Detergent Properties Research Articles

Investigation of the detergency properties of mixtures of biocides and nonionic surfactants using a new simplified hard surface cleaning method

AbstractThe present study explores the cleaning efficacy of a set of nonionic surfactants (linear ethoxylated alcohol, secondary ethoxylated alcohols with 5, 7, and 9 ethoxy groups, glycoside surfactants, polyglycerol surfactants, and an ethoxylated sorbitan monolaurate) combined with cationic biocides—alkyl quaternary ammonium salts. A simple hard surface cleaning methodology was applied, which was shown to discriminate well between poor and good cleaning formulations. In addition to cleaning efficacy, surface aesthetics such as gloss and haze were evaluated together to assess surface streaking caused by a residual surfactant layer. The haziness determination turned out to be the key feature revealing the complex cleaning performance of multi‐component products.

Skin rash related to the use of wood ash in wound healing, about a case

Abstarct Introduction: The ash of wood plants is part of the ancestral remedies because of its physical and chemical properties. It has detergent, fertilizing, and antiseptic properties, which justifies its many uses. Case report: We report the case of a woman aged 50 years who presented with a generalized rash all over the body with painful macules a burning sensation and a fever. Symptoms appeared after taking wood ash from plants, for three days. The reason for use was the healing of Zona's wound that she contracted and treated before admission. The patient’s general condition was preserved, and the drug treatment allowed a quick healing. Conclusion: Wood ash from plants with a high potassium hydroxyl content may be an irritant and partly explain the reaction observed. Traditional treatments should be used with great care to avoid adverse effects.

The EU Detergent Industry Network ‘DetNet’ – an industry approach for the EU CLP classification of detergent and cleaning products for skin and eye effects

Abstract The implementation of the EU CLP Regulation for mixtures in 2015 led to a reduction of the cut-off levels for mixtures containing severely irritating or corrosive ingredients. As a result, most everyday detergents would be required to carry the same corrosive pictogram on the label as caustic or highly acidic specialty cleaners. However, in most cases, calculation-derived skin and eye hazard classifications do not reflect in-market experience and consumer understanding of the hazardous properties of household detergents. The detergent industry responded to this situation by forming the Detergent Industry Network ‘DetNet’. It is a transparent process that supports mixture classification decisions by sharing data, expertise, and best practices between manufacturers of detergent and cleaning products. At the core of DetNet is its database providing access to compositional information and toxicological data on more than 240 detergents and cleaning products. This paper describes and discusses the main features of DetNet, its organisational structure and database. Based on a case study, the process and functioning of DetNet to support a scientifically sound classification of an untested mixture for skin and eye effects based on data available for similar mixtures is demonstrated.

Unlocking saponin biosynthesis in soapwort.

Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) is a flowering plant from the Caryophyllaceae family with a long history of human use as a traditional source of soap. Its detergent properties are because of the production of polar compounds (saponins), of which the oleanane-based triterpenoid saponins, saponariosides A and B, are the major components. Soapwort saponins have anticancer properties and are also of interest as endosomal escape enhancers for targeted tumor therapies. Intriguingly, these saponins share common structural features with the vaccine adjuvant QS-21 and, thus, represent a potential alternative supply of saponin adjuvant precursors. Here, we sequence the S. officinalis genome and, through genome mining and combinatorial expression, identify 14 enzymes that complete the biosynthetic pathway to saponarioside B. These enzymes include a noncanonical cytosolic GH1 (glycoside hydrolase family 1) transglycosidase required for the addition of D-quinovose. Our results open avenues for accessing and engineering natural and new-to-nature pharmaceuticals, drug delivery agents and potential immunostimulants.

Policy formulation and advocacy toward developing multifunctional additive packages for diesel fuel

High-performance additive packages can be used to meet the current diesel fuels' ever-increasing quality criteria. Multifunctional fuel additive packages (MFAPs) widely used in diesel fuels play an essential role in optimizing engine performance - improving their performance, durability, and ecological properties of combustion. This is especially significant in the context of rapid technological development and requirements to reduce the negative impact on the environment. This paper analyses the directions, methods, and trends in the development of MFAPs. The key components of these are identified, specifically detergent, which ensures cleanliness of the injector spray nozzle, corrosion inhibitor, which protects the metal surface from corrosion and lubricity improver, which reduces the wear of the engine and fuel system. Mechanisms of functional action of MFAPs components and principal structures of their active compounds are studied, as well as methods of evaluation of detergent, corrosion inhibitor, and lubricity improver properties are described in detail.

Structure and Conformation Determine Gas-Phase Infrared Spectra of Detergents.

Native mass spectrometry of membrane proteins relies on non-ionic detergents which protect the protein during transfer from solution into the gas phase. Once in the gas phase, the detergent micelle must be efficiently removed, which is usually achieved by collision-induced dissociation (CID). Recently, infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) has emerged as an alternative activation method for the analysis of membrane proteins, which has led to a growing interest in detergents that efficiently absorb infrared light. Here we investigate whether the absorption properties of synthetic detergents can be tailored by merging structural motifs of existing detergents into new hybrid detergents. We combine gas-phase infrared ion spectroscopy with density functional theory to investigate and rationalize the absorption properties of three established detergents and two hybrid detergents with fused headgroups. We show that, although the basic intramolecular interactions in the parent and hybrid detergents are similar, the three-dimensional structures differ significantly and so do the infrared spectra. Our results outline a roadmap for guiding the synthesis of tailored detergents with computational chemistry for future mass spectrometry applications.

Effect of lactose as a co-substrate in the biodegradation of an anionic surfactant “LAS” by anaerobic digestion

Sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) is the most widely used anionic surfactant in the manufacture of commercial detergents due to its excellent detergent properties and low cost. However, they are highly polluting products due to their chemical composition, causing a serious problem of pollution and eutrophication in natural bodies of water, if the amount dumped and the frequency with which they are dumped is taken into account. In addition, damage to health and ecosystems by remaining in the environment for a long time, is a relevant issue of immediate attention. This article presents the results found when using lactose as a co-substrate on the simultaneous biodegradation of the LAS surfactant in an arrangement of UASB-type anaerobic reactors in two stages; with a hydraulic retention time of 0.25 days in the acidogenic reactor in which two surfactant concentration rates were evaluated: 200 ± 0.49 mg/L with an organic load of 5.92 ± 0.5 KgCOD/m3.d (experiments II, III and V) and 300 ± 0.05 mg/L with organic loading. of 6.8 ± 0.11 KgCOD/m3.d (experiment VI) and of one day, in the methanogenic reactor. The results showed that the acidogenic reactor was able to eliminate COD by 42.24% and biodegrade LAS by 86.65% (experiment V). At 300 mg/L (experiment VI), these values are reduced to 36.6 and 55% respectively. For its part, the methanogenic reactor fed with the effluent of the acidogenic reactor (experiment V) with a lower concentration of COD, LAS and organic load, showed a COD removal and LAS biodegradation efficiency of 83.17 and 13.85% respectively.

A universal method for determining the detergent effect of surfactants

Surfactants are indispensable in industrial applications today due to their wetting, emulsifying, dispersing, cleansing, and detergent properties. The use of surfactants extends from the cosmetic industry to the petroleum industry and beyond.Their characteristics and effectiveness can be assessed through various standardized tests, and based on these methods, their applications can be determined. However, there is a lack of a universally applicable testing method for one crucial and complex property: the detergent effect.The detergent effect refers to the removal of unwanted contaminants from a solid surface. However, cleaning is not solely attributed to the surfactant but to the appropriate combination of various factors, whose synergistic effect reduces surface contamination. The most significant factors influencing detergent effect include the characteristics and nature of the contaminants, properties of the cleaning solution (surfactant concentration and composition, water hardness, enzymes, etc.), temperature, washing time, and hydrodynamic conditions. Additionally, the presence of electrolytes, pH of the cleaning solution, and detergent foaming properties may also play important roles.Our goal was to develop a detergent effect testing methodology that is not specific to any particular application domain but offers a straightforward and easy-to-implement solution for comparing the detergent effect of various types of surfactants.•The study presents a method for determining detergent effect of surfactants.•The method is universal and suitable for the evaluation of any type of surfactant.•The method is low-cost and easy to perform.

Механизм повреждения мелких холангиоцитов при первичном билиарном холангите

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic progressive liver disease and one of the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults. Damage to cholangiocytes triggers the development of intrahepatic cholestasis, which progresses to cirrhosis in the terminal stage of the disease. Accumulating data indicate that damage to biliary epithelial cells [(BECs), cholangiocytes] is most likely associated with the intracellular accumulation of bile acids, which have potent detergent properties and damaging effects on cell membranes. The mechanisms underlying uncontrolled bile acid intake into BECs in PBC are associated with pH change in the bile duct lumen, which is controlled by the bicarbonate (HCO3-) buffer system "biliary HCO3- umbrella". The impaired production and entry of HCO3- from BECs into the bile duct lumen is due to epigenetic changes in expression of the X-linked microRNA 506. Based on the growing body of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocyte damage in patients with PBC, we propose a hypothesis explaining the pathogenesis of the first morphologic (ductulopenia), immunologic (antimitochondrial autoantibodies) and clinical (weakness, malaise, rapid fatigue) signs of the disease in the asymptomatic stage. This review focuses on the consideration of these mechanisms.

New lubricant compositions of M-14b2 motor oil

New lubricant compositions of M-14B2 motor oil were created with the compound of M-8 and M-15 distillate oils obtained from Azerbaijan oil refining and various functional additives. Due to the low viscosity index of the mentioned base oils, viscosity additives of polymethacrylate type Viscoplex series the Viscoplex 2-670 additive were used. The durability of these additives against mechanical and thermal destruction was determined and the obtained results confirmed that their use in lubricant compositions is purposeful. The physico-chemical and operational properties of the lubricant compositions were determined in the ИКМ-40 (assessment of antioxidant properties), НАМИ-1М (assessment of the tendency of oils to form low-temperature deposits), Д-240 (evaluation of detergent properties) and ИМ-1 (evaluation of detergent properties) units and it was determined that the newly (created lubricant compositions of the M-14B2 motor oil meet all the requirements set by QOST 12337-84.

Rational Approach to Improve Detergent Efficacy for Membrane Protein Stabilization.

Membrane protein structures are essential for the molecular understanding of diverse cellular processes and drug discovery. Detergents are not only widely used to extract membrane proteins from membranes but also utilized to preserve native protein structures in aqueous solution. However, micelles formed by conventional detergents are suboptimal for membrane protein stabilization, necessitating the development of novel amphiphilic molecules with enhanced protein stabilization efficacy. In this study, we prepared two sets of tandem malonate-derived glucoside (TMG) variants, both of which were designed to increase the alkyl chain density in micelle interiors. The alkyl chain density was modulated either by reducing the spacer length (TMG-Ms) or by introducing an additional alkyl chain between the two alkyl chains of the original TMGs (TMG-Ps). When evaluated with a few membrane proteins including a G protein-coupled receptor, TMG-P10,8 was found to be substantially more efficient at extracting membrane proteins and also effective at preserving protein integrity in the long term compared to the previously described TMG-A13. This result reveals that inserting an additional alkyl chain between the two existing alkyl chains is an effective way to optimize detergent properties for membrane protein study. This new biochemical tool and the design principle described have the potential to facilitate membrane protein structure determination.

ПРОЦЕСС ПОГРУЖНОЙ ОЧИСТКИ МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИХ ПОВЕРХНОСТЕЙ ДЕТАЛЕЙ МАШИН

During the operation of agricultural machinery, contamination of various types and properties is deposited on the metal surfaces of parts, which can lead to increased wear of parts and a decrease in the operational reliability of machines as a whole. (Research purpose) The research purpose is studying the influence of the mechanical action of the cleaning solution on the efficiency of removing contaminations from the metal surfaces of machine parts. (Materials and methods) It was determined that the efficiency and quality of cleaning can be improved by increasing the intensity of the mechanical action of the washing liquid flow on the contamination of parts of agricultural machinery and equipment. We have obtained a mathematical inequality describing the condition under which the contamination is destroyed and removed from the surface. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that mixing of the cleaning solution, the creation of mechanical vibrations of the parts to be cleaned and their movement, the creation of cavitation phenomena in the flow of the cleaning solution, where acoustic currents play an important role, which form vortex hydrodynamic flows that facilitate the dissolution and movement of components in a liquid medium, are used as mechanical effects when cleaning metal surfaces of parts and assemblies of agricultural machinery. It was found that the criteria for cleaning efficiency are the hydromechanical action of the washing liquid on the surface to be cleaned and the energy intensity of the intensifying submersible cleaning. (Conclusions) The cleaning efficiency is determined by the physical and chemical properties of detergents, the flow rate of the cleaning solution, heating and softening of contaminants under high accelerations, the temperature of the cleaning solution, the concentration of detergent in water, the exposure of the solution to the surface to be cleaned.

Adverse effects of BAK in glaucoma medications

Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a common preservative found in glaucoma medications used to increase shelf‐life, prevent bacterial contamination, and enhance ocular penetration. Its detergent properties kill microorganisms by disrupting cell membranes and causing cell lysis. Unfortunately BAK also has potentially harmful cytotoxic effects, particularly for the ocular surface, with evidence of BAK‐induced apoptosis of conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells, decreased density of conjunctival goblet cells, delayed corneal wound healing and reduced density of corneal nerved. It may also affect deeper ocular structures including the lens and trabecular meshwork, with BAK shown to cause apoptosis of human trabecular meshwork cells in culture. Clinical consequences may include increased risk of ocular surface disease, reduced adherence, and with long‐term use, reduced success of glaucoma surgery.

SULFONATE ADDITIVES TO LUBRICATING OILS

To expand the resource base and increase the efficiency of sulfonate additives, the possibility of obtaining them based on mixed raw materials - petroleum oil M-8 and alkylbenzene synthesized using propylene fraction C18-С30 oligomers was studied. It is shown that during sulfonation of mixed raw materials, the yield of sulfonic acids is 89-93%, the content of hard-to-recycle waste - acid tar is lower than during sulfonation of petroleum oil by 30-35%. The influence of the ratio of ingredients in the initial mixture on the indicators of neutral sulfonate was studied and the conditions for obtaining additives of the required quality were found. The properties of the developed additives in M-11 oil at a concentration of 5% were studied by standard methods. The composition and structure of sulfonates were studied by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The resulting additives have a micellar structure. The results of laboratory tests have shown that neutral, medium - and highly alkaline semi-synthetic calcium sulfonates have high physico-chemical and functional properties. The neutral sulfonate is superior in yield, active substance content, and dispersing properties to NСК petroleum sulfonate and OLOA 246B additive. Medium- and high-alkaline additives in terms of physicochemical and detergent properties are at the level of commercial petroleum sulfonates C-150, C-300 and Hightech 6060M additives, and surpass them in dispersing, anti-corrosion properties and stability against oxidation. Alkaline semi-synthetic calcium sulfonates have a high stability of the colloidal dispersion to the action of water and have better performance compared to analogues. With an increase in the alkalinity of the obtained additives, the physicochemical properties improve, which is associated with the features of their colloidal structure. Using the developed neutral and high-alkaline additives as detergent-dispersant components, experimental motor oils М-10DM and М-10G2, were prepared, which meet the requirements in terms of quality. The high efficiency of semi-synthetic sulfonates allows them to be used in modern motor oils

New insights into the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis asymptomatic stage.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic progressive liver disease and one of the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults. Damage to cholangiocytes triggers the development of intrahepatic cholestasis, which progresses to cirrhosis in the terminal stage of the disease. Accumulating data indicate that damage to biliary epithelial cells [(BECs), cholangiocytes] is most likely associated with the intracellular accumulation of bile acids, which have potent detergent properties and damaging effects on cell membranes. The mechanisms underlying uncontrolled bile acid intake into BECs in PBC are associated with pH change in the bile duct lumen, which is controlled by the bicarbonate (HCO3-) buffer system "biliary HCO3- umbrella". The impaired production and entry of HCO3- from BECs into the bile duct lumen is due to epigenetic changes in expression of the X-linked microRNA 506. Based on the growing body of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocyte damage in patients with PBC, we propose a hypothesis explaining the pathogenesis of the first morphologic (ductulopenia), immunologic (antimitochondrial autoantibodies) and clinical (weakness, malaise, rapid fatigue) signs of the disease in the asymptomatic stage. This review focuses on the consideration of these mechanisms.

Effects of Different Types of Stabilizers on the Properties of Foam Detergent Used for Radioactive Surface Contamination.

Compared with high-pressure water and reagent washing decontamination, foam decontamination has a promising application due to its ability to significantly reduce the volume of radioactive waste liquids and effectively decontaminate the inner surface of the pipes, the interior of the large cavities, and the vertical walls. However, the foam is less stable, leading to a low decontamination rate. Currently, three main types of stabilizers with different stabilizing mechanisms, namely nanoparticles, polymers, and cosurfactants, are used to improve foam stability and thus increase the decontamination rate. Nanosilica (NS), xanthan gum (XG), and n-tetradecanol (TD) were used as typical representatives of nanoparticles, polymers, and cosurfactants, respectively, to improve the stability of the foam detergent with pH < 2 and chelating agents. The differences in the effects of these three types of stabilizers on foam properties were investigated. Although NS, XG, and TD all increase the half-life of the foam from 7.2 min to about 40 min, the concentration of TD is much lower than that of NS and XG in the foaming solution, and TD foaming solution has the highest foaming ratio. Moreover, TD can markedly lower the surface tension, resulting in a significant reduction of the wetting contact angle on the surfaces of glass, ceramic tile, stainless steel, and paint, while NS and XG cannot signally change the surface tension and have no obvious effect on the wetting contact angle. At low shear rates, TD can increase the apparent viscosity of foam by two orders of magnitude, and the wall-hanging time of the foam on the vertical wall is more than 30 min. In contrast, NS and XG cause a limited increase in the apparent viscosity of the foam, and the wall-hanging times are both less than 5 min. In addition, TD foaming solution has excellent storage stability, and the storage time has no obvious effect on the performance of the foam. And after only three days of storage, NS undergoes severe agglomeration and precipitation in the foaming solution, resulting in a complete loss of the stabilizing effect. After 90 days of storage, the half-life of XG foam decreases by 26%. For simulated radioactive uranium contamination on both horizontal and vertical surfaces, TD can significantly improve the decontamination rate, especially for vertical surfaces, where TD can increase the single decontamination rate by more than 50%.

Characterization of K-binding factor involved in water-soluble complex of menaquinone-7 produced by Bacillus subtilis natto.

Vitamins K are expected to contribute bone and cardiovascular health. Especially, menaquinone-7 has a higher bioavailability and a longer half-life than other vitamins K in the human body. However, their low water-solubility limits their application. On the other hand, Bacillus subtilis natto produces a water-soluble complex, which comprises menaquinone-7 and peptides. The peptide named K-binding factor (KBF) has been reported as the main component of the complex. In the present, the structural characteristics of KBF were studied. Mass spectrometry showed significant peaks at m/z = 1050, while the previous PAGE suggested that molecular weight of KBF was ~3k. Amino acid analysis revealed that the 1k peptides were the various combinations of nine amino acids, among which Asx, Glx, Val, Leu, and Met were found to be the most abundant. The peptides could serve as detergent properties. The 1k peptides could be isolated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The bundle of three 1k detergent-like peptides would participate to the micelle structure containing menqauinone-7 inside. In conclusion, a basic unit of KBF would be the ~1k peptides, and the three basic unit assemble to the ~3k bundle, then the bundle form a water-soluble micelle including menqauinone-7 inside.

MODIFIED POLYALKENYL SUCCINIMIDE ADDITIVE FOR MOTOR OILS

The article is devoted to the synthesis of a chemically modified version of one of the most important additives for the prevention of low-temperature precipitation in engine oils - polyalkenyl succinimide. This additive is prepared by alkylating maleic anhydride with an α-olefin oligomer and then reacting the resulting oligoalkenyl succinic anhydride with various amines. A new compound, an oligomer of hexene-1 with dicyclopentadiene, was used as an alkylating agent, which makes it possible to expand the raw material reserves of oligomeric compounds used in the synthesis of polymer additives, as well as to impart anticorrosive properties to the additive by introducing dicyclopentadiene rings. The composition and structure of the obtained compounds were studied by appropriate physicochemical research methods. The content of 1.5% of the obtained additive in M-11 oil completely eliminates oil corrosion and improves detergent properties. And this allows you to create a lubricant composition with a simpler composition and, as a result, gives an economic effect. The sample of the new additive complies with the requirements for the industrially produced C-5A additive and, in addition to an increased oil viscosity index; it also has anti-corrosion properties, which is due to the chemical structure of the raw material, i.e., the presence of a carbocyclic dicyclopentadiene fragment in the molecule

Improvement of Detergency Properties and Anti-Microbial Action of Biosoaps Using Saponin-Rich Extract and Α-Bisabolol Essential Oil

In this study, natural ingredients were added to bio-soaps, synthesized from castor oil, a plant-derived ingredient, to improve the detergency, anti-bacterial, and stability capabilities (saponin from Soapacean fruit and essential oil of chamomile) of such soap. The saponin from soapnut fruit was extracted by an extraction process based on ethanol extraction. The saponin concentration in the extract was determined by the UV-Vis spectroscopy method. By evaluating the height and stability of the foam column, the surface tension using the Du Noüy method, and critical micelle concentrations (CMC), we looked into the efficiency of saponin in enhancing soap properties. The results show that saponin will reduce the value of CMC and, at the same time, expand the working limit of soap in brackish water and hard water (containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions). In addition, the presence of saponins and α-Bisabolol essential oil enhanced the anti-bacterial properties of the soap. These results expand the possibility of using natural substances in making green products that are clean and safe for humans and the environment.

Novelty of glycoside surfactant derivatives for sustainable development: A new perspective

AbstractSustainable growth for better survival on our mother earth has given an impetus to researchers to develop eco‐friendly, green, high‐performance, cost‐effective materials. In this regard, APG and its derivatives are considered to be very promising chemical moieties in the area of surfactants and detergents. It is all because of their special properties viz, their synergism with other co‐surfactant molecules, low irritation, high foaming, and excellent biodegradation aspects. It makes many researchers do some quality work and study to explore their further goodness for better ecology. A broad range of alkyl polyglucoside derivatives can be obtained by nucleophilic substitution. Among the various derivatives of alkyl polyglucoside, the anionic alkyl polyglycoside esters (AGEs) and AGE‐nonionic surfactant mixtures can able to increase wettability, and it may increase mineral content in soils. The phosphate alkyl polyglucosides show good performance in detergency and better wetting properties with good biodegradability. The sulfonated alkyl polyglucosides are a good alternative to nonylphenol ethoxylate and exhibit superior cleaning of edible oil.