Properties Of Engineered Cementitious Composites Research Articles

Advancements and perspectives in engineered cementitious composites (ECC): a comprehensive review

Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) have garnered significant attention within the construction industry due to their exceptional mechanical properties and durability. This thorough review presents a meticulous analysis of the progress and prospects in ECC research. It commences by introducing the background and rationale for investigating ECC, while outlining the objectives of the review. The review provides an encompassing overview of ECC, encompassing its definition, characteristics, historical development, composition, and constituent materials. Emphasis is placed on the examination of ECC‘s mechanical properties, specifically its flexural behaviour, tensile behaviour, compressive strength, and resistance to environmental factors. Furthermore, the rheological properties of ECC, including workability, flowability, self-healing, crack mitigation, viscosity, and thixotropy, are discussed in detail. The review delves into the influence of fibre reinforcement on ECC, encompassing the types of fibres utilised, their impact on mechanical and structural properties, as well as fibre dispersion and orientation. Additionally, it explores the diverse applications of ECC across various fields, such as structural applications and sustainable building practices. The challenges and limitations associated with ECC, such as cost and availability, are addressed, alongside an exploration of future trends and research directions.

Improving properties of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) using Bacillus subtilis immobilized in silica gel

This study investigates the impact of incorporating Bacillus subtilis immobilized in silica gel (BS+SG) on various properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). Silica gel serves as the immobilization medium to sustain bacterial viability in the challenging environment of ECC mixtures. The study explores bacterial content ranging from 5 % to 15 % of water content. Results reveal a significant enhancement in compressive strength for ECC with 5–15 % BS+SG, showing increases of 11.9–18.8 % at 28 days of water curing as compared to ECC without bacteria. This improvement becomes more pronounced at 56 days, attributed to silica gel’s protective role in preserving bacterial activity, leading to calcite production that effectively fills pores during extended curing. The positive impact extends to tensile strength and strain capacity. Additionally, BS+SG contributes to reduced porosity and water absorption even after prolonged curing, thus enhancing the durability of ECC. This study highlights the potential of BS+SG in advancing the properties of ECC, with emphasis on its role in improving compressive strength, strain capacity, and durability.

Development of Green Engineered Cementitious Composite using Fly Ash and Nanosilica for 3D Printing

The effects of adding Nanosilica (NS) to Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) for 3D Printing (3DP) applications were investigated in this study. The mechanical characteristics of 3DP ECC mortar with different NS contents were investigated. The basic components of the composite included fly ash, M-sand, polypropylene fibers, Ordinary Portland Cement, nanosilica and an accelerator. There were four different mix proportions of NS involving 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%. After 3, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing, the following strengths, viz., pull-out strength, direct tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength were assessed. Addition of NS improved the mechanical properties of ECC up to an ideal level of 0.15%, after which decreasing returns and adverse effects, including agglomeration, were observed. Insights into the ideal NS content for obtaining maximum performance of ECC obtained from the study provide knowledge for formulations in high-performance 3DP technologies.

Acoustic emission for exploring loading rate impact on type I fracture mechanism of engineering cementitious composites after subjected to sub-high temperature

To investigate the crack extension mechanism of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) after sub-high temperature. This paper studies the mode I fracture properties of ECC after sub-high temperatures (20 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C) at three strain rates (2 × 10-5s-1,10-4s-1,10-3s-1), and monitors the damage process in real-time by acoustic emission (AE) technology. Crack evolution and failure modes of ECC during loading are investigated by AE signal parameters. The results show that compared with 20 °C, the fracture energy of ECC increases after 100 °C, and decreases after 200 °C. The damage characteristics of ECC after 100 °C are similar to those at room temperature. Due to the bridging effect of the PVA fibers, their internal microcracks spread around from the tip of the prefabricated cracks. The percentage of shear type cracks gradually increases. The damage types are dominated by matrix cracking and fiber pull-out. While the PVA fibers deteriorated after 200 °C, the damage within the ECC was more concentrated, and the width of the fracture process zone was reduced. The crack types were dominated by tensile cracks. The failure mode was dominated by fiber pull-off and matrix cracking. Construction of an AE energy-based damage model. The b-value can reflect the whole process of crack evolution from multi-cracks to main cracks within ECC.

Numerical study on optimized application of engineered cementitious composites in RC coupled shear wall structures

Due to the superior tensile strain-hardening and multi-cracking properties, engineered cementitious composites (ECC) can be adopted in reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls and coupling beams to improve the seismic performance and damage tolerance with simplified reinforcement details. This study numerically investigates the optimized application of ECC in coupled RC shear wall structures based on refined two-dimensional finite element models incorporating constitutive models of ECC and concrete for nonlinear shear behaviors. The balance between cost and performance is adequately considered from the material, member, and structural levels. At the material level, the reasonable tensile properties of ECC are suggested based on the parametric analysis of coupling beam and shear wall specimens. At the member level, the effect of diagonal bar ratios on the seismic performance of coupled walls is investigated to propose reasonable diagonal bar ratio of ECC coupling beams. Finally, at the structural level, nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis of a typical 11-story coupled wall structure based on practical engineering is conducted to investigate the influence of the application ranges of ECC on the seismic performance of the wall system. The damage indexes, including story curvature and crack width, are analyzed and compared. Based on the analytical results, recommendations related to some key issues on the application of ECC in traditional RC structures are provided, including the application range and tensile properties of ECC, as well as the reinforcement details.

Investigating the Effect of GNP Addition on Self-healing of ECC through Mechanical and Nondestructive Testing

Inclusion of nanomaterials is an effective method for enhancing the mechanical and durability characteristics of cement-based materials. Among various graphene-based nanomaterials, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are cost-effective nanoparticles that possess graphene's key properties. Since limited information is available regarding their influence on the fresh, mechanical, non-destructive, and self-healing behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), this research focuses on GNP inclusion on these properties of ECC in a comprehensive way. In this research, the changes in material properties of ECC were monitored with several mechanical and nondestructive test methods. According to the results, GNP inclusion significantly enhanced flexural behavior and also promoted self-healing of ECC, with preloaded specimens exhibiting substantial or complete crack closure and similar performance to virgin specimens. Non-destructive tests and microstructural analyses also confirmed the promoting effects of GNP. A noticeable increase was observed in compressive strength when GNP was included. In conclusion, this study provides compelling evidence about the positive impact of GNP inclusion on improving the properties of ECC. The findings demonstrate the potential of GNPs to enhance the performance of cementitious materials and offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications.

Compressive behavior of polyvinyl alcohol engineered cementitious composites incorporating steel slag as aggregate

Disposal of the steel by-product steel slag (SS) negatively impacts the environment. The use of SS as an aggregate in engineered cementitious composites (ECC) can prevent pollution and mitigate natural aggregate depletion. In this study, river sand (RS) was replaced by SS with maximum size of 4750 µm, and the properties of ECC with varying contents of SS and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber were investigated. SS changed the hydration product composition and enhanced the bond stress between the fiber and cementitious matrix, increased the bulk specific density and compressive strength, and reduced the porosity. ECC containing only SS and with high PVA fiber content exhibited superior performance. A 25% SS replacement ratio and 2% PVA fiber content improved the compressive strength, ductility index, and toughness index to 47.5 MPa, 1.45, and 2.60, respectively.

Influence of free water on compressive fatigue properties of ECC

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with strain hardening characteristics have potential applications in hydraulic structures subjected to repeated or fatigue loads. In order to clarify the effect of free water on the compressive fatigue performance of ECC, the compressive fatigue tests of dry, saturated and water-submerged ECC under different stress levels were carried out. The failure mode and S-N curve of ECC were determined, and the fatigue life of ECC decreased in turn under dry, saturated, and water-submerged conditions. The strain rate of the second stage of ECC compression fatigue increases with the increase of water content and stress level. The failure strain of ECC fatigue increases with the decrease of stress level, and the fatigue failure strain of saturated and immersed specimens is larger than that of dry specimens at the same stress level. In addition, the stress level-fatigue failure strain (P-S-ε) equation considering the failure probability is established. To improve the credibility of this equation, the confidence γ is considered, and the γ-P-S-ε curves of all samples are obtained, which can predict the fatigue failure strain of ECC at a specific stress level.

Synergistic impacts of high-volume fly ash and sugarcane bagasse ash on performance of cementitious composites reinforced with polyvinyl alcohol fibers

Disposal of waste materials in fertile land is one of the pressing environmental issues, disrupting human, animal, and plant life. This has led the researchers to process and use such waste in ecofriendly construction products like mortar and concrete. Their usage as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) would reduce the quantity of cement used in the manufacturing of cement-based materials, lowering CO2 emissions related with cement production. In this regard, this study examines the feasibility of replacing high-volume of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with two widely used waste materials, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and fly ash (FA) as SCMs. Five different mixes were produced, each containing a fixed amount of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers at a dosage of 1.5 % by volume of the mix and a constant cement content of 50 % by weight of the binder (OPC + FA + SCBA). However, FA was replaced with SCBA in these mixes up to 100 % by the combined weight of the waste materials (FA + SCBA) in increments of 25 % (i.e., FA100-SCBA0, FA75-SCBA25, FA50-SCBA50, FA25-SCBA75, and FA0-SCBA100). The results showed that the compressive strength and flexural strength of the composites with the increasing levels of SCBA were reduced. Interestingly, the 28-day compressive strength of composite incorporating 50 % FA and 50 % SCBA was still as high as 25.58 MPa, which satisfied the minimum compressive strength requirement of ASTM C270, making the newly produced ECC suitable for use in normal construction works and repairs. The same optimum mix (FA50-SCBA50) produced an average density of 1867.96 kg/m3 as a result of substituting a significant amount of binder with SCBA, demonstrating that it has evolved into a lightweight engineered cementitious composite. Furthermore, the ultrasonic pulse velocity of the mixes decreased whereas water absorption increased as the proportion of SCBA to FA increased. According to microstructural analysis, unreacted SCBA particles were mostly responsible for the detrimental effects of rising SCBA levels on properties of ECC. Based on the aforementioned results, this research concludes that sugarcane bagasse ash, when combined with fly ash, could be a viable alternative for replacing regular cement up to 50 % by weight in the production of cost-effective and environmentally friendly cementitious composites.

Pore structure characteristics and mechanical property of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) incorporating recycled sand

The mechanical properties of recycled sand (RS) modified ECC are intimately linked to its pore structure characteristics, but the internal pore size and distribution of RS modified ECC and its impact mechanism on the mechanical properties are still unclear. This study employed mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) techniques to analyze the pore structure of ECC incorporating RS. Furthermore, compression and tension mechanical experiments were conducted to investigate the correlation between the evolution of pore structure and mechanical properties of ECC incorporating RS. The findings demonstrate that the addition of RS increases the porosity of ECC. When replacement ratio of RS is 100 %, the volume fraction of pores decreases within the range of 10 nm to 100 nm, whereas it exhibits an increasing trend within a ranging from 100 nm to 1 μm. The incorporation of RS results in a decrease of the volume fraction of gel pores and the increase of capillary pores in ECC owing to its high-water absorption and porous, as well as the reduction of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) due to the surface attached old mortar. Therefore, addition of RS lead to a reduction in both the compressive strength and tensile strength of ECC. However, as a result of the pore structural flaw inherent in the recycled fine aggregate, the occurrence of multi-crack cracking, induced by interfacial imperfections between the recycled fine aggregate and matrix, contributing to development of cracks in ECC and thus enhancing its tensile strain capacity.

Feasibility of utilising waste tyre steel fibres to develop sustainable engineered cementitious composites: Engineering properties, impact resistance and environmental assessment

This study investigates the feasibility of developing sustainable engineered cementitious composite (ECC) with polyvinyl alcohol fibre (PVAF) and recycled tyre steel fibre (RTSF) to reduce the total cost of construction materials and ease the environmental pressure for disposing of waste tyres, putting an emphasis on the engineering properties, impact resistance and environmental assessment. Experimental results reveal that partially replacing PVAF with RTSF can reduce the loss in fluidity and promote flexural performance, while the fibre bridging stress of ECC can reach up to 4.41 MPa because of the enhanced fibre bridging effect. The dynamic compressive properties of ECC present a typical strain rate effect regardless of the fibre content, and the replacement of 0.25 vol% RTSF would cause a further 5.03%–25.55% increase in total dissipation energy within the strain rates of 58.2–124.5 s−1, relative to ECC reinforced by 2.0 vol% PVAF. The synergetic effects of hybrid fibres on dynamic compressive properties of ECC can be explained by the bridging and pull-out effects of PVAF at lower strain rates, as well as the enhanced fibre-to-matrix bonding of hydrophilic RTSF at relatively higher strain rates. Upcycling of waste steel fibres in ECC holds promise as a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for defence engineering constructions.

Effect of notch depth ratio and specimen width on mode II fracture properties of ECC

Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs) can be used as repair and reinforcement materials, which can improve the shear performance of the structure. Hence, doubled-notched and unnotched half-symmetric loading tests are used to study the mode II fracture properties of ECC and concrete, and the fracture failure morphology and fracture parameters of ECC and concrete are compared. The effects of the notch depth ratios of 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 and the specimen widths of 200 mm, 250 mm, and 300 mm on the mode II fracture properties of ECC and concrete are investigated. The mode II crack development of ECC can be divided into four stages: microcrack development stage, multiple cracking stage, main crack formation stage, and crack instability development stage. It can be found that ECC not only has high ultimate tensile strain and energy dissipation capacities, but also has obviously better ability to resist the unstable propagation of shear cracks than concrete. ECC can meet the high shear resistance requirements of some parts of the structure.

Optimisation of the Mechanical Properties and Mix Proportion of Multiscale-Fibre-Reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites.

Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) are cement-based composite materials with strain-hardening and multiple-cracking characteristics. ECCs have multiscale defects, including nanoscale hydrated silicate gels, micron-scale capillary pores, and millimetre-scale cracks. By using millimetre-scale polyethylene (PE) fibres, microscale calcium carbonate whiskers (CWs), and nanoscale carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as exo-doped fibres, a multiscale enhancement system was formed, and the effects of multiscale fibres on the mechanical properties of ECCs were tested. The Box-Behnken experimental design method, which is a response surface methodology, was used to construct a quadratic polynomial regression equation to optimise ECC design and provide an optimisation of ECC mix proportions. The results of this study showed that a multiscale reinforcement system consisting of PE fibres, CWs, and CNTs enhanced the mechanical properties of ECCs. CWs had the greatest effect on the compressive strengths of highly ductile-fibre-reinforced cementitious composites, followed by CNTs and PE fibres. PE fibres had the greatest effect on the flexural and tensile strengths of high-ductility fibre-reinforced cementitious composites, followed by CWs and CNTs. The final optimisation results showed that when the ECC matrix was doped with 1.55% PE fibres, 2.17% CWs, and 0.154% CNTs, the compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength of the matrix were optimal.

Tensile size effect of engineered cementitious composites (ECC): Experimental and theoretical investigations

Size effect is a common phenomenon in construction materials and influences the application of concrete from laboratory to engineering practices. However, the impact of length variation on the tensile properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) lacks a comprehensive understanding from both experimental and theoretical aspects. This paper proposed three-level size effect laws (SELs) for the tensile size effect of ECC. The 1st and 2nd level SELs are established by an existing Weibull theory to determine the size effect on cracking strength (σc) and tensile strength (σtu), respectively. Afterward, a novel 3rd SEL is constructed to determine the size effect on tensile strain capacity (ɛtu) by combing the 1st and 2nd level SELs with strength criterion. To validate the SELs, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on specimens with gauge length of 100 mm, 300 mm, and 500 mm. Results show that with the increase of gauge length, the σc, σtu, and ɛtu decrease by 10.4%, 21.7%, and 61.6%, respectively. A high prediction accuracy of abovementioned mechanical parameters is achieved (R2 = 0.98, 0.95, and 0.90, respectively). The findings reveal that the SELs can accurately predict the tensile properties of ECC with different lengths based on laboratory-obtained parameters to facilitate structural design.

Enhancing Performance of Engineering Structures under Dynamic Disasters with ECC–FRP Composites: A Review at Material and Member Levels

Dynamic loadings arising from impact, explosive, and seismic disasters impose high requirements on the performance of engineering structures during service periods. Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) exhibits exceptional toughness and crack resistance, while fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) possesses lightweight and high-strength properties. ECC and FRP composites show promising potential in enhancing the resilience of existing structures under dynamic disaster scenarios. However, most research on ECC and FRP has primarily focused on static properties, while investigations of dynamic properties are limited. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the dynamic properties of ECC and FRP composites followed by a summary of studies conducted on the dynamic behavior of ECC and FRP strengthened members, which provides valuable insights for further research on these materials and their applications in strengthening structures under dynamic disasters.

Effects of Graphene Oxide on the Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites: Multi-Objective Optimization Technique Using RSM

Despite the excellent ductility and energy absorption properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECCs), a low modulus of elasticity and excessive drying shrinkage remain some of its major disadvantages. With the current trend in the application of nanotechnology in cementitious composites research, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the properties of ECCs is yet to be fully investigated, despite its promising results in ordinary cement paste, mortar, and concrete. ECCs need extensive material tailoring to provide the required mechanical characteristics and controlled fracture size with strain-hardening behavior. Striking a balance between these crucial hardened aspects of ECC without compromising any desired properties is a challenge. Hence, the main aim of the study reported in this paper is to use the response surface methodology (RSM) multi-objective optimization technique to identify an appropriate GO content via the weight of cement and also the volume fraction of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber as input variables that positively impact ECCs’ properties. Using RSM’s central composite design (CCD), 13 mixtures of various combinations of the variables (GO: 0.05%, 0.065%, 0.08%; PVA: 1%, 1.5%, 2%) were developed. Six responses were studied, including compressive strength, direct tensile strength, tensile capacity, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and drying shrinkage. Moreover, the microstructural properties of the composites were assessed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The outcomes revealed that all the properties of ECCs were significantly enhanced by adding an optimum amount of 0.05% GO and 1–1.5% PVA fiber volume fractions. A maximum increase in 30%, 35%, 49%, and 33.9% in the compressive strength, direct tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity, respectively, of the mixes with 0.05% GO addition was recorded. It is demonstrated that the use of 0.05% GO as a nanoscale particle can provide good outputs for the construction industry.

Preparation of low-cost green engineered cementitious composites (ECC) using gold tailings and unoiled PVA fiber

The current study aims to establish low-cost green engineered cementitious composites (ECC) using gold tailings, unoiled PVA fiber and large-volume fly ash. Through compression test, four-point bending test, direct tensile test, matrix fracture toughness test and single-crack tensile test, the mechanical properties of ECC were explored. It is found that incorporation of gold tailings leads to the enhanced compressive strength and reduced ductility. When quartz sand was fully replaced by gold tailings, the compressive strength increased by 19.5%, the strain capacity decreased by 22.3%, the deflection decreased by 15.8% but no obvious change occurred in first crack stress as well as tensile strength. A rougher surface of unoiled PVA leads to reduced slip hardening response. At micro-scale, replacement of the quartz sand using gold tailings leads to higher complementary energy (Jb’) available for strain hardening during the crack development and reduced matrix fracture energy (Jtip) for crack initiation. This contributes to the increased pseudo strain-hardening PSHE (=Jb’/Jtip) index and ductility. When fiber content is 2.0%, the values of PSHS (=σ0/σfc) index reached 1.2, which ensures the saturated multi-joint cracking behavior.

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with manufactured sand (M-sand) for pavement applications

Nowadays, Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) are highly regarded for use in pavement applications due to their exceptional deformability. Nonetheless, these composites' high cost and limited practicality restrict their use in pavements and overlays. Few studies are available using river sand substituting micro silica sand (MSS) to produce economic ECC, but the depletion of river sand and increased cost limit the large-scale applications. To address these aforementioned challenges, the present study aimed to explore the feasibility of replacing natural sand with manufactured sand (M-sand). The present article discussed the optimization of superplasticizer dosage subjected to desired rheological properties. Further, the influence of M-sand gradation (coarse/fine) on the mechanical properties of ECC is presented. The results revealed that using M-sand slightly increased the compressive (10–30%) and tensile strength and showed a noticeable decrease (22–35%) in the tensile strain capacity. Moreover, the gradation of M-sand considerably influenced the tensile strain capacity, with a decrease of 17% in coarser gradation mixtures. These preliminary results provide valuable insights into the development and utilization of M-sand in the matrix tailoring of ECC.

Impact of low temperature and NaCl attack on the fracture properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC)

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is a potential reinforcement and repair material for hydraulic structures due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, the fracture properties of ECC under the coupling effect of low temperature and chloride ions attack are still unclear. In this study, fracture experiments were performed on ECC specimens under different working conditions (immersed in water and NaCl solutions for different time (0, 30, 60, and 90d) and undergoing different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 25, 50, and 100 cycles) in NaCl solution) at experimental temperatures of 20 °C and −20 °C. The relationship between the depth of chloride ions erosion and the nominal fracture energy was analyzed. The effect of the coupled of temperature and chloride ions attack on the fracture performance of ECC under different working conditions was investigated. The results showed that: Under the loading condition of −20 °C, the fracture parameters of ECC under NaCl solution immersion were all lower than those of the water immersion group, indicating that extravasated chloride ions negatively impacted ECC's fracture properties. When ECC was loaded at −20 °C, the initiation fracture toughness and unstable fracture toughness of ECC under NaCl solution immersion were lower than those of the water immersion group, but the fracture energy was larger than that of the water immersion group, and when the specimens were immersed for 90 days, the drop in the fracture energy of ECC loaded at −20 °C compared to 20 °C for the NaCl solution immersion group was 59.1% less than 62.7% for the water immersion group; While loading at 20 °C revealed a linearly declining relationship between erosion depth and fracture energy, loading at −20 °C revealed no discernible pattern. The crack initiation fracture toughness of ECC gradually decreased with the increase of the freeze-thaw cycles, but the specimens' crack initiation fracture toughness following NaCl freezing at −20 °C was consistently larger than that at 20 °C. Following 100 freeze-thaw cycles on the specimens, the increase in initiation fracture toughness at −20 °C compared to 20 °C for the water freeze-thaw group was 128.4% less than that of the salt freeze-thaw group, which was 135.8%, while the decrease in fracture energy was 19.9% less than that of the salt freeze-thaw group, which was 46.3%. It shows that the repair effect of ice on ECC after NaCl freeze-thaw cycles is stronger than that of water freezing at the low temperature.

Prestressed compressive strength model of engineered cementitious composite subjected to freeze–thaw damage in cryogenic freezing state

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is characterized by excellent strain-hardening properties and strong crack-control abilities. However, in the freezing-thawing environment of some cold regions, the concrete materials, including ECC, are subject to varying degrees of freeze–thaw (FT) damage. This paper investigates the impacts of the cryogenic freezing environment on the evolutionary mechanism of the pore structure and compressive properties of ECC. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T2 spectrum experiment and uniaxial compression experiment at −18 °C were conducted on ECC with 0 to 300 freeze–thaw cycles (FTs). The results indicated that, as the number of FTs increased, the distribution curves of the NMR T2 spectrum exhibited three peaks. Meanwhile, the drop rate of the compressive stress–strain curves in the freezing state was less than that in the thawing state, and the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and peak strain in the freezing state were higher than those in the thawing state, respectively. Based on the elastic mechanics theory and experimental analysis, the pore frost heave stress equivalence and cryogenic freezing strength equivalence were proposed, and the prestressed compressive strength model of ECC with FT damage in the cryogenic freezing state was developed. It was found that the model prediction results were well consistent with the experimental values.