures and greater heat transfer enhancement compared to classical and single-phase lag models. By integrating fractional calculus, this model offers improved simulation of complex transport phenomena in small arteries, contributing to the development of more effective cardiovascular treatments.

A Rheological Study of Creams and Gels Containing N-Acetyl Glucosamine in Nanoparticle Form: The Advantages of a Bioengineered Strategy for Natural Anti-Inflammatory Substance Vehiculation

Topical formulations that include natural active compounds to treat inflamed and aching skin are favored by patients. Small local producers use commercial creams and gels to which they add compounds, often with criteria based more on trends than scientific evidence, to obtain products to treat inflamed joints or skin. Based on our previous studies that demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Harpagophytum procumbens extracts and N-acetylglucosamine, we were interested in preparing formulations with these natural substances for topical applications. In the present study, we compared the rheological properties of various creams and gels with bulk and nanoparticle forms of N-acetylglucosamine added, focusing on the flow properties of multiphase emulsion. Moreover, the ability of nanoparticles to reduce inflammation and stimulate collagen production was demonstrated in both chondrocyte and fibroblast spheroids. The results showed the activity of nano-N-acetylglucosamine in our cell models, suggesting its suitability for use as a component in creams and gels. Furthermore, its ability to affect the flow properties of commercial creams and gels makes it an ideal component of topical formulations for the treatment of inflamed skin and joints.

Bubble Detection in Multiphase Flows Through Computer Vision and Deep Learning for Applied Modeling

An innovative method for bubble detection and characterization in multiphase flows using advanced computer vision and neural network algorithms is introduced. Building on the research group’s previous findings, this study combines high-speed video capture with advanced deep learning techniques to enhance bubble detection accuracy and dynamic analysis. In order to further develop a robust framework for detecting and analyzing bubble properties in multiphase flows, enabling accurate estimation of essential mass transfer parameters, a YOLOv9-based neural network was implemented for bubble segmentation and trajectory analysis, achieving high accuracy. Key contributions include the development of an averaged mass transfer model integrating experimental data, neural network outputs, and scaling algorithms, as well as validation of the proposed methodology through experimental studies, including high-speed video imaging and comparisons with mass transfer coefficients obtained via the sulfite method. By precisely characterizing critical parameters, the algorithm enables accurate gas transfer rate calculations, ensuring optimal conditions in various industrial applications. The neural network-based algorithm serves as a non-invasive platform for detailed characterization of bubble media, demonstrating high accuracy in experimental validation and significantly outperforming traditional techniques. This approach provides a robust tool for real-time monitoring and modeling of bubble flows, laying the foundation for novel, non-invasive methods to measure multiphase media properties.

Fumed Silica in Coconut Oil Based Nanofluids for Cooling and Lubrication in Drilling Applications

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is an edible vegetable oil that is eco-friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable, with high thermal and chemical stability as a phase change material (PCM). In this work, VCO filled with fumed silica A200 nanoparticles was tested as a cutting fluid in drilling processes. Silica concentrations ranging from 1 to 4 vol% were analyzed. Thermal properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal conductivity measurements at different temperatures and concentrations. Thermal conductivity showed an enhancement with the addition of silica powder and reduced with increasing temperature. Based on thermal and flow properties, VCO-3A200 was found to be the optimal concentration. The thermal images of this nanofluid taken after 60 s of drilling exhibited a reduction of 12 °C with respect to the dry process. The friction coefficient versus shear rate was also measured. With 8% VCO, a reduction in the friction coefficient of 8% compared to the dry test was achieved. The addition of 3 vol% of silica to the base oil reduced the friction coefficient by 16% compared to the dry test. The use of fumed silica dispersed in VCO has proven to be a sustainable, recyclable, and environmentally friendly refrigerant and lubricant cutting fluid.

Mechanical and Flow Properties of Virgin and Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Blends Using Twin Screw Extrusion

The utilization of recycled materials in the production of plastic products is an environmentally conscious and economically viable approach. This study delves into the mechanical and flow properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) blends, comparing virgin low-density polyethylene (vLDPE), recycled low-density polyethylene (rLDPE) and vLDPE/rLDPE blends with different ratio (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100) for the purpose of reprocess into variable high-quality end products with minimal modification. Mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus, were examined to assess the suitability of rLDPE in comparison to its virgin counterpart. Our results demonstrate that vLDPE/rLDPE blend exhibits mechanical properties comparable to those of vLDPE, suggesting its potential as a sustainable alternative for reprocessing. Flow properties, specifically melt flow index (MFI), were also assessed to evaluate the processability of the LDPE blends. The findings reveal that the flow properties of LDPE blends are within an acceptable range for extrusion moulding, indicating that these materials can be effectively processed without major adjustments to manufacturing processes. This research underscores the feasibility of incorporating rLDPE into vLDPE for reprocessing into variable products, offering both economic and environmental advantages. By extending the lifecycle of LDPE materials through recycling, we can contribute to reducing waste and the overall environmental footprint while maintaining the desired mechanical and flow properties for high-quality end products.

Seamless scale‐up of tube‐in‐tube millireactors by annular structure and feed method design: Micromixing, residence time distribution and heat transfer

AbstractFlow chemistry is widely valued for its enhanced transport properties and safety, but scaling up while maintaining the advantages of the microenvironment in small‐scale systems remains challenging. We addressed this by developing a novel tube‐in‐tube millireactor with a multi‐hole jet inlet and deflectors, designed to maintain consistent flow regimes and optimize micromixing, residence time distribution (RTD), and heat transfer at various scales. The reactor increases flux by enlarging tube diameters and incorporating micro‐holes and deflectors, all while maintaining a constant annular space. This design, validated through both CFD modeling and experimental results, maintains consistent fluid flow and excellent transfer properties, achieving micromixing time below 2 ms at Reh > 2000, a plug‐flow‐like RTD profile, and a heat transfer capacity up to 12.4 times greater than conventional designs. This study presents a simple, scalable approach to millireactor design, combining “number‐up” and “size‐up” strategies, offering a cost‐effective solution for industrial applications.

Comparative Study of OLGA and LedaFlow Models for Mechanistic Predictions of Hydrate Transport Dynamics

Gas hydrate formation in pipelines transporting multiphase fluids from petroleum reservoirs can lead to the formation of blockages, representing a significant flow assurance challenge. Key issues caused by hydrates include substantial increases in the viscosity of mixed liquid phases and the deposition of hydrates on the pipeline wall. This study compares two existing transient multiphase flow simulators, OLGA and LedaFlow, in terms of their estimation of hydrate formation effects on multiphase flow. Here, we compared in detail the hydrate kinetic models, parameters used, and initial condition setup approaches that influence hydrate formation and affect multiphase flow properties. Based on the comparison between the simulation results, it was found that using both simulators with default setups may not lead to comparable results under certain conditions. Adjusting input parameters, such as the stoichiometric coefficient and hydrate formation enthalpy, is necessary in order to obtain equivalent results. Hydrate modules in both simulators have also been applied to a field case. With appropriate setup, OLGA and LedaFlow produce comparable results during steady-state simulations, which align with field observations. This work provides guidelines for setting up OLGA and LedaFlow simulation models to obtain equivalent results.

Recent Advances in Drying and Development of Solid Formulations for Stable mRNA and siRNA Lipid Nanoparticles.

Current RNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP) based products are typically liquid formulations that require ultra-cold storage temperatures for stability. To address this limitation, recent efforts have focused on enhancing stability and enabling room temperature storage by converting these formulations into solid forms through drying processes such as lyophilization, spray drying, and spray-freeze drying. Nevertheless, the drying process itself can influence the stability of RNA/LNP formulations. Therefore, understanding the factors that contribute to instability during drying is essential. The choice of drying technique for LNPs depends on factors such as the mode of delivery, lipid components, and desired final product characteristics. Additionally, the drying mechanism and associated stresses must also be carefully considered. Drying methods involve a range of process parameters related to formulation, process settings, and the manufacturing environment. It is essential to understand how these parameters influence the final solid-state products' attributes, including appearance, moisture content, flow properties, and reconstitution time, as these can significantly affect the physical and chemical stability of the formulation. This review focuses on various drying techniques and their impact on the stability of RNA/LNP-based systems.

ENHANCING FLUCONAZOLE SOLUBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY THROUGH SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUES: EVALUATION OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000 AND SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE SYSTEMS USING FIBER OPTICS

Objective: The triazole antifungal fluconazole is widely used for treating mycotic infections, but its efficacy is limited by its poor aqueous solubility and low dissolution rate, leading to reduced oral bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of fluconazole using solid dispersion techniques with Polyethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) as carriers. Methods: Solid dispersions were prepared using the fusion method, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated against physical mixtures and pure drug samples. Results: The solid dispersion showed a significant increase in the dissolution rate, achieving 89.01% drug release in 180 min compared to 40.3% for the pure drug (p<0.0032) and 84.1% for the physical mixture (p<0.0453). The encapsulation efficiency of the solid dispersion was 39.24%, with a drug loading capacity of 19.62%. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the stability of the drug within the dispersion, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed amorphous particles, indicating enhanced solubility. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the solid dispersion of fluconazole with PEG 6000 and SCMC significantly improves its dissolution rate and flow properties, providing a promising strategy for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Mimosa pudica Mucilage as a Functional Polymer in Pharmaceutical Applications

Mimosa pudica mucilage has emerged as a versatile natural polymer with considerable potential for pharmaceutical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and unique physicochemical properties. This study explores the extraction, characterization, and evaluation of Mimosa pudica mucilage, focusing on its use as a functional polymer in drug delivery systems. The mucilage was characterized for its organoleptic properties, swelling index, solubility, flow properties, and ash content. Results indicate that Mimosa pudica mucilage exhibits good swelling and gelling properties, making it ideal for use as a binder, disintegrant, and controlled-release agent in pharmaceutical formulations. Its high purity, as reflected by low ash values, and favorable flow properties further enhance its suitability for solid dosage forms. The findings of this study suggest that Mimosa pudica mucilage can serve as a promising alternative to synthetic polymers, offering advantages in terms of safety, cost, and environmental sustainability.

Investigation of flow interference and heat transfer characteristics of two staggered circular cylinders in cross flow

The flow and heat transfer characteristics around staggered cylinders are critical for optimizing thermal performance in engineering applications like heat exchangers. This study investigates the flow and heat transfer properties around two staggered cylinders at Re = 100 using a double-distributed lattice Boltzmann method. Eight typical flow patterns are recognized based on vortex and temperature fields, phase diagram, and St. The effects of gap flow, shear layer, vortex shedding, and wake evolution behaviors on heat transfer characteristic are discussed. Results demonstrate that when the wake is a single vortex street, the shear layer reattachment and the weaker gap flow both lead to a high temperature in the gap between the two cylinders, which subsequently adversely affects the heat transfer performance. Inversely, the vortex impingement and the stronger gap flow enhance the heat transfer performance. The deflected gap flow leads to a narrow and wide street in the wake, and the cylinder located on the opposite side of the gap flow deflection has better heat transfer performance. Furthermore, two coupled vortex streets in the wake can further improve the heat transfer performance of the cylinders. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing thermal management strategies in engineering applications.

Effect of leading edge tubercles bionic blade of high speed pump jet propulsor on cavitation suppression

The occurrence of cavitation in hydraulic machinery is a matter of significant concern, as it presents a substantial risk to the reliable functioning of pump jet propulsors. The point of this study is to find out how well bionic blades with different kinds of leading edge (LE) tubercles distribution stop cavitation in high-speed pump jet propulsors. Furthermore, it examines their performance in various cavitation scenarios. The study conducts a thorough evaluation of the function of bionic blades in mitigating cavitation and maintaining performance by analyzing head, efficiency, cavitation shape, pressure distribution, entropy production, vortex flow, and pressure pulsations. In the absence of reaching the cavitation critical point, the bionic blade 1 (BB1) model exhibited a head that was 2.65% greater than that of the original blade (OB) model. Additionally, it had the highest level of effectiveness among the three bionic blades in preventing cavitation, causing a 5%–8% delay. Furthermore, the LE tubercles not only successfully inhibited cavitation but to some degree stimulated the formation of both tip clearance cavitation and tip leakage cavitation. The BB1 model did a better job of controlling entropy production and vortex flow during the inception to collapse of cavitation. This led to lower losses, more consistent flow properties, and higher efficiency compared to the OB model. Analysis of the pressure pulsations shows that BB1 exhibits a reduction in pulsation intensity across all cavitation numbers, indicating excellent dynamic stability.

Numerical investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop of water-nanofluid flow in a three-dimensional wavy mini-tube

This research employs three-dimensional simulations to investigate the behavior of pure water and nanofluids consisting of Al2O3 and TiO2 particles within a sinusoidal mini-tube as a single-phase suspension. The impact of a mini-tube's sinusoidal amplitude and wavelength on laminar flow properties is investigated in Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 600. The results present that performance evaluation criterion of mini-tube is more proper in the amplitude of 3 mm and wave length of 16 mm. Performance evaluation criterion of sinusoidal shaped mini-tube with pure water in comparison with straight mini-tube, shows that sinusoidal mini-tube has the proper performance which the performance evaluation criterion is greater than 1. Proper selected mini-tube is also used with nanofluids. In this simulation, proposed nanofluids are water-Al2O3 and water-TiO2 nanofluids with volume fractions of 2% and 4%. The results of this investigation reveal that using nanofluids improves performance evaluation criterion. Also, comparison of two different nanoparticles shows that Al2O3 nanoparticles have better performance in comparison with TiO2 nanoparticles. By changing geometrical parameters as amplitude and wave length and finding proper mini-tube, it is seen that performance evaluation criterion is increased two times in comparison with straight tube. Also, using nanofluid in proper mini-tube in comparison with pure water in the same mini-tube, leads to improvement of cooling and thermal performance up to of 20%, in the different Reynolds numbers.

Complexation of magnesium ions in sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate-Flopaam AN125SH mixtures using sodium citrate

Presence of divalent metal ions, especially alkaline earth cations in brine water is an important factor during different processes applying anionic surfactants and negatively charged polymers, because these cations bind to the anionic head group of surfactants and may cause the precipitation of these materials. They also interact with the polymer chains, decreasing the polymer’s viscosity, reducing the net charge of the polymer chains, which also may lead to precipitation. The present study focuses on describing the interactions between magnesium ions with anionic sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS)–Flopaam AN125SH mixtures and the complexation of the magnesium with sodium citrate. Description of these interactions are important to evaluate the applicability of sodium citrate to decrease the undesired effects of alkaline earth cations in polymer-surfactant mixtures. The mixtures contained the high molecular weight anionic polymer in constant 1.0 g/L concentration and the surfactant in 5.0 g/L concentration. The magnesium ion concentration was systematically increased in the samples (0.03–1.5 g/L) and sodium citrate was added to the magnesium ion containing samples in 2.0 and 3.0 M equivalent amount compared to the magnesium ion concentration. The samples were characterized by using turbidimetry and rheology measurements (measuring consistency index, yield stress, flow number and zero shear viscosity), as the change of viscosity is an important parameter during application of polymers in different processes. The formed precipitates were characterized using infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that sodium citrate successfully inhibited the magnesium ions caused precipitation up to 1.2 g/L metal ion concentration (1200 ppm), but caused a considerable decrease in the viscosity of the samples (the consistency index of the mixtures decreased from 47.5 mPa s to 7.53 mPa s) and that magnesium ions do not induce precipitation of the polymer. However, this amount of decrease in viscosity did not change the flow properties of the polymer, all the investigated samples were measured to possess pseudoplastic flow behavior. The viscosity decreasing effects of the sodium citrate were also measured and approximately 13.0 mPa s decrease was measured in zero shear viscosity.

Vortex structure and control in a lid-driven cavity with magnetic field

Ferrofluids are magnetic field-sensitive colloidal solutions of ultra-fine, single-domain superpara-magnetic nanoparticles of metallic materials. An external magnetic field can be used to regulate the magnetic nanoparticles in the ferrofluid, which permits the fluid to flow and distribute within the domain in a predetermined way. This study examines the ferrofluid flow properties in a lid-driven cavity exposed to an external magnetic field. We investigate the impact of different aspect ratios, Reynolds number, and magnetic field strength on generation of vortices and their behavior. We have simulated aspect ratios of 1, 0.5, and 2 in this investigation, using Reynolds number values of 100, 400, and 1000 and magnetic field strength of 0, 1, and 4 tesla. Our results show that the introduction of magnetic fields greatly modifies the behavior of vortex, affecting the flow stability, and vorticity patterns inside the cavity. These findings have ramifications for actuation mechanisms, drug delivery systems, and microfluidic devices. In particular, we find that the flow patterns in the cavity evolve from basic recirculation to more intricate vortex structures. The commencement of these transitions is largely dependent on the Reynolds numbers. Along the sidewalls, secondary vortices form at higher Reynolds numbers. Practical applications can benefit from the enhanced mixing provided by these sidewall vortices. Additionally, we talk about how ferrofluids might improve fluid control and manipulation in constrained geometries. The interaction of magnetism and fluid dynamics creates opportunities for new types of actuation mechanisms in which the ferrofluid flow can be steered and controlled by magnetic fields. Our research opens up new avenues for creative applications in microfluidics and other fields by providing insightful information on ferrofluid behavior.

Formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablet of ketoprofen

The aim of the study was the formulation of the sustained release matrix tablet of Ketoprofen. The sustained release tablet was prepared by wet-granulation method. The tablets were formulated using hydrophilic polymer HPMC K4M and xanthan gum. Preformulation compatibility studies indicate that there is no interaction between the excipient and the drug. Total seven batches were prepared and powder blends before compression was subjected for evaluation of flow properties. All the parameter was found to be within the limit showing good flow property. After compression, the entire tablet batch was evaluated for thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content uniformity, swelling index, In-vitro release pattern. The thickness of tablet indicates that die fill was uniform in all the formulation and the formulation possessed sufficient hardness & friability indicating a good mechanical strength of the development formulation. The weight of the all the formulation were found to be with in pharmacopeial limit. The In-Vitro dissolution profile of all the formulation of Ketoprofen was controlled over an extended period of time. The optimized formulation of F7 containing combination of HPMC K4M and xanthan gum was consider as the best formulation with respect to its sustained in vitro drug release for 12 hrs, total sustained release time & improved bioavailability. The developed formulation was found to be stable during the stability studies of 3 month indicating good stability of the tablets.

Heat and Mass Transfer in Unsteady MHD Casson Fluid Flow Over a Semi-Infinite Vertical Plate Through Porous Medium with Dissipative and Radiative Effects

Nowadays, Casson fluid and its diverse applications are highly effective across a vast array of industrial, biological and environmental sectors, due to its unique flow properties. This study focuses on the numerical investigation of the heat and mass transfer characteristics of an unsteady incompressible Casson fluid flow over a semi-infinite vertical flat plate by considering free convection effects. The fluid is conducting the electrical current as it moves through the porous medium. The formulation of the governing equation is based on the use of this phenomenon. In the model, the formulated governing equations are converted into non-dimensional form first, and the MHD mathematical model is analyzed using the boundary conditions. The scheme of finite difference method is implemented to solve the model, where concentration profiles are also discussed. Stability and convergence criteria are applied for the accuracy of numerical techniques, and the effects of various parameters on skin friction, rate of heat and mass transfer have been examined significantly. The results indicate that the temperature of the plate increases with the increase in the value of the magnetic parameter for the Casson fluid but the reverse is observed in its limiting case. The present results are compared and checked with previously published results and a remarkable conclusion is given at the end of the study.

Coupled Effects of Time and Temperature on the Rheological and Pipe Flow Properties of Cemented Paste Backfill

As mineral resources at shallow depths become increasingly depleted, the development of these resources is progressively shifting to greater depths. This transition presents challenges for the pipeline transport of cement paste backfill (CPB), particularly in terms of long-distance transport and elevated temperatures. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted rheological tests, developed a resistance model that accounts for both time and temperature, and performed numerical simulations. The results show that the rheological parameters of CPB exhibit a gradual decline as the flow progresses. Specifically, at 20 °C, the plastic viscosity of CPB decreases by 1.6 Pa·s, and the yield stress decreases by 48.15 Pa; at 30 °C, the plastic viscosity decreases by 1.3 Pa·s, and the yield stress decreases by 18.69 Pa; at 40 °C, the plastic viscosity decreases by 0.84 Pa·s, and the yield stress decreases by 12.55 Pa; and at 50 °C, the plastic viscosity decreases by 0.58 Pa·s, with the yield stress decreasing by 12.53 Pa. Furthermore, the influence of shear time on the rheological properties of CPB diminishes as temperature increases within the range of 20 °C to 50 °C. These results offer significant insights for optimizing the pipeline transport of CPB in mining operations. These findings provide valuable guidance for pipeline transport of CPB in mining operations.

A laboratory study to assess the physico-chemical properties of BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow exposed to citric acid and EDTA irrigating solutions.

To assess physico-chemical properties of BioRoot RCS (powder-to-liquid formulation) and BioRoot Flow (pre-mixed formulation) after exposure to citric acid (CA) and EDTA. BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow specimens (5 × 2mm) were incubated for 28 days at 37°C before being treated with test solution (distilled water, 17% EDTA, 10% CA, 20% CA or 40% CA). Changes in mass, ion release (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy), phase composition (X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy), surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy) were evaluated. The Shapiro-Wilk, Levene and one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test, were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). The greatest mass loss, ion release and surface morphological changes (pores and cracks) of BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow occurred in 10% and 20% CA. No significant differences were identified between BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow in distilled water and EDTA (p > 0.05), whereas BioRoot Flow was significantly more soluble than BioRoot RCS in all CA solutions (p < 0.001). The main phase identified for both materials was zirconium oxide, which remained unaffected by the solutions. Within the limitations of the study, 10% and 20% CA were more effective than distilled water, 17% EDTA and 40% CA in terms of dissolving BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow. The BioRoot Flow was significantly more soluble in all CA solutions than BioRoot RCS. 10% and 20% CA solutions may have a potential to be used as a solvent for hydraulic calcium silicate sealers during endodontic retreatment.