Properties Of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Research Articles

Development of Halogen‐Free Flame Retardant Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Based Composite Materials

AbstractNatural flammability properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) seriously limit the use of ABS polymers in industries. Improving the flammability performance of ABS by using halogenated additives has been a very common method in the past. However, with increasing environmental awareness, the use of halogen‐containing additives has been severely limited over time. Therefore, we aimed to use halogen‐free flame‐retardant additives in our study to improve the flame‐retardant properties of ABS. ABS‐based composites containing 20, 25, 30 % aluminum diethyl‐phosphinate (AlPi) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) halogen‐free flame‐retardant additives by weight, were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder. V0 rating according to UL 94 standard for the thickness of 1.5 mm, limiting oxygen index (LOI) value higher than 28 %, and glow wire flammability index of 960 °C were aimed in this study. To improve the LOI values of flame‐retardant ABS composites, pentaerythritol (PER), zinc borate (ZB), and magnesium hydroxide were used. The highest LOI value was obtained to be 28.1 % by using 12.5 wt.% AlPi, 12.5 wt.% APP, 5 wt.% PER and 3 wt.% ZB. The effect of flame retardants on mechanical properties (flexural and tensile properties), impact properties (Izod and Charpy‐notched impact strength), thermal properties, melt flow index, and morphology (scanning electron microscopy) of ABS were also examined.

Thermal and thermomechanical properties of boron nitride-filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites

The present study aims at investigating the effect of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoplatelets on the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer. Composites containing 0-30 vol% hBN were prepared through batchwise melt compounding, which was followed by compression molding. Subsequently, the thermal and thermomechanical properties of the fabricated samples were investigated. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the storage modulus of the samples was markedly improved in the entire examined temperature range, while the glass transition temperature also gradually increased as a function of hBN content. According to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the incorporated boron nitride particles enhanced the thermal stability of ABS composites, exhibiting a notably higher decomposition onset temperature. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of the ABS/hBN composites significantly increased by 570% when the hBN content was 30 vol%.

Stochastic modeling of the elastic response of parts produced by material extrusion using ideal voids

The voids in 3D printed materials produced by the material extrusion technique are mainly located between the printed filaments. Their shape depends on material and printing parameters and can be both convex and concave. This shape influences the accuracy of the predictions of common homogenization schemes that consider spheroidal shapes. A novel approach is introduced in this study for converting real voids to ideal supercylindrical ones that approximate better the shape of voids and can be described using only one parameter. This fact leads to a fast implementation in stochastic modeling schemes where fewer samples are required. The novel approach is implemented using the polynomial chaos expansion technique to predict the elastic properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The results are compared with previously performed tensile tests and both simple and computationally intensive models to provide a holistic understanding of the advantages of the new approach.

Polydopamine modified polymeric carbon nitride nanosheet based ABS nanocomposites for better thermal, frictional and mechanical performance

The synthesis and modification of polymeric carbon nitride nanosheets (NPCN) and their exploration toward enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) nanocomposites are described. Polymeric carbon nitride was synthesized by the thermal treatment method and subsequently modified using polydopamine (PDA) through a simple chemical treatment. Both raw and modified fillers (NPCN and PDA@NPCN) were characterized using detailed spectroscopic analyses. The modified filler was then used to fabricate composites with an ABS polymer matrix, targeting the improvement of various properties of the resulting nanocomposites. Although NPCN has been used to modify various polymer matrices, NPCN modified with polydopamine via. non-covalent interactions has not been reported to date for modifying the properties of polymers. Here, the non-covalent interaction developed via a promising eco-friendly bioinspired method has a positive impact on improving the performances of the ABS matrix. The major objective of the current study is to investigate the interfacial interaction between polydopamine modified polymeric carbon nitride nanosheets and the ABS matrix, and to determine its influence on the thermal, frictional and mechanical performance of the developed nanocomposite. Preliminary analyses indicated the successful incorporation and interaction between PDA@NPCN and ABS. The mechanical studies of the nanocomposites revealed that the tensile strength and frictional behavior improved up to 29 and 51%, respectively, with the lower addition of PDA@NPCN content. Pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetric studies showed that NPCN had no negative effect on the flammability of ABS. This approach finds potential applications in enhancing the bearing nature of the polymer system without affecting its thermal stability and flammability.

Enhanced electrodynamic properties acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites containing short-chopped recycled carbon fibers and magnetite

The development of new polymer composites with conductive and magnetic fillers that are compatible with additive manufacturing (AM) is a highly topical issue. In this work, we discussed the effect of short virgin/reclaimed carbon fibers and magnetite on the electrodynamic properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in the X-band frequencies. The choice of selected frequency range is connected with a large number of various radio engineering systems operating with these frequencies, including radar and satellite communication systems. Composites with the addition of short carbon fiber and magnetite exhibit excellent shielding factors ranging from 37.9 to 33.7 dB at frequencies 8–12 GHz. A detailed study of the electrodynamic parameters revealed the attractive properties of reclaimed carbon fiber as a component of shielding materials, especially with the simultaneous addition of magnetite. It should be noted that for this particular composite, the permittivity imaginary part increase was up to −23.96 (88 %) at 8 GHz compared to the virgin carbon fiber and magnetite composite.

Towards optimization of polymer filament tensile test for material extrusion additive manufacturing process

Material extrusion (MEX) is a popular additive manufacturing (AM) method that can process a wide range of feedstock materials, most commonly in filament form. Currently, there is no standardized testing method for filament tensile properties, and researchers resort to 3D-printed dog-bone specimens, which necessarily include the effects of the printing process. In this study, the impact of the strain measurement device, knife-edge type, gage length, testing speed, and oven treatment on filament tensile properties was explored using an off-the-shelf fixture. It was observed that an extensometer with blunt knife edges, a filament gage length of 165 mm, and a 6.35 mm/min (0.25 in./min) testing speed could accurately evaluate the tensile properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments. In addition, an optimized raster path, 3D printing design, and process parameters were used to manufacture dog bone tensile specimens according to ASTM D638-22 from the same ABS filament spool. The tensile properties of the filaments were validated using the results of 3D-printed dog-bone specimens. Young's modulus, stress at yield, and stress at break for the optimum filament test set (2.20 GPa, 43.9 MPa, and 39.1 MPa) were very similar to those of the 3D-printed specimens (2.26 GPa, 44.9 MPa, and 37.3 MPa). The optimum filament tensile testing parameters determined in this study for ABS can be used for the initial test setup for other filament materials to provide baseline values that can serve as the foundation for AM process development.

Analysis on the Application of Polyamide (PA) materials to Replace Existing Materials in Hair Dryer Housings

This paper demonstrates and explains various properties of Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), the material used for the housings of hair dryers, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of Flame retardant Polyamide (PA) materials as an alternative replacement of existing materials from the same aspects under current situations where the development of flame retardants and applications is becoming more and more vital. ABS materials cost less during the manufacturing processes, have a longer usage life, and is more environmentally friendly. PA materials have better flame retardancy and temperature resistance. By making addition to PA materials, its properties can be further improved. From the review, it is indicated that it is likely to replace the existing design with the materials that has PA materials as the base, with the addition of glass fiber and graphene, which is proved to have a better performance in terms of heat resistance, flame retardancy, durability, and is UV resistant in the meantime.

Effect of building orientation and fibre type on the mechanical behaviour of additively manufactured ABS matrix composites

ABSTRACT Additive manufacturing of fibre-reinforced composites show high potential for fabrication of next-generation lightweight complex structural parts. In this study, the effects of building orientation and fibre type, i.e. carbon fibre (CF), and glass fibre (GF), on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites fabricated by fused deposition modelling (FDM) were investigated. The mechanical properties, namely, tensile strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and toughness, were analyzed for flat, on-edge, and upright building orientations. Results revealed that building orientation significantly influences several mechanical properties; in-plane (flat and on-edge) orientations produced the best mechanical properties, whereas upright orientations produced the worst. However, building orientation had little effect on material hardness. Further, compared to the elastic modulus and tensile strength of pure ABS, those of CF-reinforced ABS (CF–ABS) increased by 800% and 500%, respectively, and those of GF-reinforced ABS (GF–ABS) increased by 400% and 400%, respectively, proving that reinforcing ABS with either CF or GF improves the tensile properties. The impact energy of CF–ABS (0.5 J) was lower than that of GF–ABS (1.1 J) because of the brittleness of CF. Fracture surface analysis was performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which gave insight to the nature and mode of fracture of the failed specimens. The most common defects on the printed specimens were void formation, fibre pullout, and poor bonding between fibre and matrix.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene-Based Composites with Permalloy with Tailored Magnetic Response.

This work reports on tailoring the magnetic properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-based composites for their application in magnetoactive systems, such as magnetic sensors and actuators. The magnetic properties of the composites are provided by the inclusion of varying permalloy (Py-Ni75Fe20Mo5) nanoparticle content within the ABS matrix. Composites with Py nanoparticle content up to 80 wt% were prepared and their morphological, mechanical, thermal, dielectric and magnetic properties were evaluated. It was found that ABS shows the capability to include high loads of the filler without negatively influencing its thermal and mechanical properties. In fact, the thermal properties of the ABS matrix are basically unaltered with the inclusion of the Py nanoparticles, with the glass transition temperatures of pristine ABS and its composites remaining around 105 °C. The mechanical properties of the composites depend on filler content, with the Young's modulus ranging from 1.16 GPa for the pristine ABS up to 1.98 GPa for the sample with 60 wt% filler content. Regarding the magnetic properties, the saturation magnetization of the composites increased linearly with increasing Py content up to a value of 50.9 emu/g for the samples with 80 wt% of Py content. A numerical model has been developed to support the findings about the magnetic behavior of the NP within the ABS. Overall, the slight improvement in the mechanical properties and the magnetic properties provides the ABS composites new possibilities for applications in magnetoactive systems, including magnetic sensors, actuators and magnetic field shielding.

Thermal-Stress Characteristics of a Large Area Additive Manufacturing

This study investigates the thermal-stress characteristics of a large area additive manufacturing to determine a failed additively manufactured build’s temperature profile history and distortion. A thermal-stress simulation model was constructed to recreate the printing process and overall geometry of an experimental build made by material extrusion additive manufacturing. Each layer in the model was created independently, which allows for element birth/death commands and individual layer mesh parameters. The model was developed to use the temperature-dependent heat transfer and mechanical material properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene. The temperature profile of the transient thermal-stress model agrees with the experimental thermal profile within a 5% error. The temperature profile results show exponential cooling taking place in the build. Additionally, as the layer print time decreases the heat retention increases the number of layers where the layer temperature is above the glass transition temperature. The stress profile and distortion results from the simulation show that the slumping failure mechanism is caused by a combination of the geometry distortion, heat retention, and material properties.

Effects of surface treatments on ABS mechanical properties from fused filament fabrication

This paper examines the influence of surface treatments on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) samples printed by fused filament fabrication (FFF). Prior efforts have applied brushing, painting, solvent dipping, infiltration, and vapor smoothing as post-processing surface treatments to improve the mechanical properties of FFF components. Additionally, because FFF can produce components with undesirable surface roughness, mechanical abrasion, epoxy coating, and acetone treatment may increase tensile strength by decreasing stress concentrations. Ridged surface texture may provide desirable tribological or handling properties. Based on these opportunities, this paper investigates abrasive media blasting, epoxy coating, acetone immersion, and ridged texturing surface treatments on the tensile strength and other mechanical properties of FFF ABS samples. ASTM D638-14 Type-I samples were printed, treated on all sample sides, and tested. From tensile tests, the elastic modulus, tensile strength, and fracture strain for both the untreated and treated ABS samples were calculated. For each sample, the surface finish and fracture macromorphology were observed with optical microscopy and the roughness values for the surface finish were calculated from profilometer data. Furthermore, samples were submerged in water and weighed periodically to measure mass changes due to water absorption. From surface profilometry and optical miscopy data, mechanical media blasting, epoxy coating, and immersion in all concentrations of acetone decreased surface roughness. Overall, on average, grit blasting with large beads and epoxy coating led to 2.6% and 1.2% increases in tensile strength, respectively; immersion in 40% acetone led to a 1.9% increase in tensile strength while treatment in 60% and 80% acetone decreased tensile strength by 4.9% and 1.9%, respectively. The study concludes that only grit blasting with large beads, immersion in 60% acetone, and the ridged texture significantly affected the tensile strength.

Effect of Reinforcements and 3-D Printing Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Polymer Composites

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) systems utilize a wide variety of commercially available filaments, including Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), as well as their variants. However, the effect of filament composition, reinforcements (chopped fibers and nanotubes), and 3-D printing variables on the microstructure and thermomechanical behavior is not well understood, and systematic studies are needed. In this work, different types of ABS materials with and without carbon fiber and carbon nanotube reinforcements were printed with multiple print layer heights. The microstructure, elastic behavior, tensile behavior, and fracture toughness of 3-D printed materials were characterized. ABS material systems printed at a low print layer height of 0.1 mm outperformed those printed at a larger height of 0.2 mm. Carbon nanotube reinforcements result in significant improvement in the strength and elastic modulus of ABS materials. Printed coupons of ABS with carbon nanotubes achieve an ultimate strength of 34.18 MPa, while a premium grade ABS coupon achieved 28.75 MPa when printed with the same print layer heights. Samples of ABS with chopped carbon fiber show an ultimate strength of 27.25 MPa, due primarily to the significant porosity present in the filament. Elastic moduli and fracture toughness measured using dynamic and mechanical methods show similar trends as a function of layer height. The effects of different materials, reinforcements, and printing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties are discussed in detail.

Development, characterization, and tribological behavior of polymeric carbon nitride/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene nanocomposites

AbstractThis article examines the effect of the addition of nanosheets of polymeric carbon nitride (NPCN) on the frictional, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) system. A series of ABS/NPCN nanocomposites were prepared by varying NPCN concentration using the solution casting and compression molding methods. NPCN were prepared from melamine by thermal treatment and characterized using UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis were utilized to investigate the chemical and crystal structure of NPCN, ABS, and ABS/NPCN composites. The wettability of the composites was analyzed using contact angle studies. The incorporation of NPCN into the ABS matrix improved the thermal stability and tensile strength of the ABS/NPCN composites. The addition of NPCN increased the initial decomposition temperature and char yield of the composites. The frictional analysis results indicated that the presence of NPCN filler significantly influences the friction coefficient (decreased by 35%) and wear loss (reduced by 67%) of the nanocomposites.

Systematic evaluation of bromine‐free flame‐retardant systems in acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene

AbstractA systematic investigation of phosphorus‐based flame‐retardant (PFR) systems in acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) is presented. The effect of various PFRs, combinations thereof and influence of different synergists is studied in terms of fire and mechanical performance, as well as toxicity of resulting ABS. Sustainable flame‐retardant systems with a promising effect on the fire‐retardant properties of ABS are identified: A combination of aluminum diethylphosphinate and ammonium polyphosphate is shown to exhibit superior flame‐retardant properties in ABS compared to other studied PFRs and PFR combinations. Among a variety of studied potential synergists for this system, a grade of expandable graphite with a high‐initiation temperature and a molybdenum‐based smoke suppressant show the most promising effect, leading to a significant reduction of the peak heat release rate as well as the smoke production rate. Compared to current state‐of‐the‐art brominated flame‐retardant for ABS, the identified flame‐retardant systems reduce the maximum smoke production rate by 70% and the peak heat release rate by 40%. However, a significant reduction of the impact performance of the resulting ABS is identified, which requires further investigation.

Terahertz complex refractive index properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene with rice husk ash and its possible applications in 3D printing techniques

Terahertz (THz) plays a pivotal part in numerous technology fields in modern times, including the system of the 6th generation wireless communication, imaging and elemental analysis. In addition to light sources and detectors, THz applications require quasi optics as lenses, waveguides, and reflectors for the design of a THz system. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has many advantages. However, 3D printing materials always have higher THz-wave absorption rates. In this study, we attempted to discover the optimum process parameters of the combustion temperature of rice husk ash (RHA) and mix RHA with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). According to the THz spectrum, the mixture powder would be very useful in applications of 3D printing to increase the refractive index and decrease the absorption coefficient with RHA added into ABS. This improvement will benefit 3D printing technique applications in the far-infrared and THz range.

Experimental study on tensile strength of copper microparticles filled polymer composites printed by fused deposition modelling process

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the variables of the fused deposition modelling (FDM) process and improve their effect on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) components reinforced with copper microparticles.Design/methodology/approachIn the experimental approach, after drying the ABS granule, it was mixed with copper microparticles (at concentrations of 5%, 8% and 10%) in a single screw extruder to fabricate pure ABS and composite filaments. Then, by making the components by the FDM process, the tensile strength of the parts was determined through tensile strength tests. Taguchi DOE method was used to design the experiments in which nozzle temperature, filling pattern and layer thickness were the design variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise analysis were conducted to determine the effectiveness of each FDM process parameter on the ultimate tensile strength of printed samples. Following that, the main effect analysis was used to optimize each process parameter for pure ABS and its composite at different copper contents.FindingsThe study allows the layer thickness and filling pattern had the highest effects on the ultimate tensile strength of the printed materials (pure and composite) in the FDM process. Moreover, the results show that the ultimate tensile strength of the ABS composite containing 5% copper was nearly 12.3% higher than the pure ABS part. According to validation tests, the maximum error of experiments was about 0.96%.Originality/valueIn this paper, the effect of copper microparticles (as filling agent) was investigated on the ultimate tensile strength of printed ABS material during the FDM process.

Effect of Silane-Treated Wollastonite on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of 3D-Printed ABS via Fused Deposition Modeling

The effect of the addition of epoxysilane-treated wollastonite (ETW) to the mechanical and thermal properties of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) via fused deposition modeling (FDM) was investigated. The loading of ETW was varied at 1, 3, and 5wt%. The 3D-printed composites were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tensile test, shore D hardness, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The addition of ETW increases the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and toughness of ABS by up to 46.6, 56.2, and 53.7 %, respectively. The shore D hardness increases with increasing ETW. Morphological analysis show that this improvement in mechanical properties is a result of the high aspect ratio of the fillers, the uniform dispersion of ETW in the ABS matrix, and the orientation of ETW particles toward the direction of tensile stress. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites increases and the onset of degradation slightly shifted to higher temperature with an increase in filler loading. The addition of ETW to ABS matrix in FDM 3D printing improved the mechanical and thermal properties of ABS.

Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) based polymer for Submersible pumps

Now a day’s many companies manufacturing the most advanced submersible pumps with Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) based polymer, which is available in the market for use in domestic, commercial and even research activities. ABS based pumps are widely used in mining, construction and chemical industries. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrenehasmuch application in the temperature range from -20 to 80°C. The ABS based polymer composites are used in submergible pumps due their important properties such as corrosion resistance, light weight, erosion resistance, etc. In the current work, the technique used for the fabrication of GFRP- ABS laminateis compression molding, as per the ASTM standard. The various tests are conducted as per Design of Experiments. Analysis of experimental data was performed using Minitab software and tests were conducted for Flexural strength, Inter Laminar Shear Stress, Tensile strength. Three factors areconsidered for the Design of Experiments namely, fibre-to-resin ratio, fibre orientation and period of immersion in artificial sea water. The outcomepoints towards Flexural strength; ILSS and Tensile Strength areat highest along 40:60 fibre-to-resin ratio with 0°/90°fiber orientation, longer the contact to sea water more is the fall in the strength of the composite material and also due to sea water diffusing into the composite material specimen, there is an increase in its weight.

Silane-Treated Muscovite as Reinforcement for 3D-Printed ABS via Fused Deposition Modeling

Epoxysilane-treated muscovite (ETM) was used as reinforcing filler to 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) via fused deposition modeling (FDM). Its effects to the mechanical and thermal properties of ABS were investigated. ETM was loaded at 1, 3, and 5wt%. ABS/ETM composites were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical reinforcement of ABS was observed for ABS/ETM composites loaded at 1 and 3 wt% wherein it was noted that the tensile strength and elastic modulus increased by up to 83.6% and 76.6%, respectively. Reinforcement was brought by interfacial adhesion of ETM with the ABS matrix. There was a sharp decline in mechanical properties for ABS/ETM composites loaded at 5wt% due to agglomeration of ETM in the matrix and discontinuities in the printed layers. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of ABS increased and the onset of its degradation shifted towards higher temperatures with the addition of ETM. It can be concluded that the addition of ETM to ABS for FDM 3D printing improved its mechanical and thermal properties.

Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum Nanoparticle-Reinforced Composites.

With the expanding use of polymers in modern our lives, there is an increasing need to manufacture advanced engineering polymeric parts in a systematic and inexpensive way. Herein, we developed an organic inorganic hybrid composite material with excellent mechanical properties by enhancing the dispersion and moldability of fillers. For this, we prepared and analyzed the physical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/aluminum nanoparticle composites. Al nanoparticles of various sizes (20 nm and 40 nm) and concentrations (3, 6, 9, and 12 wt.%) were employed. The mechanical properties of the prepared composites were measured using a universal testing machine. Rheological and thermal analyses for the composites were carried out with use of a rheometer and a differential thermal calorimeter (DSC). We also conducted optical, chemical, electrical, and morphological property studies of the samples in order to help design and produce high-performance engineering products.