Properties Of Ternary Systems Research Articles

Evaluation of thermogravimetric, textural and viscoelastic properties in ternary system of amaranth, wheat and whole wheat

Evaluation of thermogravimetric, textural and viscoelastic properties in ternary system of amaranth, wheat and whole wheat

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Ternary System Based on Starch-Grafted-Polyethylene/High Density Polyethylene/Halloysite Nanocomposites

In this paper, the effect of unmodified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) content on the chemical structure and the thermal and mechanical properties of blends based on starch-grafted-polyethylene (SgP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) (70/30 w/w) nanocomposites was investigated at various filler content ratios, i.e. 1.5, 3 and 5 wt.%. The study showed the occurrence of chemical interactions between the polymer matrix and HNTs through OH bonding. Further, the addition of HNTs to the polymer blend led to an increase in the crystallization temperature of the nanocomposite samples, in particular at higher filler contents i.e. 3 and 5 wt.%, while the melting temperature remained almost unchanged. Tensile and flexural properties of the nanocomposite samples were however improved compared to the virgin blend with respect to the HNTs content ratio.

Thermodynamic properties in ternary system of NH4HCO3–H2O–ethanol based on antisolvent method to strengthen crystallization of carbonized ammonia

One of the main challenges of the ammonia-based CO2 capture process is how to further reduce the regeneration energy consumption. An antisolvent crystallization method was proposed to strengthen the crystallization process of carbonized ammonia, and heating the crystal products instead of rich solution can greatly reduce renewable energy consumption. The main component of the crystal product was NH4HCO3 analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Therefore, it is very important to study the thermodynamic properties of ammonium bicarbonate in the ternary system of NH3–H2O–ethanol. In this paper, the solubility curves under different temperature and solvent compositions were determined by static method and the mathematical model of solubility was established. The effects of the addition of ammonium carbamate which was produced in the initial stage of the CO2 absorption process and the addition of ammonia on the solubility in ternary system of NH4HCO3–H2O–ethanol were studied. The dissolution heat was also calculated in the end. The research of this article has a guiding significance for the antisolvent method to strengthen the crystallization of carbonized ammonia of ammonia-based carbon capture technology. It is helpful to further strengthen the crystallization process of low carbonized ammonia and improve the crystallization yield.

Effect of Calcium Sulfate on the Formation of Ettringite in Calcium Aluminate and Sulfoaluminate Blended Systems

The formation of ettringite and the expansion associated with it were studied on paste made from Portland cement, two Al-bearing compounds such as calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulphoaluminate cement, and calcium sulfate with different reactivities (anhydrite, α-hemihydrate and gypsum). The hydration process and formation of ettringite in the binders with different content of calcium sulfate was investigated by free expansion testing, isothermal conduction calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electronic microscope (ESEM). Results showed that the reactivity and amount of the calcium sulfate determined the balance between the hydration products of ettringite and monosulfate, and also the early hydration kinetics including the formation content, size and location of ettringite. It was also found that all the ternary systems with higher addition of calcium sulfate expand significantly. When a higher content of α-hemihydrate was added, besides ettringite much secondary gypsum also forms in voids between cement granules, which exerted adverse effects on the properties of ternary systems. However, the formation content of ettringite appeared to have no connection with the expansion value.

Thermal and flexural properties of room-temperature cured PMMA grafted natural rubber toughened epoxy layered silicate nanocomposite

Thermal and flexural properties of ternary system containing epoxy, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) grafted natural rubber, and organic chemically modified montmorillonite clay (Cloisite 30B) were studied. The results of TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, DSC, TGA and flexural tests were discussed. The rates of glass transition and decomposition process were introduced as relevant parameters to evaluate glass transition and thermal stability. It was observed that the addition of 5 phr Cloisite 30B in epoxy contributed to significant improvement in thermal properties and flexural modulus of nanocomposites. The intercalated structure of silicate clay may help to introduce tortuous path for volatiles to escape the epoxy network, hence retarding the decomposition process. The high char yield content for epoxy/clay and rubber toughened epoxy/clay nanocomposite show that they can be used as adhesive and coating materials with good thermal stability properties.

Thermal and mechanical properties of homogeneous ternary nanocomposites of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐wrapped multiwalled carbon nanotube dispersed in thermoplastic polyurethane: Dynamic‐ and thermomechanical analysis

AbstractAn interesting correlation between initial loading and nature of wrapping of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (rrP3HT) on multiwalled carbon nanotube and their combined effect on dynamic‐ and thermomechanical properties in ternary system (thermoplastic polyurethane as matrix) is highlighted. Wrapping of rrP3HT on carbon nanotube (CNT) makes the hexyl side chains thermally nonequivalent and composites more stable. Dynamic‐ and thermomechanical analysis ascertained the miscibility (single Tg = −40°C), large mechanical reinforcement, and improved storage modulus of nanocomposites in the presence of CNT compared to its blends. Two breaks at ∼ −100 and ∼ −40°C for TPU‐P3HT composites (PHs) and TPU‐P3HT‐MWCNT composites (PHCs) in the loss modulus vs. temperature plot indicates two different types of transitions in P3HT chains. Dimensional stability by expansion probe technique measures low coefficient of thermal expansion of PHCs compared to its blends. Softening property by penetration probe technique suggests that 2.5 wt % loading of P3HT exhibits lowest degree of penetration compared to other nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Manufacture of Ternary Solid Dispersions Composed of Nifedipine, Eudragit<sup>®</sup> E and Adsorbent

The aim of this study was to manufacture the ternary solid dispersions composed of nifedipine, Eudragit® E and adsorbent. Dissolution enhancement of nifedipine was also investigated. The inert solid carriers were added in the mixtures of nifedipine and Eudragit® E at varying ratios. The physicochemical properties of ternary systems, compared to physical mixtures, were analyzed using powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dissolution of nifedipine from ternary systems was compared to the drug alone. The influence of drug:polymer: adsorbent ratio and type of adsorbent on the dissolution rate of the drug was also evaluated. The PXRD and DSC results of the systems with high amount of polymer showed that the drug was present in an amorphous form. On the other hand, the diffraction patterns and DSC thermograms of the physical mixtures revealed that to some extent the drug was present in a crystalline form. The results from this study demonstrated that an improvement in dissolution rate of nifedipine with Eudragit® E and adsorbents was obtained.

Calculation of properties of ternary liquid mixtures on the basis of properties of binary solutions

Various methods of calculating properties of ternary systems using the properties of binary solutions have been analyzed on the basis of experimental and published data.

Thermal properties of ternary systems: The calculation of the standard enthalpy of solution for compounds in binary mixtures

An equation free of fitting parameters is proposed for calculating the standard heats of solution for compounds in nonaqueous binary mixtures. The parameters of the equation are the standard heats of solution of a compound in the components of the mixed solvent. Nonlinear ΔH0(x) trends are reconstructed for solutions of water in i-PrOH + MeOH and MeCN + MeOH, t-BuOH in MeCN + MeOH, squalane in CHCl3 + CCl4 and C6H6 + CHCl3, and hexadecane in MeOH + i-Pr2O and in mixtures of butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and 1,4-dioxane with 1-octanol. The standard heats of solutions are calculated for water in alcohol + alcohol, alcohol + aprotic solvent, and aprotic solvent + aprotic solvent mixtures

Thermodynamic properties of ternary systems: Calculation of standard enthalpies of solvation of triols, diols, and a series of their ethers in water-methanol mixed solvent

An equation for the standard enthalpy of solvation of a compound in a binary solvent is derived. The enthalpies of solvation in water-methanol mixtures are estimated for 1,3-propane-and 1,6-hexanediols, 1,2,4-butane-and 1,3,5-pentanetriols, 2-methoxy-and 2-propoxyethanols, and diethylene glycol. The enthalpy of solvation of 1,2-dimethoxyethane in the water-methanol mixed solvent is determined experimentally.

Thermodynamics of organic mixtures containing amines. IV. Systems with aniline

Binary mixtures of aniline with benzene, toluene, alkane, alkanol, or N,N-dialkylamide have been investigated in the framework of the DISQUAC model. The reported interaction parameters change regularly with the molecular structure of the mixture components. The model consistently describes a set of thermodynamic properties including liquid–liquid equilibria, vapor–liquid equilibria, and molar excess enthalpies. The two latter properties for ternary systems are well-represented by DISQUAC using binary parameters only (i.e., neglecting ternary interactions). A comparison of DISQUAC results and those obtained from the UNIFAC (Dortmund version) and ERAS models is also shown. The experimental molar excess enthalpies for binary and ternary mixtures are better described by DISQUAC than by UNIFAC. ERAS fails when representing molar excess enthalpies of those binary systems including methanol or ethanol. This may be due to the existence of strong dipolar interactions among aniline molecules as well as to effects related to the equation of state term, evaluated comparing molar excess enthalpies, and molar excess internal energies at constant volume. The study of the aniline systems in terms of the concentration–concentration structure factor also underlines the importance of dipolar interactions in solutions with alkanes or alcohols, which may be due to the high polarizability of the aniline molecule.Key words: thermodynamics, mixtures, aniline, dipolar interactions, structural effects.

Determination of the thermodynamic properties for Cr.Co.Me (Me = Mo, Al) systems by using the general solution model for predicting

The results of the determination of the thermodynamic properties for ternary systems Cr.Co.Me (Me = Mo, Al) using a new general solution model for the predictions are presented in this work. For five sections (with mole ratio Co :Me = 2:8, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 8:2) investigated in each ternary system at temperature of 2000 K, integral molar excess Gibbs energies and partial molar thermodynamic properties of chromium were calculated.

Representation of thermodynamic properties of ternary systems and its application to the system silver-gold-copper at 1350 K

The article presents a generalized analytical expression for description of the integral excess Gibbs free energy of mixing of a ternary system. Twelve constants of the equation are assessed by the least mean squares regressional analysis of the experimental integral excess data of the constituent binaries; three ternary parameters are evaluated by a regressional analysis based on the partial experimental data of a component of the ternary system. The assessed values of the ternary parameters describe the nature of the ternary interaction in the system. Activities and isoactivities of the components in the Ag-Au-Cu system at 1350 K are calculated and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. This analytical treatment is particularly useful to ternary systems where the thermodynamic data are available from different sources.