Properties Of Clay Loam Soil Research Articles

The Role of Biochar and Perlite in Improving some Chemical Properties of Clay Loam Soil and Sandy Loam Soil

A laboratory experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources / College of Agriculture - the University of Diyala, where the experimental factors were the soil type factor (clay loam and sandy loam) and the soil conditioners agent by adding biochar at the level of 1 and 2% and symbolized by B1 and B2 and perlite at the level of 1 and 2% and symbol It has P1 and P2, and it was added according to the soil dry weight, with three replications, CRD design, and plastic tubes were used to incubate the treatments for 14 weeks. The results showed an increase in the electrical conductivity in the two soils when using the two percentages of biochar in the two soils, while the electrical conductivity values decreased with the use of the two percentages of perlite in the two soils. Less, and the two biochar treatments increased the organic matter values in the two soils, while the organic matter values decreased in the two soils when using the two percentages of perlite. The values of nitrogen extracted from the soil, as well as the case with the use of two percentages of perlite in the two soils. Higher with the use of two percentages of biochar in the two soils.

Effects of Composted Poultry Manure and Rice Husk+Poultry Manure on Potato Tuber Yield and Physico-Chemical Properties of Clay Loam Soil

ABSTRACT This study focused on the effects of composted broiler poultry manure (CPM) and composted rice husk+broiler poultry manure (CRH+PM) treatments and combinations with chemical fertilizers on the potato tuber yield, physico-chemical properties and heavy metals of clay loam soil in the field conditions. Experiments were conducted in two villages (Çampınar-location A, and Köprücüler-location B) in Bolu Province, Turkey. CPM treatments were as follows: Control, NPK, CPM:4 t ha−1, CPM1+N1:1 t ha−1+40 kgN ha−1, CPM1+N2:1 t ha−1+80 kgN ha−1, CPM1+N3:1 t ha−1+160 kgN ha−1, CPM2+N1:2 t ha−1+40 kgN ha−1, CPM2+N2:2 t ha−1+80 kgN ha−1, CPM2+N3:2 t ha−1+160 kgN ha−1, CPM3+N1:4 t ha−1+40 kgN ha−1, CPM3+N2:4 t ha−1+80 kgN ha−1, and CPM3+N3:4 t ha−1+160 kgN ha−1. CRH+PM treatments, on the other hand, were as follows: Control, NPK, CRH+PM:10 t ha−1, CRH+PM1+N1:2.5 t ha−1+40 kgN ha−1, CRH+PM1+N2:2.5 t ha−1+80 kgN ha−1, CRH+PM1+N3:2.5 t ha−1+160 kgN ha−1, CRH+PM2+N1:5 t ha−1+40 kgN ha−1, CRH+PM2+N2:5 t ha−1+80 kgN ha−1, CRH+PM2+N3:5 t ha−1+160 kgN ha−1, CRH+PM3+N1:10 t ha−1+40 kgN ha−1, CRH+PM3+N2:10 t ha−1+80 kgN ha−1, and CRH+PM3+N3:10 t ha−1+160 kgN ha−1. The obtained findings indicated that CPM and CRH+PM improved potato tuber yields and soil physico-chemical properties. In regard to CPM, the tuber yields varied from 40.2 (control) to 56.1 t ha−1 (CPM3+N1) in location A, while these were between 38.1 (control) and 44.2 t ha−1 (CPM3+N3) in location B. In the case of CRH+PM, the tuber yields ranged from 39.6 (control) to 52.0 t ha−1 (CRH+PM2+N3) in location A, while these were between 38.0 (control) and 51.2 t ha−1 (CRH+PM) in location B. CPM and CRH+PM increased the field water holding capacity, available water capacity (AWC), saturated hydraulic conductivity and total porosity, while they decreased the bulk density of the soils. The greatest increase in AWC was observed in the CRH+PM (54.99%) treatment. As a result, according to the mean data obtained from locations A and B, CPM3+N1 and CRH+PM3+N2 treatments could be recommended in terms of the soil physico-chemical properties and potato tuber yield.

Management of Brackish Water for Crop Production in Two Different Textured Soils

| In Pakistan, renewable freshwater resources are decreasing due to unpredictable rainfall changes and farming community is compelled to use underground brackish water. Therefore, a lysimetric study was undertaken to remediate hazardous effects of brackish water on rice-wheat crops through practicable and economical methods in two different textured soils. Treatments were: (A) Types of soils. 1) sandy loam, 2) clay loam, (B) Remedial strategies, 1). canal water, 2) saline-sodic tube well water (continuous), 3) three irrigations of tube well water and two of canal water in a cyclic manner (short cyclic use), 4) tube well water + gypsum @ RSC of water, 5) tube well water+ canal water in 1:1 ratio (conjunctive use). Data showed that the highest biomass and paddy/grain yield were produced by canal water (T1) followed by (T3) where three irrigations of tube well water and two of canal water were used in a short cyclic manner. Whereas, growth and yield of rice and wheat crops were significantly reduced by continuous use of brackish water (T2) and maximum pHs, ECe and SAR were noted in this treatment in both textured soils. Different management practices (use of gypsum and blending) also mitigated the ill effects of saline-sodic water. Therefore, it was concluded that when fresh-water resources are finite and use of saline-sodic water is inevitable, cyclic use of canal and saline-sodic water is a wise and profitable management strategy with marginal effect on crop productivity and proves least detrimental for soil health. Comparison of two different textured soils also revealed that brackish water deteriorated the soil properties of clay loam soil more in comparison to sandy loam soil that highlighted the primary role of soil texture for salinity development and must be recognized while using the brackish water for irrigation purpose.

EFFECT OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FYM AND UREA IN CABBAGE GROWN ON CLAY LOAM SOIL, DANG, NEPAL

A field experiment was conducted at the field of CAMPUS OF LIVE SCIENCES, Dang having clay loam soil to evaluate effect of integrated management of FYM and urea in cabbage. This experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having six treatments with three replications. Golden Ball variety of cabbage was selected for this research as a test crop. The application of FYM and urea shows significant result on the plant height, number of leaves, length of plant, head diameter and biomass yield. The maximum head diameter was observed in treatment 50%FYM +50% UREA (14.31cm).The highest total yield (9.63Mt/ha) and highest economic yield (6.16Mt/ha) was obtained from treatment 50%UREA +50 %FYM which was similar with recommend rate of fertilizer for cabbage. The highest soil pH (6.40), soil moister content (40.46%), the lowest bulk density (1.12g/cm3) was obtained from FYM application. The highest organic matter content (1.46) was also observed from FYM application. The most of the soil properties were enhanced by application of FYM and UREA. Furthermore, FYM played important role in maintaining soil physical property. In addition, this study indicates the possibility of FYM application to reduce nutrient risk by enhancing physio-chemical properties of clay loam soil. This result will helpful for the student and scientists in further research to increase the productivity and for the improvement of soil property.

Amelioration some Physical and Hydrophysical Properties of Clay Loam Soil Using Compost at Different Depths and Nitrogen Fertilizer rates.

Field experiments were conducted on clay loam soil during two successive seasons. Summer season 2017 using maize plants and winter season 2017/2018 using barley plants at El-Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, El-Gharbia Governorate, to evaluate the effect and residual effects of compost rates placed in moles 30 cm depth, arranged in parallel orientation with respect to one another and spaced at 3 m apart or placed on the surface soil layers besides the nitrogen fertilizer rates on improving soil physical and hydrophysical properties. Furthermore, economical analysis was done by calculating the net income for every treatment to determine the economical value. The rates of compost were 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 t fed.-1, while the nitrogen rates were 0.0, 50, 75 and 100 % of the recommended dose for every growing crop. The experiments were conducted in split-split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Results can be summarized as follows:- 1- Soil penetration resistance significantly decreased with increasing the addition rates of compost and depths. 2- The soil bulk density (Db) significantly decreased under different compost rates and depths, while total soil porosity (E) and void ratio (e) took the opposite trend. 3- The settling percentage of the soil was significantly decreased with increasing of compost rates and depths, indicating a higher degree of structural stability. 4- The values of pore size distribution (large, medium and micro pores as a percent of total porosity) were significantly increased in the two growing seasons. 5- Soil hydraulic conductivity (Kh) and soil moisture content, i.e., saturation percent (SP), water field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP), available water (AW) and soil moisture content just before harvesting (θw) were significantly increased for the two seasons, with increasing the rates of compost. 6- Water consumption (Cu) was decreased and water use efficiency (WUE) was increased in all treatments of the two seasons. 7- Cost benefit analysis revealed that the most valuable treatment was adding compost (5.0 t fed.-1) in 30 cm mole depth with 100 % of the recommended dose of nitrogen fertilizer for each crop, since it gave the highest net income. 8- From the above results, it is more useful to use of compost filled moles with different rates and nitrogen fertilizers to markedly improve both physical and hydro physical properties under clay loam soil.

Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Casing Soil Used for Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica P&C) Production

Experiments were conducted to find out the effect of different casing soils viz., peat, clay loam soil, sandy soil, biogas slurry, FYM, cocopeat on the yield and yield attributing parameters of milky mushroom (Calocybe indica var.APK2). Among the different casing media, clay loam soil has given the maximum yield (390 g / bed containing 250 g of paddy straw substrate on dry weight basis recording 156% bio-efficiency) and more number of buttons (8.1 /bed) than other casing media. Analysis of physical, chemical and biological properties of clay loam soil revealed that it contained high pH 8.40. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was high in clay loam (28.20 milliequivalents / 100 g of soil). Bulk density and particle density were comparatively higher in sand (1.67 g/cc) and clay loam soils (1.33 g/cc). The maximum pore space was recorded in clay loam soil (55.01 per cent) followed by peat (39.57 per cent) and sand (20.46 per cent). The WHC revelaed high per cent in peat soil (46.27) followed by clay loam soil (39.04). Hence, peat and clay loam soils required less water to maintain surface moisture and a delay in spraying did not lead to the total drying of bed surface. In addition, the population of Pseudomonas spp were found to be high in clay loam soil (34.0 cfu/ g of soil).

Dielectric Properties of Clay Loam Soil at Lower Microwave Frequencies

Real and Imaginary parts ( ) of the Complex Dielectric Permittivity (ε*) of Clay Loam soil collected from Nanta Farm, CAD, Kota, Rajasthan have been measured using a Vector Network Analyzer with varied Moisture contents and Salinity levels in the frequency range 150 MHz to 2.2 GHz. Both and are observed to be strongly dependent on moisture content. The Reflection coefficient(R) , Emissivity(e) and Brightness temperature(T_B) of Microwaves for the soil sample were also calculated from the measured permittivity data. These parameters have their own importance in remote sensing of soil moisture using Microwave signals and show expected variations with soil salinity and Microwave frequencies used.

Physical properties of a Chernozemic clay loam soil under long-term conventional tillage and no-till

Conservation tillage practices such as no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) with a heavy-duty cultivator can influence the physical properties of soils. This study was conducted to determine the effect of 24 yr of NT versus CT on the physical properties of a clay loam soil in southern Alberta. Physical properties quantified were bulk density (BD), mean weight diameter (MWD), plant-available water-holding capacity (PAWHC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), soil water characteristic [θ(ψ)] and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [K(ψ)] relationships, and pore-size distribution (PSD). Bulk soil samples and small soil cores (5-cm depth increments to 20 cm) were taken from CT and NT fields in 1992, and tension infiltrometer measurements were made in 1994. The results from this study are reported as general trends for the tillage fields. Statistical probability levels are not reported because of the unreplicated nature of the experiment, the limited number of sampling locations within each tillage field, and to a lesser extent, the different sampling times for CT and NT in 1992. Plant-available water-holding capacity was higher for the CT field (14.3%) than the NT field (10.8%), and a greater amount of water was held at a given water potential (−1500 to −1.5 kPa) for the former, indicating a higher potential for soil water conservation under conventional tillage. Geometric mean Ksat values (small soil cores) were higher for the NT field (18.20 × 10−6 m s−1) than the CT field (1.74 × 10−6 m s−1). The K(ψ) values (small soil cores) between −10 and −2 kPa were higher for the CT field than the NT field at the 0- to 5-cm, 10- to 15-cm and 15- to 20-cm depths, but values were higher for the NT field at the 5- to 10-cm depth. Near-saturated K(ψ) values (−1.5 to −0.3 kPa) of the surface soil, as derived from tension infiltration measurements in 1994, were higher for the CT field (2.43 × 10−7 m s−1) than for the NT field (6.09 × 10−8 m s−1). There was a greater percentage volume of larger pores (30–40, 40–67, 67–200, >200 µm) for the NT field than for the CT field, and there was a lower percentage volume of smaller pores (0.2–0.6, 0.6–4 µm) for the CT field than for the NT field. Differences in certain soil physical properties between CT and NT fields may be related to the lag time between the most recent tillage event and sampling for the CT field. Key words: Conservation tillage, heavy-duty cultivator, physical attributes, soil water, hydraulic conductivity, porosity

A stochastic differential equation approach to soil moisture

The dynamics of water within the unsaturated root zone of the soil are represented by a pair of stochastic differential equations (SDE's), one representing the so-called “surplus” state of the moisture and the other the “deficit” condition. The inputs to the model are the climatically controlled random infiltration events and evapotranspiration which are modeled as a compound Poisson process and a Wiener (Brownian motion) process, respectively. The solutions to these SDE's are not in “close-form” but sample functions are obtained by numerical integration. The moment properties of the soil moisture evolution process have also been derived analytically including the mean, variance, covariance and autocorrelation functions. To illustrate the model, climatic parameters representing the “surplus” and “deficit” cases and properties of clay loam soil have been used to numerically derived the corresponding sample functions. With proper selection of all the parameters, physically realistic sample trajectories can be obtained for the model.