Proper Reference System Research Articles

A New Approach: About the Appearance of “Dark Matter” Effects in the Process of Expansion of the Universe*

The paper considers cosmological objects belonging to fundamentally different classes that do not intersect with each other. Firstly, these are objects that make up a pure Hubble stream. Secondly, these are objects that have constant proper distances. These include planets, stars, and galaxies in gravitationally coupled systems. They all do not participate in the Hubble stream as independent objects. It is shown that the commoving reference system and proper reference system standardly used in cosmology change places with each other when switching from considering Hubble objects to “planets”. The features of the evolution (more precisely, devolution, degradation, reverse development) of the latter were analyzed and it was found that the cosmological acceleration of all “planets”, in contrast to Hubble objects, coincides in order of magnitude with the fundamental value of H2R. As applied to the Pioneers anomaly, this approach allowed us to obtain the calculated value of cosmological acceleration, which coincides in order of magnitude with the observed value. It seems that this approach is applicable also to other local gravitationally coupled systems and allows us to explain the characteristic flattened shape of the orbital curves of stars and galaxies by the fact that the influence of the fundamental cosmological acceleration H2R is added to the system’s own gravitational field.

The Cross-Efficiency Evaluation Method for Energy Enterprise

Abstract It's more reliable on the decision-making units when the reference set is chosen by t raditional DEA cross-efficiency evaluation method, so decision-makers can’t select the proper reference system for evaluation. Therefore, we give a new cross-efficiency evaluation method based on sample units in this paper. Furthermore, we also propose a generalized benevolent and aggressive cross-efficiency evaluation model. Finally, we apply this method to analyse the efficiency of some coal listed companies. By the application on the energy enterprises, we find that the new method has an obvious advantage compared with the traditional DEA cross-efficiency evaluation method. Especially, it can effectively eliminate the influence of time on the decision-making results when we use some panel data to evaluate the cross-efficiency of units.

Extended variational cluster approximation for correlated systems

The variational cluster approximation (VCA) proposed by M. Potthoff et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 206402 (2003)] is extended to electron or spin systems with nonlocal interactions. By introducing more than one source field in the action and employing the Legendre transformation, we derive a generalized self-energy functional with stationary properties. Applying this functional to a proper reference system, we construct the extended VCA (EVCA). In the limit of continuous degrees of freedom for the reference system, EVCA can recover the cluster extension of the extended dynamical mean-field theory (EDMFT). For a system with correlated hopping, the EVCA recovers the cluster extension of the dynamical mean-field theory for correlated hopping. Using a discrete reference system composed of decoupled three-site single impurities, we test the theory for the extended Hubbard model. Quantitatively good results as compared with EDMFT are obtained. We also propose VCA (EVCA) based on clusters with periodic boundary conditions. It has the (extended) dynamical cluster approximation as the continuous limit. A number of related issues are discussed.

Physically adequate proper reference system of a test observer and relativistic description of the GAIA attitude

A relativistic definition of the physically adequate proper reference system of a test observer is suggested within the framework of the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism. According to the nomenclature accepted within the GAIA project this reference system is called the center-of-mass reference system (CoMRS). The interrelation between the suggested definition of the CoMRS and the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Resolutions 2000 on relativity are elucidated. The tetrad representation of the CoMRS at its origin is also explicated. It is demonstrated how to use this tetrad representation to calculate the relation between the observed direction of a light ray and the corresponding coordinate direction in the barycentric celestial reference system of the IAU. It is argued that the kinematically nonrotating CoMRS is the natural choice of the reference system where the attitude of the observer (e.g., of the GAIA satellite) should be modeled. The relativistic equations of rotational motion of a satellite relative to its CoMRS are briefly discussed. A simple algorithm for the attitude description of the satellite is proposed.

Mathematical basis for large scale GIS and terrestrial digital products

The problem of spatial mathematical basis has been encountered by both large scale GIS and spatial digital products theoretically and practically. It is also a basic problem in the development of the whole geo-information science. After analyzing the status quo and the limitations of the space mathematical base of GIS, this paper points out definitely that the geodetic coordinate system is uniform, which can show the location of any point of the global exactly and uniquely in form of (B, L, H) and is the most proper reference system of largescale GIS and Digital Earth. Moreover, this paper also puts forward a set of practical model of the standard “map projection”. Finally, this paper introduces a DRG system based on this model.

A Study on Kirkwood−Buff Integrals and Preferential Solvation in Mixtures with Small Deviations from Ideality and/or with Size Mismatch of Components. Importance of a Proper Reference System

It is shown that a reference state is necessary for the correct interpretation of the Kirkwood−Buff integrals, Gij, of liquid mixtures in terms of interactions between the components and for their use in the calculation of the local composition. This state is identified with the symmetrical ideal system, and its Gij's are taken as zero-level. The equations for calculating the Gij of the reference mixtures are derived and discussed, and those for calculating local composition and preferential solvation are reformulated with respect to the reference system. The mixtures of compounds with large size mismatch and/or small deviations from Raoult's law are those for which the new equations should be applied in order to get correct indications on the interactions that take place and influence the preferential solvation. A comparison with Flory−Huggins athermal mixtures (GE = −TSE) as reference systems is also made, allowing one to estimate the relative weights of the contributions to Gij and preferential solvation due to the excluded volume and to the entropy effect both originated by the size mismatch of the components. Seventeen binary mixtures chosen to cover a wide range of deviation from Raoult's law and of the ratio and difference of the component molar volumes are examined; they comprise mixtures of apolar or low-polarity substances (rare gases, hydrocarbons, halocarbons), athermal mixtures, as well as systems involving strongly polar or associating compounds such as water, alcohols, glycols, dimethylformamide. For most mixtures, the present new treatment provides either different or new information, in regard to preferential solvation and molecular interactions, with respect to the usual way of examining Gij data.

Absolute entropy of simple point charge model water by adiabatic switching processes

Direct molecular dynamics computation of the absolute entropy for simple point charge model water and ice have been carried out by adiabatic switching processes. A theoretical analysis shows that the average energy for nonadiabatic switching is always larger than the adiabatic energy. Due to the energy dissipation the deviation in entropy is positive for finite rate of switching. Two switching functions are used to examine the computational convergence and accuracy. Also, two reference integrable systems, ideal gas and ideal solid, are proposed as ends of the adiabatic switching. A proper reference system and efficient switching path are necessary for accurate computation of absolute entropy. Systematic and statistical errors of the results are discussed.

Celestial coordinate reference systems in curved space-time

In the weak-field and slow-motion approximation of the General Relativity theory the relativistic theory of construction of nonrotating harmonic coordinate reference systems is developed. The general case of an isolated astronomicalN-body system is considered. The bodies are assumed to consist of a perfect fluid and to possess any number of the internal mass and current multipole moments characterizing the internal structure and own gravitational field of the bodies. The description of the coordinate reference systems and gravitational field is realized by the specific forms of the metric tensor. A metric is determined by the method of the Post-Newtonian Approximations (PNA) from the inhomogeneous Einstein equations under the harmonic coordinate condition. We have obtained two different specific forms of a metric, which are related to the inertial and quasiinertial coordinate reference systems. The metric in inertial coordinates is a near-zone solution of the Einstein equations for anN-body system. The metric in quasi-inertial coordinates is a solution of Einstein equations in the body's neighborhood, which is a world tube surrounding the body under consideration and extending up to another nearest body. The coordinate transformation between the inertial and quasiinertial reference systems is derived by a matching of both solutions in the body's neighborhood. A new method is proposed for construction of the body's proper reference system. This coordinate system has an origin which moves along a nongeodesic (in the general case) worldline of the body's center of inertia. The proper reference system is used for derivation of the Newtonian equations of translational and rotational motion of the body. The equations give us exhaustive information about the nonlinear Newtonian interaction between gravitational fields of the bodies in terms of internal mass multipole moments. Finally, the coordinate transformation between the inertial and proper reference systems is discussed in the first PNA.

15N Dilution technique of assessing the contribution of nitrogen fixation to rice plant

Abstract An attempt to correlate the positive nitrogen balance in the rice-soil system with 15N dilution in the rice plant was done to see if isotope dilution can be used to assess the contribution of nitrogen fixation to nitrogen nutrition of rice. 15N ammonium sulfate and sucrose were added to the moist soil in pots to label biomass nitrogen fraction, and then the soil was air dried. It was moistened again, and planted to two crops of dryland rice or wetland rice. Dryland rice bad lower positive nitrogen balance and much higher 15N content than wetland rice. The rice-soil !Wstem with higher nitrogen gain had lower 15N content in the rice plant, suggesting inverse relationship of total nitrogen balance and 15N dilution. When the surface of pots was covered with black cloth, to suppress photodependent N2 fixation, no significant nitrogen gain was observed after two crops of rice. Significant gains were found in the rice-flooded soll system exposed to light and the 15N contents of plants decreased in allowing photodependent N3 fixation by blue-green algae or Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. Contribution of plant nitrogen derived from photodependent N2 fixation was estimated to be 20-30% of the positive nitrogen gain in the system by the UN dilution technique using the rice-covered soil as reference system. Balance data of total nitrogen and UN enabled the estimation of the gross nitrogen gain in the rice-soil system UN dilution technique is useful in assessing the contribution of Nz fixation to nitrogen nutrition of wetland rice if proper reference system is taken.

Heat capacities from 400 to 1200 K of CaAl 2, EuAl 2, ErAl 2 and of the intermediate valence compound YbAl 2

Heat contents of the intermediate valence compound YbAl 2 and of the isotypic phases CaAl 2, EuAl 2 and ErAl 2 were measured in a drop calorimeter over the temperature range 400–1200 K. Whilst the heat capacity of the compounds of Ca, Eu and Er increases linearly with temperature, an anomalous trend is observed for YbAl 2. The excess heat capacity displayed by YbAl 2 as regards the other rare earth single valence phases can be ascribed to the promotion enthalpy associated with the electronic process occurring in this compound, namely the continuous increase of the trivalent ytterbium percentage in the temperature range examined. The problems of the evaluation of the degree of advancement of the electronic process, and the correct choice of a proper reference system, are discussed. The promotion molar enthalpy has been approximately evaluated, providing a value of 8 kJ mole −1.

Effect of starvation on small intestinal enzyme activity in germ-free rats.

Starvation overnight and starvation for 48 h reduced the weight and the protein content of mucosal scrapings, but only minimally reduced the DNA content of the mucosal scrapings. The activity of sucrase and maltase was reduced by both periods of starvation. The activity of lactase and of acid and alkaline phosphatase, however, was less subject to starvation. There were striking differences in the response to starvation between the proximal, mid and distal third of the small intestine. The importance of the proper reference system was discussed.