Properties Of Blends Research Articles

Temperature-dependent optical and dielectric properties of polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene blends in terahertz regime

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has been used to study the temperature-dependent refractive index, absorption coefficient and dielectric constant of polyvinyl chloride/polystyrene (PVC/PS) blends in frequency range of 0.2–1.8 THz. Moreover, the Sellmeier and thermo optic coefficients of PVC/PS blends with different weight ratios have been explored in the temperature range of 25–80 °C. These parameters are used to evaluate the dispersion properties of these blends in the observed frequency range. A clear indication of temperature dependence on the values of refractive index and the real dielectric constant of these blends have been observed. Their values decrease linearly with increasing temperature up to 80 °C. Whereas, no noticeable change has been observed in the imaginary dielectric constant and the absorption coefficient. These results provide a database of temperature-dependent optical and dielectric parameters of PVC/PS polymer blends for their efficient utilization for device fabrication in THz technology.

Impact of Ferulated Arabinoxylans from Maize Bran on Farinograph and Pasting Properties of Wheat Flour Blends

This research explores the extraction of ferulated arabinoxylans (FAXs) from maize bran and their incorporation into wheat flour to assess their impact on rheological and pasting properties. Flour blends were prepared with FAX concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, and these blends were then evaluated using farinograph, mixograph, micro-extensibility, and viscosity analyses. The results indicated that farinograph water absorption increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), ranging from 54.9% to 60.5%, as the FAX content rose, correlating with higher gel-forming potential. Notably, the 2% FAX treatment (FAX2) exhibited the longest dough development time at 24.7 min. Stability and mixing time index (MTI) values also varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among treatments, with FAX2 displaying a longer mixing time of 14.4 ± 3.3 min. A pasting analysis revealed a significant decrease in peak and hot paste viscosity (p < 0.05) with increasing FAX concentrations, suggesting an association between lower hot paste viscosity and reduced breakdown. Micro-extensibility measures further indicated that blends with 0% and 2% FAX had greater extensibility, while the 4% FAX blend showed higher resistance. Overall, this research aims to advance the understanding of how these components can enhance flour functionality and contribute to the development of healthier, higher-quality baked products.

On the Electrochemical Properties of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/Polythiophene Blends Doped with Lithium‐Based Salt

AbstractIn this study, polymer blends of polythiophene (PTH) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) are investigated by focusing on their structural and electrochemical characteristics. These blends displayed immiscibility confirmed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and interaction assessments. PTH's role as a plasticizer is evident, diminishing crystallinity. A rise in PTH level led to a lower glass transition temperature and a higher melting point, suggesting reduced intermolecular forces and increased polymer chain flexibility. Conversely, a dispersed phase presence elevated the melting point, restricting chain movement and crystallization. The thermal properties of blends are enhanced by increased PTH content. Applying the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher model to ionic conductivity measurements, it observed a direct relationship between temperature and free volume, impacting conductivity and ion transport numbers. Certain materials exhibit increased activation energies, indicating substantial thermodynamic barriers to local motion. Higher PTH content within the PVDF matrix notably increased the lithium ion transfer number from 0.22 to 0.71, a change tied to the C–S–C structure of polythiophene. However, elevated PTH levels also led to diminished negative charge transfer and ionic conductivity in the PTH‐PVDF blend compared to pure PVDF, likely due to an ionic conduction hindrance.

Boosting the Strength and Toughness of Polymer Blends via Ligand-Modulated MOFs.

Mechanically robust and tough polymeric materials are in high demand for applications ranging from flexible electronics to aerospace. However, achieving both high toughness and strength in polymers remains a significant challenge due to their inherently contradictory nature. Here, a universal strategy for enhancing the toughness and strength of polymer blends using ligand-modulated metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles is presented, which are engineered to have adjustable hydrophilicity and lipophilicity by varying the types and ratios of ligands. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate that these nanoparticles can effectively regulate the interfaces between chemically distinct polymers based on their amphiphilicity. Remarkably, a mere 0.1wt.% of MOF nanoparticles with optimized amphiphilicity (ML-MOF(5:5)) delivered ≈3.4- and ≈34.1-fold increase in strength and toughness of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) blend, respectively. Moreover, these amphiphilicity-tailorable MOF nanoparticles universally enhance the mechanical properties of various polymer blends, such as polypropylene (PP)/polyethylene (PE), PP/polystyrene (PS), PLA/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), and PLA/polycaprolactone (PCL)/PBS. This simple universal method offers significant potential for strengthening and toughening various polymer blends.

Physicochemical Properties of Seed Oil Blends and Their Potential for the Creation of Synthetic Oleosomes with Modulated Polarities.

There is an increasing demand within the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries for biofriendly lipid-based active ingredient delivery systems. Micelles, liposomes, and lipid nanoparticles are currently the most used systems despite their limitations. Oleosomes, also known as lipid droplets, are promising alternatives to the existing strategies. Oleosomes are typically found in plant cells and are characterized by a nonpolar triacylglycerol core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer punctuated with the protein oleosin. Producing oleosomes synthetically allows the customization of their lipid content, size, protein content, and oil core characteristics, expanding their versatility. Herein we demonstrate a proof of concept for the use of synthetic oleosomes to sequester polar molecules by modulating their core polarity with blends of sunflower and castor oils. The physical properties (density, refractive index, and permittivity) of the oil blends are characterized and demonstrate ideal mixing of the oils, which is supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Spectroscopic examination of the oil blends using fluorescent probes shows that the polarity of oil blends increases as the fraction of castor oil increases. Finally, we show that the uptake of a polar fluorescent probe (NBD-glucose) into synthetic oleosomes is enhanced by increasing the polarity of the oil core, but large charged molecules are excluded from the core regardless of polarity. These experiments show that synthetic oleosomes with tunable oil cores can expand the range of molecules that can be loaded into a biofriendly package as desired for biotechnology applications.

Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study on Interfacial Properties of Ternary H-Shaped Copolymer–Homopolymer Blends

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations is used to study the effect of Am/2BmAm/2 and H-shaped (Am/4)2Bm(Am/4)2 block copolymers on the interfacial properties of ternary blends. Our simulations show the following: (i) The capacity of block copolymers to diminish interfacial tension is closely linked to their compositions. With identical molecular weights and concentrations, H-shaped block copolymers outperform triblock copolymers in mitigating interfacial tension. (ii) The interfacial tension within the blends correlates positively with the escalation in H-shaped block copolymer molecular weight. This correlation suggests that H-shaped block copolymers featuring a low molecular weight demonstrate superior efficacy as compatibilizers when contrasted with those possessing a high molecular weight. (iii) Enhancing the concentration of H-shaped block copolymers fosters their accumulation at the interface, leading to a reduction in correlations between immiscible homopolymers and a consequent decrease in interfacial tension. (iv) As the length of the homopolymer chains increases, there is a concurrent elevation in interfacial tension, suggesting that H-shaped block copolymers perform more effectively as compatibilizers in blends characterized by shorter homopolymer chain lengths. These findings elucidate the associations between the efficacy of H-shaped block copolymer compatibilizers and their specific molecular characteristics.

Investigating the Influence of Protic Ionic Liquid on the Triboelectrical Properties of Trimethylolpropane Trioleate (TMPO)

Under triboelectric conditions, where tribocharging accelerates lubrication failure, lubricants with enhanced electrical properties are essential. Trimethylolpropane Trioleate (TMPO) oil, derived from esters that possess good lubricating properties and wear performance but is lacking in terms of electrical properties which can be further improved when blended with Ionic Liquid. This study blends 1 – 5 wt% of Protic Ionic Liquid (PIL) into TMPO and evaluate the frictional and wear performances of the blends under 1 – 2 A current conditions to understand the behaviour towards the tribological properties of different blends of material. Electric currents ranging around 1 – 2 A are implemented to the custom-designed ball-on-disc tribometer, with a constant 4.5 V voltage supply and the static resistance are measured. Mechanical wear properties are observed after the tribological test with different samples. The frictional properties of all concentrations of PIL in TMPO showed significant frictional improvements with 1%wt PIL showed 53% better results indicating improvements in frictional properties and wear performance under 2A current conditions, owing to its lowest film resistivity of 0.14 mΩ.

Effects of interesterification with solid base catalyst on physicochemical properties of lard and high-oleic sunflower oil blends

Interesterified blends of lard (LA) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) were prepared by using a self-synthesized solid base catalyst (K2CO3/GCN). The effect of interesterification on the physicochemical properties of blends was investigated by analyzing the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC), thermal properties, crystal polymorphism, and micromorphology. The results proved that interesterification significantly modified the physicochemical properties of the blends. The interesterified products had lower SMPs and steeper SFC curves than the individuals. The interesterified product (CIE-5:5) had the widest plastic range (5.7-18.6°C), and its increase rate of OPO and OPL total content was up to 38%. The differential scanning calorimetry melting and cooling thermograms showed an obvious change after interesterification. These changes were mostly due to the alternations in TAG compositions. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction results indicated that the crystal form of blends transformed from β′ to β-form after interesterification. Because of the transformation of crystal polymorphism, the micromorphology of interesterified blends differed greatly from the physical blends at the same ratio. The changes in crystal morphology are beneficial for the application of LA-HOSO blends. This work provides an alternative option for extending the use of native lard and high-oleic sunflower oil.

Physicochemical and sensory properties of wheat-germinated sorghum-pigeon pea flour blends and their chin-chin-making potential

The effects of the substitution of wheat flour (WF) with Germinated Sorghum Flour (GSF) and Pigeon Peas Flour (PPF) at ratios of 100:00:00; 90:5:5; 80; 10:10 and 70:15:15 respectively in the proximate and mineral composition of the flour blends and the sensory properties of the chin-chin produced from the composite flour using standard methods were evaluated. The substitution reduced the moisture content from 10.55 to 9.18% while ash, fiber, protein, and fat content increased from 5.25 to 8.16%; 0.45 to 1.23%; 8.11 to 14.19%, and 3.37 to 5.42% respectively. An expected decrease in the carbohydrate content was recorded. The addition of GSF and PPF increased the sodium (1.18 - 1.45mg/100g); Potassium (1.48 - 3.49 mg /100g) and magnesium (0.68 - 1.66mg/100g) while zinc which was the most abundant out of all the mineral element assessed decreased from 74.32 - 36.61 mg/100g. The 100% WF Chin- -chin was ranked highest in color, taste, aroma, crispness, and general -acceptability closely followed by chin-chin produced fun 80WF: 10GSF: 10 PPF. This implies that wheat flour, germinated sorghum four and pigeon pea flour blends will produce chin-chin of good nutritional qualities

Impact of Soybean Biodiesel Blends with Mixed Graphene Nanoparticles on Compression Ignition Engine Performance and Emission: An Experimental and ANN Analysis

The extensive use of fuels in power generation plants, industries, and transportation has led to a scarcity of fossil fuels and has contributed to global warming. This has prompted researchers to focus on improving internal combustion engine performance, as the transportation system accounts for 50% of global fuel consumption. Soybean biodiesel plays a vital role in reducing emissions and fuel consumption in engines. In the current work, a blend of soybean oil is used as a biodiesel (B20, B40, and B60), with and without the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) examined on a constant-speed compression ignition (CI) engine with respect to pure diesel. The blends are denoted as B20GNP10, B20GNP20, B20GNP40, B20GNP60, B20GNP80, and B20GNP100, according to their proposition of biodiesel and graphene nanoplatelets. Similar blends were prepared for B40 and B60 combinations with similar GNPs concentrations. The prepared blend properties were measured, and good thermophysical properties were found. The trial includes testing the engine emissions and performance at altering loads ranging from 0 to 12 kg for all blends. The artificial neural network (ANN) tool is used to forecast the accuracy of experimental results. Compared to pure diesel, the B60GNP100 blend at 12 kg load condition showed the lowest brake specific fuel consumption at 12.58 % and the highest brake thermal efficiency at 27.13%. Emissions were estimated using a gas analyzer, and the outcomes indicated that the biodiesel blends have controlled levels of CO, CO2, NOx, and HC compared to pure diesel. The ANN model with 99.99% accuracy was developed using experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the experimental results with lower simulation time and cost. Additionally, the B60GNP100 blend yielded better results compared to previous studies.

Effect of carboxymethylated chitosan and cellulose acetate on mechanical properties of PLA blends for biomedical applications

Chitin and chitosan are versatile and valuable biomaterials, with chitosan being abundantly found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, arthropods, and mollusks. The chemical extraction of chitin involves a series of steps, including deproteinization, demineralization, and decolorization. Chitosan is often combined with various polymeric materials, and polymer blending can enhance the mechanical properties of the resulting bioproduct. In this study, composites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with chitosan (Ch) and cellulose acetate (CA) were successfully fabricated using extrusion and injection molding techniques. The chitosan content, ranging from 0 to 7.5 wt. %, was incorporated into the PLA matrix to assess the impact of filler content on the mechanical and morphological properties of the composites. The chitosan powder was first alkalized and then etherified to obtain modified chitosan, specifically o-carboxymethylated chitosan (O-CMCh). The addition of chitosan led to a reduction in tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength. However, the hardness of the composite improved with the inclusion of chitosan. The mesoporous structure of chitosan was characterized using nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurements. Morphological analysis revealed that the composite containing 3.75 wt. % chitosan exhibited significantly less fracture surface compared to other composites.

Photo-Crosslinked Polyurethane-Containing Gel Polymer Electrolytes via Free-Radical Polymerization Method.

Using a novel technique, crosslinked gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) designed for lithium-ion battery applications have been created. To form the photo crosslink via free-radical polymerization, a mixture of polyurethane acrylate (PUA), polyurethane methacrylate (PUMA), vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA), and bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate (BMEP) was exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation during the fabrication process. The unique crosslinked configuration of the membrane increased its stability and made it suitable for use with liquid electrolytes. The resulting GPE has a much higher ionic conductivity (1.83 × 10-3 S cm-1) than the commercially available Celgrad2500 separator. A crosslinked structure formed by the hydrophilic properties of the PUA-PUMA blend and the higher phosphate content from BMEP reduced the leakage of the electrolyte solution while at the same time providing a greater capacity for liquid retention, significantly improving the mechanical and thermal stability of the membrane. GPP2 shows electrochemical stability up to 3.78 V. The coin cell that was assembled with a LiFePO4 cathode had remarkable cycling characteristics and generated a high reversible capacity of 149 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C. It also managed to maintain a consistent Coulombic efficiency of almost 100%. Furthermore, 91.5% of the original discharge capacity was maintained. However, the improved ionic conductivity, superior electrochemical performance, and high safety of GPEs hold great promise for the development of flexible energy storage systems in the future.

High-pressure rheological properties of polyalphaolefin and ester oil blends and their impact on lubrication

Different base oils are often blended to optimize lubrication effectiveness. For blends of polyalphaolefins (PAOs) and ester oils, while their boundary lubrication performance is well-studied, studies on their rheological properties and elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) are limited. This study investigates the viscosity and EHL properties of PAO 8 and pentaerythritol tetra(2-ethylhexanoate) (PEB 8) blends at various blending ratios, pressures, and temperatures. Results showed that under certain conditions, viscosities of the blends are lower than either base oil. This phenomenon was explained from a molecular perspective. The pressure–viscosity relationship was fitted using the Doolittle-Tait free-volume model. Additionally, studies of EHL performance and simulations of different oils correlate the pressure–viscosity to EHL characteristics. These findings provide insights for future lubricant formulation.

Influence of Tire Reclaimed Rubber (TRR) Loadings on Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber (NR/SBR) Blends

This investigation delves into the potential utilization of Tire Reclaimed Rubber (TRR) as a filler within Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber (NR/SBR) blends. TRR is obtained from discarded rubber tires and stands as a pertinent resource that necessitates its effective utilization in the production of eco-friendly, value-added rubber-based products. This is due to the rising of rubber waste tires which causes environmental concerns and all sorts of pollution. The TRR filled NR/SBR blends were fabricated using two-roll mills. The loadings of TRR were varied ranging from 20 phr to 100 phr. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of TRR loading on the curecharacteristics and mechanical properties of blends in terms of tensile strength, rebound resilience, hardness, and density. It is found that the MH and Δ torque exhibited a decreasing trend which would indicate a reduction in crosslink density due to high loading of TRR. Meanwhile, the ts2 and tc95 increased with the increase of TRR loading. Furthermore, the tensile strength, hardness, density, and rebound resilience of blends experience a steady reduction with the incorporation of TRR. The decrement of those properties might be due to the low molecular weight of TRR. Regarding the collective findings, TRR emerges as a potentially viable candidate for waste rubber repurposing, serving as a non-reinforcing filler with optimal utility achieved at a 30 phr loading level.

Effect of Graphite Nanoadditives on the Behavior of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Pyrolysis Fuel Recovered from Used Plastics.

Plastic waste accumulation is a significant threat to the environment and humans. Pyrolysis is a promising method for recycling plastic waste since all of the yields are useful, reducing the associated environmental risks of plastic waste. Energy recovery from used plastic waste can help restore ecosystems by utilizing waste as fuel while addressing the environmental problem of plastic disposal. This study experimentally investigates the application of oil obtained by the pyrolysis of waste high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as a viable energy source for diesel engines, offering a unique solution to the issues of plastic waste and energy sustainability. The catalytic pyrolysis method was employed to convert used HDPE plastics into a fuel called used polymer pyrolysis oil (UPO). The UPO was blended at 20% and 40% on a volume basis with mineral diesel. The graphite nanoadditives of 50 and 100 ppm were doped to enhance the properties of the UPO20 blend. The results showed that UPO20n100 blends exhibited a 2.79% increase in brake thermal efficiency and an 11.6% reduction in specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. Utilizing the UPO20n100 blend as a diesel engine fuel resulted in reductions of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke emissions by 8.9%, 9.9%, and 8.9%, respectively, compared with diesel operation. These findings provide a pathway for reducing plastic pollution and reliance on fossil fuels, with significant implications for the development of sustainable energy solutions. Additionally, this study presents a novel application of graphite nanoadditives in fuel blends prepared from used plastics, highlighting their significant impact on enhancing engine efficiency and reducing emissions.

Blends of polydimethylsiloxane-based polyurethane and poly (propylene glycol)-based polyurethane with co-continuous structures: Morphology evolution, synergistic effects and application in strain sensors

Blending is an effective way to improve properties of rubbers and develop new materials, so more than 75 % of the rubber consumption in the world is rubber blend. However, blending of thermoplastic elastomers has not yet been emphasized, and few successful examples have been reported. The main challenge for blend systems is compatibility of two components. Herein, a series of (polydimethylsiloxane-based PU)-g-(poly (propylene glycol)-based PU) ((PDMS-PU)-g-(PPG-PU)) graft copolymers with different graft chain lengths and hard segment contents (HSC) were synthesized and utilized as compatibilizers of PDMS-PU/PPG-PU blends. The influence of the structure of compatibilizers on the morphology of blends was investigated, and the compatibilization mechanism was proposed. With the solubilization, the phase structure of blends transforms from “droplet-in-matrix” morphologies to co-continuous ones, and the average size of PPG-PU dispersed phase decreases from 3.5 ± 0.45 μm to 230 ± 60 nm. This is the first time that thermoplastic PDMS-PU/PPG-PU blends with co-continuous structures have been successfully prepared. The properties of blends exhibit synergistic effects. For example, they show high tensile strength of PPG-PU in mechanical properties and unique properties of PDMS in dynamic mechanical properties, weather resistance, water resistance and biocompatibility. In addition, strain sensors were fabricated by introducing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the blends, which demonstrated remarkable sensing capability for diverse human body motions.

Insight of low flammability limit on sustainable aviation fuel blend and prediction by ANN model

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) blend has been confirmed to benefit for greenhouse gases reduction, and thus the property of blend fuel should be understanded the detail to support the utilization in aircraft. Low flammability limit (LFL) is a key property of jet fuel which should be sufficiently flammable to burn in combustor of aeroengine and meanwhile should be non-flammable for safety storage in fuel tank of aircraft. LFL of fuel could be influenced by integrating effects including molecule structure, intramolecular chemical bond energy and binding energy of molecule to molecule. Three types of theoretical models, based on different individual view including LFL of every pure hydrocarbon, stoichiometric concentration, and combustion enthalpy, present unsatisfactory simulation results, which can be deduced without integrating all potential influence factors together. The artificial neural network (ANN) approaches have been involved to bridge the relationship of the complex compositions in jet fuels with LFL. For providing adequate and available composition input, the boundary of fuel compositions has been extracted based on constrains of boiling point, flash point and freeze point coupling with statistic petroleum-based jet fuels. By clustering analysis, 43 critical classes of compositions, extracted as surrogate hydrocarbons based on with similar LFL within 1 % deviation, have been deployed as input matrix. ANN-LFL model, trained by only drop-in fuel with feature of Sigmoid function as an activation function, can distinguish drop-in fuel with non-drop-in fuel. ANN LFL model can predict LFL of drop-in fuel with 0.988 accuracy. The predict output value of non-drop-in fuel could present obvious deviation with traditional jet fuel. The optimization methodologies of ANN-LFL model could be improved the understanding of LFL and extend ANN in SAF utilization.

Effect of Temperature and Initiator Concentration on the Curing Reaction of an Epoxy/Amine System

AbstractEpoxy blends of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 2‐[2‐(dimethylamino) ethoxy] ethanol (DMAEE) were prepared. The effect of DMAEE concentration on the rheological properties of the epoxy blends were investigated through oscillatory rheometry under isothermal conditions. A novel technique was developed to study the rheological behavior of the epoxy blends by using a Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA). The rheological study enabled analyzing the variations in the storage modulus (G’), loss modulus (G’’) and torque during the progress of the curing reaction. Additionally, the theoretical cross‐linking density (νe) and the degree of conversión of the curing reaction (α). The gel time (tgel) was determined at different temperatures, and the activation energy (Ea) was calculated by using Arrhenius‐type equation based on the gel time results. The activation energy values found are 24.79 kJ/mol and 23.01 kJ/mol. The results obtained are consistent with the values described in the literature. It was demonstrated that the proposed methodology is valid and, the use of the tertiary amine DMAEE curing agent for epoxy resins was confirmed.

Cross-Linking Reaction of Bio-Based Epoxy Systems: An Investigation into Cure Kinetics.

The cure kinetics of various epoxy resin mixtures, comprising a bisphenol epoxy, two epoxy modifiers, and two hardening agents derived from cardanol technology, were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The development of these mixtures aimed to achieve epoxy materials with a substantial bio-content up to 50% for potential automotive applications, aligning with the 2019 European Regulation on climate neutrality and CO2 emission. The Friedman isoconversional method was employed to determine key kinetic parameters, such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor, providing insights into the cross-linking process and the Kamal-Sourour model was used to describe and predict the kinetics of the chemical reactions. This empirical approach was implemented to forecast the curing process for the specific oven curing cycle utilised. Additionally, tensile tests revealed promising results showcasing materials' viability against conventional counterparts. Overall, this investigation offers a comprehensive understanding of the cure kinetics, mechanical behaviour, and thermal properties of the novel epoxy-novolac blends, contributing to the development of high-performance materials for sustainable automotive applications.

Investigating the Effect of Rheological Parameter Ratios on the Mixing Properties of TPU Blends

Investigating the Effect of Rheological Parameter Ratios on the Mixing Properties of TPU Blends