Properties Of Concrete Pavement Research Articles

Laboratory study on the properties of concrete pavement containing blast furnace slag and Gilsonite

This study evaluated the mechanical properties and abrasion resistance of the concrete pavement when cement was replaced by the blast furnace slag (BFS) and Gilsonite at levels of 20%, 25%, and 30%, as well as 5%, 7%, and 9%, respectively. For this purpose, a total of ten mixing designs were made and cured for 28 days. The results showed that the compressive strength of mixtures containing two additives decreased. In contrast, the BFS20-G7 mixture satisfied the proposed minimum compressive strength. However, the flexural strength and tensile splitting of the BFS20-G7 containing 20% BFS and 7% Gilsonite increased by about 4 and 7 percent. The Wide Wheel Abrasion Test results showed that the mixture containing 20% BFS-7% Gilsonite increased the abrasion resistance by about 5% and 17% in 100 and 300 revolutions, respectively. Conclusively, using BFS20-G7 in low-traffic areas such as parks and driveways can be suggested.

Utilization of carbon nanotubes and steel fibers to improve the mechanical properties of concrete pavement

BackgroundRigid pavements have become an urgent demand in recent years, as these pavements need less maintenance and renovation than other types. However, traditional rigid pavement faces various challenges and difficulties over its lifetime. It has a much higher initial erection cost than asphalt pavements, a greater sensitivity to dynamic stresses, and a highly susceptible to temperature variations causing cracking. Previous works dealt with these drawbacks by using effective materials as alternatives to cement and/or aggregates in pavements mixtures. In the last few years, much interest has been carried out in nanomaterial applications to improve the mechanical performance of construction materials, which can also be used for rigid pavement constructions. This improvement is due to nanomaterials' role in concrete as nanoreinforcements and nanofillers. On the other hand, various types of fibers have been used to improve the performance of concrete constructions. This study investigates the effect of adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and steel fibers (SFs) to concrete mixtures. A series of experiments on concrete mixes with various weight percentages of CNTs (0%, 0.025%, 0.050%, and 0.075%) were added to the mixtures to determine the best cost and amount of CNTs to add to a concrete mix. Compressive, tensile, and flexure strength characteristics are investigated. In the second experimental stage of this work, the effect of adding steel fibers to the mixture was investigated.ResultsAccording to the results, the optimal carbon nanotube content in concrete is 0.05%. Compared to other concrete combinations with varying proportions of CNTs, this quantity offers the maximum compressive, tensile, and flexural strength. Additionally, SFs can improve the mechanical properties of the mix as well as enhance its post-cracking and fatigue behavior. Adding both CNTs with SFs increased compressive, tensile, and flexural strength by 22.7%, 29.3%, and 70.8%, respectively, more than the traditional pavement.ConclusionThis work found that combining SFs with CNTs improves the mechanical properties of the concrete mortar, resulting in a stronger mortar that can withstand more loads than the traditional one.

Analytical and experimental study of using recycled tire products in pavement-grade concrete suited for hot weather climates

The phenomenon of dumping used tires has reached significant levels, with “tire graveyards” containing millions of tires being formed in remote areas of the world. This study aims to see whether recycled products made from tires can be used to make ‘green concrete’ that can potentially enhance the properties of concrete pavements. Some concrete mixes containing different doses of several tire products produced promising results. Finite element modeling was then used to validate the experimental results (with discrepancies not exceeding 15%) and to simulate truck movement on a pavement made with select concrete mixes, also showing promising results.

Evaluating the Properties of Concrete Pavements Containing Crumb Rubber and Recycled Steel Fibers Using Response Surface Methodology

Evaluating the Properties of Concrete Pavements Containing Crumb Rubber and Recycled Steel Fibers Using Response Surface Methodology

The effect of rice husk ash and gilsonite on the properties of concrete pavement

ABSTRCT Abrasion susceptibility of roadway pavements has a significant effect on the skid resistance, and consequently accident rate. In this study, the mechanical properties of concrete pavement were investigated in 10 mixing designs containing Rice Husk Ass (RHA) and gilsonite. For this purpose, by modifying the concrete cement by 10, 15, and 20 percent with RHA and 5, 7, and 9 percent of gilsonite by the weight of the concrete cement as filler, the mechanical properties of the modified concrete pavement is improved, leading to changed mechanical strength and abrasion resistance. Flexural strength, tensile splitting strength, compressive strength, and abrasion tests were performed on the specimens. The results showed that the combination of RHA and gilsonite did not affect the concrete’s specific gravity. The results showed that the combination of two additives reduced the compressive strength of the mixture. However, in some compounds, the concrete’s tensile splitting and flexural strength increased by about 4 and 7 percent. Finally, the abrasion test results showed that the mixture containing 10% RHA and 5% gilsonite had increased abrasion by about 15%; therefore, this mixture is in the category of class 1 and can be used in light pedestrian and vehicular areas.

Sustainable Valorisation of Silane-Treated Waste Glass Powder in Concrete Pavement

This research presents new insights into the utilisation of waste glass powder in concrete pavements. Two different types of glass powder were used as a partial replacement for sand: 10% neat glass powder (untreated) and 10% silane-treated glass powder. The interfacial bonding properties, physical properties, and mechanical properties of concrete pavement were assessed at 7 and 28 days. Results exposed a reduction of 5% and 2% in the compressive and flexural strengths, respectively, and an increase of 15% in water absorption after the addition of neat glass powder to concrete after 7 days of curing. This is due to weak interfacial bonding between the glass powder and cementitious matrix. However, the incorporation of silane-coated glass powder led to an increase in the compressive and flexural strengths by more than 22% and 28%, respectively, and reduced the water absorption of concrete by 8%, due to the coupling functionality of silane. After 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of concrete increased by 15% and 22% after the addition of neat glass powder and silane-treated glass powder, respectively. In addition, water absorption dropped by 5% and 7% after the incorporation of neat glass powder and silane-treated glass powder.

Improvement of flexural strength of concrete pavements using natural rubber latex

In this research study, natural rubber latex (NRL) was used as a “green” additive to improve the flexural strength properties of concrete pavements. The mechanical compressive and flexural strengths of NRL modified concrete were investigated, using various water-to-cement (w/c) and dry rubber content-to-cement (r/c) ratios and curing times. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses techniques were used to examine the mechanical strength development of modified concrete. The results indicated that the compressive strength of NRL-concrete decreased with increasing the r/c ratio at all w/c ratios and curing times, whilst the highest flexural strengths were found at the optimal r/c = 0.58%, 1.16%, and 1.73% for w/c = 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively. The w/c ≤ 0.4 and r/c ≤ 2.31 as well as w/c = 0.5 and r/c = 0.58 to 1.73 were found to be applicable to NRL-concrete pavements, as the compressive and flexural strengths met the minimum requirements specified by the Department of Highways, Thailand. A mix design chart was proposed for NRL-concrete pavements, to facilitate the determination of effective mix ingredient based on operation and material cost to meet both economical and engineering criteria.

Strength analysis of concrete pavement deformation due to Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR)

Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) is a chemical reaction that negatively affects concrete pavements strengths and integrity. ASR impedes concrete pavements' performance due to the formation of cracks and ultimate deformation if not properly controlled. Concrete pavements are gaining more relevance due to their ability to be constructed on soils with low bearing capacity and support high traffic loadings, thus increasing the need for studies on how ASR in the concrete pavements can be mitigated. This study employed compressive and flexural strength tests to determine the strength properties and deformation of concrete pavements due to ASR when partially replaced with CBA at varying percentages. Static structural modelling of the concrete as a multiphase material in which aggregates, cracks and gel formations are considered as embedded inclusions in the cement paste is then carried out. The results are then compared with relevant standards and findings of other researchers. The study's findings reveal that all the concrete cube samples passed the recommended compressive strength for rigid pavement, which range from 35 - 40 N/mm2 at 28th day. The concrete cube samples also passed the target strength of 48.25 N/mm2 obtained from the mix design. The effect of ASR resulted in lower compressive and flexural strengths observed at 180th and 240th days with lower CBA addition, while samples containing higher CBA contents had increasing compressive strength. The static structural modelling results reveal that the maximum deformation was obtained for the concrete cubes admixed with 0% CBA with 47.045 mm while the least deformation was obtained at 30% CBA replacement with deformation value of 5.542 mm on application of a 900 KN force. Therefore, the study posits that CBA addition will help reduce Portland Cement Concrete Pavement deformation due to ASR in relation to traffic loadings. Cite as: Adanikin A, Falade F, Olutaiwo A. Strength analysis of concrete pavement deformation due to Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR). Alg. J. Eng. Tech. 2020; 3: 020-027. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400227 References Hajighasemali S, Ramezanianpour A, Kashefizadeh M. The effect of alkali–silica reaction on strength and ductility analyses of RC beams. Magazine of concrete research. 2014;66(15):751-760. Grimal E, Sellier A, Multon S, Le Pape Y, Bourdarot E. Concrete modelling for expertise of structures affected by alkali aggregate reaction. Cement and Concrete Research. 2010 ;40(4):502-507. Monette LJ, Gardner NJ, Grattan-Bellew PE. Residual strength of reinforced concrete beams damaged by alkali-silica reaction—Examination of damage rating index method. Materials Journal. 2002 ;99(1):42-50. Huaquan YA, Zhen LI, Meijuan RA, Xiaomei SH. Study on Influence of Aggregate Combination and Inhibition Material ofAlkali-silica Reaction in Fully-Graded Concrete. Materials Science. 2020;26(3):363-372. Malhotra VM, Mehta PK. 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Investigation of the effect of Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) on Properties of Concrete Pavement Admixed with Cow Bone Ash (CBA) by Electrical Resistivity Method. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019, 640(1): 1-9 Kadyali LR. Lal NB. Principles and practices of highway engineering including expressways and airport engineering. (Khanna Publishers, New Delhi). 2014. Marzouk H. Langdon S. The effect of alkali aggregate reactivity on the mechanical properties of high and normal strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2003;25: 549–556. Giaccio G, Zerbino R, Ponce JM, Batic OR. Mechanical behavior of concretes damaged by alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research. 2008;38(7):993-1004.

The Role of Nanotechnology in Subgrade and Pavement Engineering: A Review.

Nanotechnology is an extension of sciences and technologies that deal with particles less than 100 nm. This paper reviews previous studies on how nanomaterials work and what their advantages are in subgrade and pavement engineering. In subgrade engineering, the nanomaterials particles can not only improve the physicochemical and mechanical properties of subgrade soils by filling the voids between soil particles but also promote hydration reaction between cement and ion exchange between soil particles. In pavement engineering, the water stability, rutting resistance, fatigue resistance and optical properties of flexible pavements are enhanced by adding nanomaterials into the asphalt mixture. Nanosilica enhances the interface between cement pastes and aggregates and promotes the pozzolanic reaction of concrete, thus, mechanical properties of concrete pavements are improved. Compared with traditional materials, nanomaterials play a promising role in subgrade and pavement engineering, benefitting from their environmental friendliness, lower environmental disturbance, better price/performance ratio and higher durability.

Microstructural study and surface properties of concrete pavements containing nanoparticles

This investigation focused on the effect of nanoparticles on microstructural surface characteristics, abrasion, and skid resistance of concrete pavements. Firstly, the percentage of optimal replacement of nanoparticles was determined. In the second part, the nano-modified concrete similar to mortars in terms of water-to-cement and sand-to-cement ratio were made to study the abrasion resistance and British pendulum number (BPN) as skid resistance property. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were applied to accurately evaluate the microstructural properties. Concerning concrete containing different nanoparticles, nano-montmorillonite yielded the most considerable improvement in abrasion resistance (about 23%). By examining the MIP results, a good correlation was observed between the volume of the large pores plus the average pore size and the volume reduction in the abrasion test. By comparing the effect of nanoparticles on improving the skid resistance under wet and dry conditions, it was found that the samples containing nanoparticles in dry conditions generated more significant improvements (about 20%) compared with the wet conditions (about 7%). The results of the AFM test revealed that improvement in samples containing nanoparticles was because of increased surface roughness and enhanced surface adhesion due to Van Der Waals forces.

Feasibility of Improving the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Pavement Using Basalt Fibers

Abstract Many research studies have so far been done to improve the mechanical properties of concrete pavement by using basalt fiber; these studies have indicated the positive effects of this fiber on concrete pavements. Accordingly, the idea of applying this fiber, which is proportional to the concrete mix design and is commonly used in this geographical area, was introduced. Therefore, based on the type and amount of basalt fiber content recommended in the technical literature, the effect of using this fiber in two conventional mix designs was evaluated. In order to determine the effect of the fiber on mechanical properties affecting pavement design, the influence of the alkaline environment of cement on the fiber was initially examined. Then, concrete samples containing this fiber are subjected to tensile, compression, and bending tests. The results showed that in the mix design commonly used in this area, the use of basalt fiber in accordance with the recommended amounts indicated in most studies may lead to a minor improvement in the toughness index and indirect tensile strength of concrete samples and to negative effects on four-point bending and compressive strength.

Assessment of the mechanical properties of concrete pavement containing crumb rubber of tires

The disposal of waste scrap tires is one of the most important challenges and a massive burden facing the developed countries. One of the most important method to disposal it, is using the Crump Rubber (CR) of tires in roads and structural projects. The current research focused on assessing the performance of concrete pavement contained CR. The mechanical properties of concrete were evaluated after adding 5 percentages of CR particles as 2%, 4 %, 6 %, 8% and 10 % of total weight of aggregate. The work methodology involved investigation the effect of using different methods of treatment of CR compared with untreated CR. Also, it investigated the effect of CR particles’ sizes on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete pavement. The results of study showed that the chemically treated CR can produce rubberized concrete pavement with properties closed to that of reference mix. The replacement with 2% and 4% CR gave adequate properties of pavement to be used in highway construction, while the 6% is closed to acceptable limit. The coarser particles showed better performance in terms of mechanical properties compared with the smaller particles (as replacement from sand). Chemically treatment by NaOH for CR only caused reduction in compressive strength of concrete by 7.6%, 15% and 28% while water soaking method produce more reduction in compressive strength reached up to 52.5%, 55.1% and 65.8% for the percentages of 2%, 4% and 6% CR respectively.

Mechanical properties of concrete pavements containing combinations of waste marble and granite powders

ABSTRACT The ornamental stone industries in Iran produce vast amounts of waste by-products that cause significant environmental impacts. Granite and marble which are among these by-products can be used in different productions. The primary goal of this study is to experimentally investigate the effects of using these recycled aggregates as substitutes for natural fine aggregates on major mechanical properties of concrete pavements. Different mixes were prepared with variable contents of granite and marble powders, and are compared on the basis of their compressive strength, abrasion resistance, modulus of rupture, splitting tensile strength, and Young's modulus of elasticity. Percentage of waste powders in the specimens ranged between 10 and 30% for a single marble or granite substitution and between 7.5 and 22.5% for the compound substitution. The results show that the mechanical strength decreases with the increase in marble content, but increases with the increase in granite content. The results encourage utilising a combination of marble and granite powders in concrete production. This reuse can help to mitigate the environmental effects of these by-products while producing compound concretes with the same or improved mechanical properties.

Investigation of the effect of alkali silica reaction (ASR) on properties of concrete pavement admixed with cow bone ash (CBA) by electrical resistivity test

The use of concrete in road pavements construction in view of its durability and cost effectiveness over time have gained momentum. Cement concrete pavements however suffer deterioration due to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR). This study therefore investigates the use of Cow Bone Ash (CBA) in mitigating the effect of ASR using electrical resistivity test (schlumberger array probe method). The results are then compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and relevant literatures. The result of the study showed that the average resistivity at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% CBA replacement are 298.87 Ωm, 306.23 Ωm, 215.02 Ωm, 489.31 Ωm, 382.34 Ωm and 272.53 Ωm respectively. This indicates that the peak resistivity is obtained at 15% CBA replacement which is the optimal replacement level for ASR inhibition in the concrete. The result also shows that the concrete samples are corrosion free with the least resistivity value on the 7th day at 30% CBA addition (163.03 Ωm) and the maximum value at 20% CBA addition on the 56th Day (1069.54 Ωm). The study concluded that ASR and reinforcement corrosion can be effectively controlled between 15% and 20% cement replacement by CBA in concrete/rigid pavements.

Influences of Surface Characteristics and Modified Asphalt Binders on Interface Shear Strength

Weak bonding between layers of pavement leads to damages on the composite pavement. Bonding plays an important role in the durability and maintenance of composite pavement layers. The present study evaluates the factors effective in bond strength of the interface between concrete and asphalt pavements. The factors considered for this purpose include steel slag percentage in the concrete pavement, different types of modified bitumen, and rates of tack-coat. To measure the bond properties, direct shear and shear fatigue tests were carried out. In addition, texture depth and abrasion resistance were used in accordance with EN 1338 standard to measure the roughness properties of concrete pavement. The test results showed that 50% replacement of steel slag with aggregate resulted in an increase in physical properties and texture depth of concrete pavement. Moreover, the results of the shear strength test of composite pavement revealed that the optimal rate of using tack-coat varies between 0.6 and 0.9 l/m2 and depends on the type of tack-coat. Finally, a higher shear strength was obtained for crumb rubber bitumen containing hydrated lime compared to crumb rubber modified bitumen and control bitumen.

Optimization of the Some Mechanical Properties of Concrete Pavements Produced with SIFCON

Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SIFCON) is one of the recently developed composite material became a very popular material in civil engineering. The difference between high strength concrete (HSC) and SIFCON is the ductile behavior at failure. In this study, usage of SIFCON as a rigid pavement is investigated. The experiments were designed according to Taguchi method using orthogonal array technique in an L16 array with four factors with four levels each. The factors and their levels are 40, 55, 65, 80 fiber aspect ratio, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% fiber volume, 0,30, 0,35, 0,40, 0,45 water/cement ratio (w/c) ratios and 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% silica fume ratio. Analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) was used for analyzing the test results. According to the ANOVA, the fiber aspect ratio (L/d) plays a significant role in compressive and flexural strength. Moreover, the optimum conditions were found to be 55 fiber aspect ratio, 3%fiber content, 0.45 w/c ratio and 5% SF ratio for compressive strength and 80 fiber aspect ratio, 12%fiber content, 0.45 w/c ratio and 5% SF ratio for flexural strength. Maximum compressive and flexural strength of 145.72 and 31.58 MPa was obtained under the optimum conditions respectively.

Fatigue performance of waste rubber concrete for rigid road pavements

The handling and storage of end-of-life tyres is an environmental problem and constitutes a considerable worldwide challenge. This paper investigates the suitability of using discarded waste tyre rubber particles in concrete rigid road pavements. The objective is to optimize size and proportion of rubber particle to improve the material performance. A tests program was carried out to know the effect of rubber size and rubber content on mechanical properties of concrete pavements. Mixtures with rubber particles of variable sizes (1–4, 10 and 16 mm) added in different proportions (10, 20 and 30%) are considered. A novel test to evaluate deformation (in terms of transversal micro-cracks) suffered by the material under cyclical efforts similar to traffic loads is proposed. The results show that there exists an optimal combination of size and proportion of rubber particles that improves the performance of the material under cyclic load stresses, which makes the material suitable for the construction of rigid concrete pavements.

Mechanical performance of porous concrete pavement containing nano black rice husk ash

This paper presents an experimental research on the performance of nano black rice husk ash on the porous concrete pavement properties. The performance of the porous concrete pavement mixtures was investigated based on their compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength. The results indicated that using nano material from black rice husk ash improved the mechanical properties of porous concrete pavement. In addition, the result of compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strength was increased with increasing in curing age. Finally, porous concrete pavement with 10% replacement levels exhibited an excellent performance with good strength compared to others.

Laboratory investigation of the effect of temperature on frictional properties of concrete pavements containing crushed glass

In this research the effect of temperature on skid resistance of concrete pavements has been evaluated. An experimental approach has been used for this purpose and concrete mixtures containing crushed glass as fine aggregate with different surface textures were tested at different temperatures using British Pendulum Tester, so that concrete mixtures containing crushed glass with 3 different surface textures with different patterns of contact surface (smooth, brushed, grooved) were evaluated at temperature range from 0°C to 50°C. The optimum amount of crushed glass in concrete mixtures was determined using the compressive strength test and the mixtures produced by virgin lime aggregates were taken as control mixture. The results indicated that the skid resistance of concrete mixtures with brushed surface had the highest amount compared to other surface textures. Crushed glass aggregates had a positive effect on compressive strength, flexural strength and skid resistance of concrete pavements. It was also found that the skid resistance of all mixtures decreased with an increase in temperature.

Benefits of using amorphous metallic fibers in concrete pavement for long-term performance

This study aims to examine the implications of amorphous metallic fibers on the mechanical and long-term properties of concrete pavement. Two different amounts of amorphous metallic fibers were incorporated into concrete, and plain concrete without fibers was also adopted as comparison. Test results indicated that the overall mechanical properties of concrete were improved by including the fibers, and the improvement increased when a higher amount of fibers was used. In particular, the equivalent flexural strength and flexural strength ratio were substantially improved by incorporating the amorphous metallic fibers. This may enable the thickness of airfield concrete pavement to decrease. The resistance to surface cracking of concrete pavement by repeated wheel loading was also improved with the addition of amorphous metallic fibers. In addition, by adding 5kg/m3 and 10kg/m3 amorphous metallic fibers in concrete pavement, roughly 1.2 times and 3.2 times longer service life was expected, respectively, as compared to their counterpart (plain concrete). Based on a life cycle cost analysis, the use of amorphous metallic fibers in concrete pavement was effective at decreasing the life cycle cost compared to plain concrete pavement, especially for severe traffic conditions.