Properties Of Chlorine Research Articles

Synthesis and properties of chlorine and phosphorus containing rubber seed oil as a second plasticizer for flame retardant polyvinyl chloride materials

Abstract The synthesis of multifunctional plasticizer using rubber seed oil can increase its added value and expand the application field of plasticized products. Recent studies on bio-based plasticizers focus on bio-based raw materials but products lack functionality. In this study, flame retardant phosphate and chlorine were introduced into the chemical structure of rubber seed oil to synthesis a nitrogen and phosphorus synergistic flame retardant plasticizer based on rubber seed oil(NPFP) and apply it to plasticize polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Thermal stability, limiting oxygen index, plasticizing property, solvent extraction resistance, and microstructure of plasticized PVC materials were characterized. The results showed that NPFP with excellent solvent extraction resistance can significantly enhance the limiting oxygen index and thermal stability of plasticized PVC materials, and can partially replace dioctyl phthalate(DOP) as multifunctional auxiliary plasticizer.

Research on the Hierarchical Interactive Teaching of Middle School Chemistry Based on the Theory of "Mind Map"

The hierarchical interactive teaching model under the guidance of mind map theory advocates problem stratification, intelligence stratification, interactive teaching, cooperative learning, which comprehensively cultivates students' divergent thinking and inquiry ability on the basis of respecting students' differentiated development, so as to implement the core literacy of chemistry. It is a good teaching mode of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Based on the actual situation of middle school chemistry teaching in China, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the current teaching, discusses the relationship between this model and China′s education policy, as well as the specific methods and strategies of application in middle school teaching design. Taking "The Properties of Chlorine" as an example, the specific teaching design is carried out to explore the specific path of integrating hierarchical interactive teaching mode into chemistry teaching in China, in order to promote the application of this mode in high school chemistry teaching.

Functionalization of chlorins towards potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy

Photophysical properties of chlorins predestine this type of hydroporphyrins for photodynamic therapy and other diagnostic/therapeutic applications. Artificial chlorins 3a and 4a derived from the red blood pigment heme form a platform for functionalizations with respect towards potentially biologically active photosensitizers and fluorescense markers. Chlorin estrogen derivatives 8a, 8b might be useful as sensitizers which bind selectively to (tumor) cell tissue containing estrogen receptors, [Formula: see text] breast cancer cells.

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS OF AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION AND SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT IN NIGERIA

The basic properties of chlorine was used to determine the dispersion patterns of the recent Jos explosion. The dynamic aerosols content model was used to affirm the eight kinds of dispersion patterns discussed in this text. The location of the victims showed that the dispersion at Jos was either linear or polynomial dispersion. The dispersions are influenced by atmospheric ventilation, stagnation and recirculation. The last chlorine gas explosion follows the linear or polynomial dispersion because of the current state of aerosol loadings in Jos. The aftermath effect of this kind of dispersion may be more threatening than the initial danger due to the chemical formation of more dangerous compounds. The atmospheric conditions for the formation of toxic compound were investigated using twelve years MERRA satellite observation. The degree of freedom of methane, carbon oxide and ozone was nearly uniform for the past five years. This means the next five years or more may be threatening for life forms within the region. The installation of gas tracers within major locations in Jos was suggested to monitor the formation of dioxins in the atmosphere.

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS OF AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION AND SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT IN NIGERIA

The basic properties of chlorine was used to determine the dispersion patterns of the recent Jos explosion. The dynamic aerosols content model was used to affirm the eight kinds of dispersion patterns discussed in this text. The location of the victims showed that the dispersion at Jos was either linear or polynomial dispersion. The dispersions are influenced by atmospheric ventilation, stagnation and recirculation. The last chlorine gas explosion follows the linear or polynomial dispersion because of the current state of aerosol loadings in Jos. The aftermath effect of this kind of dispersion may be more threatening than the initial danger due to the chemical formation of more dangerous compounds. The atmospheric conditions for the formation of toxic compound were investigated using twelve years MERRA satellite observation. The degree of freedom of methane, carbon oxide and ozone was nearly uniform for the past five years. This means the next five years or more may be threatening for life forms within the region. The installation of gas tracers within major locations in Jos was suggested to monitor the formation of dioxins in the atmosphere.

Specific properties of chlorin e<sub>6</sub> trimethyl ester and its glycolized derivative as photosensitizers in vitro and in vivo

Specific properties of chlorin e<sub>6</sub> trimethyl ester and its glycolized derivative as photosensitizers in vitro and in vivo

DFT investigation on interaction of chlorine with In2O3 nanostructures

The structural, electronic, and adsorption properties of chlorine on pristine, tin-, aluminum-, and fluorine-substituted In2O3 nanostructures are successfully optimized and computed using density functional theory along with the B2LYP/LanL2DZ basis set. The electronic properties of pristine, tin-, aluminum-, and fluorine-substituted In2O3 nanostructures are discussed in terms of ionization potential, HOMO–LUMO gap, and electron affinity. The dipole moment and point symmetry group of In2O3 nanostructures are also reported. The structural stability of pristine, tin-, aluminum-, and fluorine-substituted In2O3 nanostructures are investigated in terms of formation energy. The adsorption properties of chlorine on In2O3 are studied and the most appropriate adsorption sites of Cl2 on In2O3 nanostructures are reported. The adsorption properties of hydrogen on In2O3 nanostructures are also investigated and inferred that In2O3 exhibits good sensing characteristics towards hydrogen. The adsorbed energy, HOMO–LUMO gap, Mulliken population analysis, and average energy gap variation are used to identify the prominent adsorption site of Cl2 on In2O3 material. The substitution of fluorine in In2O3 nanostructures enhances the Cl2 adsorption properties in the mixed gas atmosphere.

Cobalt bis(dicarbollide) versus closo-dodecaborate in boronated chlorin e6 conjugates: implications for photodynamic and boron-neutron capture therapy

Conjugation of boron nanoparticles with porphyrins is an attractive way to create dual agents for anticancer boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Properties of chlorin e(6) conjugated with two cobalt bis(dicarbollide) nanoparticles (1) or with a closo-dodecaborate nanoparticle (2) are reported. Fluorescent dianionic conjugates 1 and 2 penetrate in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells, stain cytoplasm diffusely and accumulate highly in lysosomes but are not toxic themselves for cells. Average cytoplasmic concentration of boron atoms (B) achieves 270 μM (ca. 2 × 10(8) B/cell) and 27 μM (ca. 2 × 10(7) B/cell) at the 1.5 μM extracellular concentration of 1 and 2, respectively, that makes conjugate 1 especially suitable for BNCT. Conjugate 2 causes photoinduced cell death at micromolar concentrations and can be considered also as a photosensitizer for PDT. Conjugates 1 and 2 have high quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation (0.55 and 0.85 in solution, respectively), identical intracellular localization and similar lipid-like microenvironment but conjugate 1 possesses no photoinduced cytotoxicity. A presence of cobalt complexes in conjugate 1 is supposed to be a reason of the observed antioxidative effect in cellular environment, but an exact mechanism of this intriguing phenomenon is unclear. Due to increased intracellular accumulation and absence of photoinduced cytotoxicity conjugate 1 is promising for fluorescence diagnostics of cancer.

Optoelectronic properties of chlorine- and oxygen-doped CdTe thin films

Abstract The influence of oxygen codopant upon the optoelectronic properties of chlorine-doped CdTe films is being investigated. It is shown that a small quantity of oxygen decreases the resistivity of films, whereas at higher concentrations oxygen codopant increases the resistivity of films up to 6 orders of magnitude. A subsequent annealing in tellurium vapor pressure decreases the resistivity of films. It is supposed that an anomalous resistivity drop around 0.22 kPa is caused by shallow acceptor complexes that oxygen forms with group I impurities like copper and silver. At higher concentrations oxygen forms isoelectronic complexes with cadmium vacancies, which cause a high resistivity of films. Te annealing extracts oxygen from the films as Te forms with dissolved oxygen tellurium oxide TeO 2 which easily sublimates. Photoconductivity of the oxygen and chlorine-doped CdTe films is poor, or is not detected.

Spectroscopic study on the photophysical properties of chlorine substituted tetraphenylporphyrin-histidine and its zinc (II) complexes

The photophysical properties ofortho- CI,meta-CI andpara-CI substituted tetraphenylporphyrin-histidine and their zinc (II) complexes have been studied by means of steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, as well as time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. For the cases of both free-base and zinc complexes, it was found that theortho-chlorine substitution onto the phenyl rings significantly altered the fluorescence quantum yield, the fluorescence lifetime and the ratio between radiative and nonradiative deactivation rates of the porphyrin chromophore, i.e. the photophysical parameters were quite different from those ofmeta- andpara-substituted compounds. On the other hand, however, the introduction of covalently-linked histidine did not exert much effects on the photophysical behavior of the porphyrin chromophore. The results are interpreted in terms of the steric effect and the heavy-atom effect from the chlorine atoms substituted onto the phenyl rings.

Spectroscopic study on the photophysical properties of chlorine substituted tetraphenylporphyrinhistidine and its zinc (?) complexes

Spectroscopic study on the photophysical properties of chlorine substituted tetraphenylporphyrinhistidine and its zinc (?) complexes

Thermophysical Properties of Chlorine from Speed-of-Sound Measurements

The speed of sound was measured in gaseous chlorine using a highly precise acoustic resonance technique. The data span the temperature range 260 to 440 K and the pressure range 100 kPa to the lesser of 1500 kPa or 80% of the sample's vapor pressure. A small correction (0.003 to 0.06%) to the observed resonance frequencies was required to account for dispersion caused by the vibrational relaxation of chlorine. The speed-of-sound measurements have a relative standard uncertainty of 0.01%. The data were analyzed to obtain the ideal-gas heat capacity as a function of the temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1%. The reported values of C o p are in agreement with those determined from spectroscopic data. The speed-of-sound data were fitted by virial equations of state to obtain the temperature dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on square-well intermolecular potentials and the second based on a hard-core Lennard–Jones intermolecular potential. The resulting virial equations reproduced the sound speed data to within 0.01% and may be used to calculate vapor densities with relative standard uncertainties of 0.1% or less.

Defects in CdTe-Based Photodetectors

AbstractThe photoluminescence spectra, defect composition and optoelectronic properties of chlorine doped CdTe monocrystals, thick layers and thin films are investigated. It is supposed that the complex defect (VCd-2ClTe) is a neutral defect that causes high resistivity of Cl doped CdTe. This complex can dissociate into two charged defects (VCd-ClTe) and ClTe at 300 K. Acentre (VCd-ClTe) is a stable defect that is responsible for p-type conductivity of Cl doped CdTe. Depending on the C1 concentration high resistivity, high photoconductivity or high p-type conductivity can be formed in CdTe that is only chlorine doped.

Spectroscopic indication of chlorine, chemically bound to silica

Synthesis of high-puny quartz glass tQG) bv chloride deposition has gained widespread acceptance in connection with the rise and rapid development of fiber optics. The chlorine impurity is an inevitable accompaniment of vapor-phase deposition with a nearly total absence of ceramic and metal inclusions (less than 10 -5 wt.%) in the glass. Depending on the specific technology of synthesis the chlorine content is varied from hundredths to tenths of a weight percent (to 0.5 wt.% in the MCVD method). The influence of impurity chlorine on the properties of QG has been scarcely investigated experimentally. There is only indirect evidence for decreased radiation resistance of QG due to the formation of E'-cenlers by reactions involving Si-CI groups 11, 2 I, i.e., chlorine may act as a "predecessor" of radiation defects [3 ]. However, this idea has not yet received support, since there are no direct experimental data on the existence of chlorine that is chemically bound to a silica skeleton of the glass. The presence of the Si-C1 groups in QG, deposited from silicon tetrachloride, is probable, owing to the similar properties of chlorine and fluoride that easily forms Si-F bonds in doped silica. Nevertheless, to this point we have failed to observe bands that could be assigned to atomic vibrations involving chlorine in the Raman spectrum that has characteristic bands of practically all the dopants used for QG (B, P, Ge, etc.). We also do not know of any evidence of other experimental methods for the formation of the groups =Si-CI. In this work we were able to obtain, by the method of Raman scattering, some indirect data on the influence

Tribochemistry and the development of AW and EP oil additives — a review

AbstractThe antiwear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) properties of chlorine, sulphur, phosphorus‐containing organic compounds and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) oil additives are affected greatly by their reactive ability to the metal surface, as well as by the chemical composition, chemical state, physical and mechanical properties of the protective films formed. Over four decades, research has taken place on boundary lubrication, and a much better understanding of the AW and EP action mechanism of one additive by itself in base oil has been obtained, and much more knowledge on the relationship between wear and decomposition of additives, adsorption and reaction of the additive or its decomposed products with metal, has been gained. A series of analytical methods and a great number of modern surface analytical tools have been set up and used for research in this area. The problems and some suggestions for the future study on boundary lubrication of oil additive are proposed.

Synthesis and properties of chlorine(I) and bromine(I) trifluoromethanesulfonates and Raman spectra of CF3SO2X (X = fluorine, hydroxyl, hypochlorite)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and properties of chlorine(I) and bromine(I) trifluoromethanesulfonates and Raman spectra of CF3SO2X (X = fluorine, hydroxyl, hypochlorite)Yutaka Katsuhara, Robert M. Hammaker, and Darryl D. DesMarteauCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 3, 607–615Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1980https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50205a007RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views203Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Negative Energy Neutron Resonance inCl35

The neutron scattering cross section of chlorine has been measured at various energies in the range from 0 to 3000 ev. These data have been fitted to a one-level Breit-Wigner scattering formula. A single real level (i.e., one of negative energy with respect to binding) in ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{36}$ at -75 ev is sufficient to account for the observed slow neutron properties of chlorine.

Developments in Water Chlorination Practice During 1947

published (2) providing useful facts about chlorine and the proper handling of chlorine containers, recommending measures for employee protection and supplying data concerning the chemical and physical properties of chlorine. According to the representatives of one chlorine producer (3), the present shortage is caused by increased requirements for previous uses and growing needs for new uses (such as plastics, insecticides and herbicides). The shortage is expected to continue for at least two years. In New York State (4), the value of having emergency chlorinators available has been amply demonstrated. During the past year emergency chlorinators maintained by the State Health Dept. were in use a total of 925 days, or an average of 51 days for each installation. The state points out that the only safe answer to the problem of continuous chlorination is the installa-

Preparation and Properties of Halogen Derivatives of Rubber from Latex

Abstract The paper deals with the preparation and properties of chlorine and bromine derivatives of rubber from latex, obtained by the generation of nascent chlorine in situ and by the addition of bromine water. Attention was given to compounds containing small amounts of halogen, which still showed marked elasticity, in addition to the powders containing large proportions of halogen. When stabilized preserved latex was treated with an excess of hydrochloric acid and a suitable amount of oxidizing agent, an exothermic reaction occurred which, if uncontrolled, led to the formation of white powders containing about 50% chlorine which swelled in organic solvents without dissolving. If, however, the temperature was not allowed to rise substantially above atmospheric, at least in the early stages of the reaction, products of similar appearance and chlorine content were obtained, which nevertheless were readily soluble in a wide range of solvents, including vegetable oils, to give thin solutions which formed brittle films adhering strongly to glass and metal. Analysis of a chlorinated rubber containing 55.8% chlorine corresponded approximately to the formula C20H26Cl11O2.