Proper Density Research Articles

Computational demonstrations of density wave of Cooper pairs and paired-electron liquid in the quarter-filled band-A brief review.

There has been strong interest recently in the so-called Cooper pair density wave, subsequent to the proposition that such a state occurs in the hole-doped cuprate superconductors. As of now, there is no convincing demonstration of such a state in the cuprate theoretical literature. We present here a brief but complete review of our theoretical and computational work on the paired-electron crystal (PEC), which has also been experimentally seen in the insulating phase proximate to superconductivity (SC) in organic charge-transfer solid (CTS) superconductors. Within our theory, SC in the CTS does indeed evolve from the PEC. A crucial requirement for the finding of the PEC is that the proper carrier density of one charge carrier per two sites is taken into consideration at the outset. Following the discussion of CTS superconductors, we briefly discuss how the theory can be extended to understand the phase diagram of the cuprate superconductors that has remained mysterious after nearly four decades of the discovery of SC in this family.

Regulation of stomatal development by epidermal, subepidermal and long-distance signals.

Plant leaves consist of three layers, including epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissues. Their development is meticulously orchestrated. Stomata are the specified structures on the epidermis for uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) while release of water vapour and oxygen (O2), and thus play essential roles in regulation of plant photosynthesis and water use efficiency. To function efficiently, stomatal formation must coordinate with the development of other epidermal cell types, such as pavement cell and trichome, and tissues of other layers, such as mesophyll and leaf vein. This review summarizes the regulation of stomatal development in three dimensions (3D). In the epidermis, specific stomatal transcription factors determine cell fate transitions and also activate a ligand-receptor- MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) signaling for ensuring proper stomatal density and patterning. This forms the core regulation network of stomatal development, which integrates various environmental cues and phytohormone signals to modulate stomatal production. Under the epidermis, mesophyll, endodermis of hypocotyl and inflorescence stem, and veins in grasses secrete mobile signals to influence stomatal formation in the epidermis. In addition, long-distance signals which may include phytohormones, RNAs, peptides and proteins originated from other plant organs modulate stomatal development, enabling plants to systematically adapt to the ever changing environment.

Effect of Different Spacing and Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Maize: A Review

Optimal plant density influenced by crop geometric/planting techniques factors are crucial in achieving high yield to maize. In addition, nutrient management further enhances productivity. Increasing plant density can lead to higher grain yield per unit area, but it also reduces the yield per individual plant as the competition between plant to plant will increase. From different research it indicates that plant density lower than the optimum number result in higher productivity rate per plant but lower yield per area unit. After reviewing various research articles, it was concluded that the maximum growth and yield attributes of maize obtained with spacing 60: 20-30 cm. Highest nitrogen application up to 160 kg N per ha-1 by split application at sowing, 25 DAS and tasselling is most reliable to increase the maize productivity. The combined application of 70 kg ha-1 phosphorus and 60 kg ha-1 potassium is the most suitable to obtain the maximum growth and yield attributes such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, cob length, cobs per plant, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate. Effective nutrient management, aligned with proper planting density, played a pivotal role in maximizing maize productivity, meeting the demands of a growing population, and contributing to sustainable agriculture.

Pearcey universality at cusps of polygonal lozenge tilings

AbstractWe study uniformly random lozenge tilings of general simply connected polygons. Under a technical assumption that is presumably generic with respect to polygon shapes, we show that the local statistics around a cusp point of the arctic curve converge to the Pearcey process. This verifies the widely predicted universality of edge statistics in the cusp case. Together with the smooth and tangent cases proved by Aggarwal‐Huang and Aggarwal‐Gorin, these are believed to be the three types of edge statistics that can arise in a generic polygon. Our proof is via a local coupling of the random tiling with nonintersecting Bernoulli random walks (NBRW). To leverage this coupling, we establish an optimal concentration estimate for the tiling height function around the cusp. As another step and also a result of potential independent interest, we show that the local statistics of NBRW around a cusp converge to the Pearcey process when the initial configuration consists of two parts with proper density growth, via careful asymptotic analysis of the determinantal formulas.

Exploiting excavation-induced displacement for slope heterogeneity characterization and stability analysis

Slope displacement data is valuable but underexplored in current slope stability analysis. This study combines a SimSLE-based displacement back analysis and the strength reduction technique to exploit excavation-induced displacement for slope heterogeneity characterization and stability analysis.Numerically synthesized, undrained slopes are used as examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Results demonstrate that the approach is valid. Displacement data can significantly improve the identification of slip zone and slope stability analysis. Displacement information, affected by the slope stability state, only captures heterogeneities of shear strength within the plastic area. The accuracy of slope stability analysis, including displacement data and the required displacement sampling density, depends on the mean, the variance, and the correlation scale of shear strength. The less development of slip zone or the multiple failure modes associated with the mean of shear strength decreases the accuracy of the slope stability analysis via displacement data. Increasing the displacement sampling density improves little for the former and is necessary for the latter. The large variance and the small correlation scale of shear strength further increase the difficulty of slope stability analysis and its required sampling density. Practically, the proper displacement sampling density for slope stability analysis is suggested.

Electrospun network based on polyacrylonitrile-polyphenyl/titanium oxide nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitor device

Nanofibers and mat-like polyacrylonitrile-polyphenyl/titanium oxide (PAN-Pph./TiO2) with proper electrochemical properties were fabricated via a single-step electrospinning technique for supercapacitor application. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), thermogravimetry (TGA), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were conducted to characterize the morphological and chemical composition of all fabricated nanofibers. Furthermore, the electrochemical activity of the fabricated nanofibers for energy storage applications (supercapacitor) was probed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge–discharge (CD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The PAN-PPh./TiO2 nanofiber electrode revealed a proper specific capacitance of 484 F g−1 at a current density of 11.0 A g–1 compared with PAN (198 F g−1), and PAN-PPh. (352 F g−1) nanofibers using the charge–discharge technique. Furthermore, the PAN-PPh./TiO2 nanofiber electrode displayed a proper energy density of 16.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density (P) of 2749.1 Wkg−1. Moreover, the PAN-PPh./TiO2 nanofiber electrode has a low electrical resistance of 23.72 Ω, and outstanding cycling stability of 79.38% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles.

Use of Collagen in Cosmetic Products.

Collagen (CLG) belongs to the family of fibrillar proteins and is composed of left-handed α polypeptide chains, which, twisting around themselves and their axis, form a right-handed superhelix. In the chemical structure, it contains mainly proline, hydroxyproline, glycine, and hydroxylysine. It occurs naturally in the dermis in the form of fibers that provide the skin with proper density and elasticity. The review aimed to present the types of collagen protein, factors affecting its structure and its unusual role in the functioning of the human body. Also, an overview of cosmetic products containing collagen or its derivatives, the characteristics of the formulas of these products, and the effects of their use were presented. Throughout the market, there are many cosmetic and cosmeceutical products containing CLG. They are in the form of fillers administered as injections, belonging to the group of the oldest tissue fillers; products administered orally and for topical use, such as creams, gels, serums, or cosmetic masks. Analyzed studies have shown that the use of products with collagen or its peptides improves the general condition of the skin and delays the aging process by reducing the depth of wrinkles, improving hydration (in the case of oral preparations), reducing transepithelial water loss (TEWL), as well as improving skin density and elasticity. In addition, oral application of bioactive CLG peptides has shown a positive effect on the nails, reducing the frequency of their breakage.

A novel Joint Probability Density Difference Approach for assessing the alteration of hydrologic regime

AbstractThe construction and operation of upstream reservoirs have significantly altered downstream hydrologic regime. Appropriate and quantifiable assessment method for the alteration of hydrologic regime is considerably vital and emergent for ecological protection and restoration. The Range of Variability Approach (RVA) and modified RVA methods have been widely used in practice to assess the hydrological alteration. However, these methods have failed to concurrently describe the distribution of indicator and morphological features in detail, which might inevitably lead to the misjudgment of alteration. This paper proposes a Joint Probability Density Difference Approach (JPDDA) method to address the major drawbacks of these previous methods with the introduction of Gaussian Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and copula function. The annual average flow is selected as the reference variable to construct a proper joint probability density function between itself and other hydrological alteration indicators. The JPDDA method could describe the marginal distribution in detail through Gaussian KDE and also link the morphological features with copula function. Along with pervious methods, the hydrological alterations at Yichang hydrological station, Yangtze River are estimated based on the measured flow from 1949 to 2022. It is shown that the hydrologic regime has suffered from a moderate or even heavy alteration under the influence of massive upstream cascade reservoirs, and the JPDDA outperforms the other methods in terms of rationality and stability for practical assessments. Thus, the proposed JPDDA method is strongly advised to handle the hydrological alteration and could provide a reasonable reference for ecological operation.

Software BreastAnalyser for the semi-automatic analysis of breast cancer immunohistochemical images

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer worldwide and represents the fifth cause of cancer mortality globally. It is a highly heterogeneous disease, that comprises various molecular subtypes, often diagnosed by immunohistochemistry. This technique is widely employed in basic, translational and pathological anatomy research, where it can support the oncological diagnosis, therapeutic decisions and biomarker discovery. Nevertheless, its evaluation is often qualitative, raising the need for accurate quantitation methodologies. We present the software BreastAnalyser, a valuable and reliable tool to automatically measure the area of 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrocholoride (DAB)-brown-stained proteins detected by immunohistochemistry. BreastAnalyser also automatically counts cell nuclei and classifies them according to their DAB-brown-staining level. This is performed using sophisticated segmentation algorithms that consider intrinsic image variability and save image normalization time. BreastAnalyser has a clean, friendly and intuitive interface that allows to supervise the quantitations performed by the user, to annotate images and to unify the experts’ criteria. BreastAnalyser was validated in representative human breast cancer immunohistochemistry images detecting various antigens. According to the automatic processing, the DAB-brown area was almost perfectly recognized, being the average difference between true and computer DAB-brown percentage lower than 0.7 points for all sets. The detection of nuclei allowed proper cell density relativization of the brown signal for comparison purposes between the different patients. BreastAnalyser obtained a score of 85.5 using the system usability scale questionnaire, which means that the tool is perceived as excellent by the experts. In the biomedical context, the connexin43 (Cx43) protein was found to be significantly downregulated in human core needle invasive breast cancer samples when compared to normal breast, with a trend to decrease as the subtype malignancy increased. Higher Cx43 protein levels were significantly associated to lower cancer recurrence risk in Oncotype DX-tested luminal B HER2- breast cancer tissues. BreastAnalyser and the annotated images are publically available https://citius.usc.es/transferencia/software/breastanalyser for research purposes.

Conjugated polymers of an oxa[5]helicene-derived polycyclic heteroaromatic: tailoring energy levels and compatibility for high-performance perovskite solar cells.

In the quest to enhance the efficiency and durability of n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs), engineering hole-transporting conjugated polymers with well-matched energy levels, exceptional film-forming properties, rapid hole transport, and superior moduli is paramount. Here, we present a novel approach involving the customization of a conjugated polymer, designated as p-DTPF4-EBEH, comprising alternating units of an oxa[5]helicene-based polycyclic heteroaromatic (DTPF4) and 5,5'-(2,5-di(hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene)bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (EBEH), synthesized through palladium-catalyzed direct arylation. Relative to homopolymers p-DTPF4 and p-EBEH, p-DTPF4-EBEH demonstrates a proper HOMO energy level, hole density, and hole mobility, alongside superior film-forming capabilities. Remarkably, compared to the commonly used hole transport material spiro-OMeTAD, p-DTPF4-EBEH not only exhibits superior film-forming property and hole mobility but also offers increased modulus and improved waterproofing. Incorporating p-DTPF4-EBEH as the hole transport material in PSCs results in an average power conversion efficiency of 25.8%, surpassing the 24.3% achieved with spiro-OMeTAD. Importantly, devices utilizing p-DTPF4-EBEH demonstrate enhanced thermal storage stability at 85 °C, along with operational robustness.

Relativistic spherical shocks in expanding media

ABSTRACT We investigate the propagation of spherically symmetric shocks in relativistic homologously expanding media with density distributions following a power-law profile in their Lorentz factor. That is, $\rho _{_{\rm {ej}}} \propto t^{-3}\gamma _{_{\rm {ej}}}(r,t)^{-\alpha }$, where $\rho _{_{\rm {ej}}}$ is the medium proper density, $\gamma _{_{\rm {ej}}}$ is its Lorentz factor, α > 0 is constant, and t, r are the time and radius from the centre. We find that the shocks behaviour can be characterized by their proper velocity, $U^{\prime }=\Gamma _s^{\prime }\beta _s^{\prime }$, where $\Gamma _s^{\prime }$ is the shock Lorentz factor as measured in the immediate upstream frame and $\beta _s^{\prime }$ is the corresponding three velocity. While generally, we do not expect the shock evolution to be self-similar, for every α > 0 we find a critical value $U^{\prime }_c$ for which a self-similar solution with constant U′ exists. We then use numerical simulations to investigate the behaviour of general shocks. We find that shocks with $U^{\prime }\gt U^{\prime }_c$ have a monotonously growing U′, while those with $U^{\prime }\lt U^{\prime }_c$ have a decreasing U′ and will eventually die out. Finally, we present an analytic approximation, based on our numerical results, for the evolution of general shocks in the regime where U′ is ultrarelativistic.

A Review on Industrial Banana Production in Cambodia

The most common banana cultivars grown in Cambodia are Namva, Pong Mone, Ambong Meas, Ambong Kheiv, Ambong Loeug, and Slabmuk. Cambodia bananas were exported to China for the first time, becoming the first Cambodian fruit shipped to China. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Cambodia reports that in the first half of 2022, the country exported 218,000 tons of fresh bananas, all of which were sold to China. Fresh bananas have emerged as Cambodia's greatest agricultural export, with an expected yearly export amounting to 500,000 tons. This review paper's goal is to compile the literature on banana production in Cambodia. Growing and taking care of the banana plant is simple. However, it also has some diseases and insects that harm its leaves and stems. The most prevalent diseases that may cause issues during the wet season are circular, depressed areas, and dry reddish brown. Banana growers should focus on standardization, technologies suitable for various cultivation systems, high-yield variety selection, planting healthy, disease-free, planting material, selecting the proper planting density, timely and need-based input application, and irrigation water should be the main priorities for banana growers, and to bridge the gap between yield and potential yield per unit area nutrients, weed control, etc., are important.

Aquaponics Fish Selection and Care

This article provides a thorough exploration of key factors crucial for the success of aquaponics systems, with a focus on fish health and welfare. It addresses critical considerations in selecting fish species, emphasizing factors such as water temperature requirements, growth rates, compatibility with plants, and market demand. The article further delves into maintaining optimal fish health, covering topics like water quality management, disease prevention, nutrition, and stress reduction. Additionally, it highlights the significance of proper stocking density and feeding practices for system performance, emphasizing their role in fish growth, nutrient cycling, and system sustainability. The article also provides insights into effective water quality management strategies, offering practical guidance for maintaining optimal conditions in aquaponics systems. Lastly, the article addresses breeding and fry rearing, essential components for sustaining fish populations, offering expert advice on selecting breeding pairs, providing suitable breeding conditions, and managing fry rearing. By incorporating these comprehensive insights, aquaponics practitioners can ensure the well-being of their fish population and optimize the overall performance and productivity of their systems.

Osteoprotegerin Gene as a Biomarker in the Development of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women.

Osteoporosis is a multifactorial and polygenic disease caused by an imbalance between osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, leading to a decrease in bone mineral density and the occurrence of disorders in the microarchitecture and metabolism of bone tissue. In postmenopausal women, there is a significant decrease in the production of estrogens, which play a key role in maintaining proper bone mineral density. Estrogens have an inhibitory effect on the development and activity of osteoclasts by reducing the synthesis of pro-resorption cytokines and stimulating the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Osteoprotegerin is a cytokine that prevents bone loss by inhibiting the process of osteoclastogenesis, reducing bone resorption. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of the rs3102735 (-163A>G), rs3134070 (-245T>G), rs207361 (-950T>C), rs7844539 (6890A>C), and rs2073618 (1181G>C) polymorphisms of the OPG gene on the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal Polish women. The study included 802 unrelated women (osteoporosis: n = 317, osteopenia: n = 110, controls: n = 375) at postmenopausal age (54.7 ± 8.6 years). Genetic analysis was performed using real-time PCR. BMD values as well as clinical and bone parameters with the tested polymorphisms were analyzed among the study population. Analysis of the PPARG rs1801282 variants did not show any association with the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia. However, for the OPG rs207361 polymorphism, we observed a statistically significant association with the risk of osteoporosis, suggesting that the OPG rs207361 variant may be one of the genetic markers associated with the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

Knitted Heating Mats

Abstract The paper deals with conceptual designs and research on flexible knitted heating mats differing in construction from textile heaters on low-elastic woven or nonwoven-foil substrates. Two variants of heating mats with elasticity from 100 to 300 % of relative elongation were designed and manufactured using knitting technology. The heating elements of the mats were parallel-connected sets of electrically conducted carbon threads and synthetic threads coated with silver. With considerable elongation in the range of 210÷270 % no damage was observed to the heating elements and resistance changes during the stretching process equaled from 0.015 to 0.22 Ω/% of elongation. The optimum power of the knitted heater in the range from 16 to 41 W, with high thermal efficiency for a 12 V supply voltage, was obtained thanks to proper density of the electrically conductive threads (resistors) and the appropriate structure of the knitted fabric. The surface temperature of the heater can be adjusted from 34 to 43 °C, which corresponds to human thermal comfort. One of the variants of the knitted heaters was applied in the construction of the seat and backrest of an office chair.

Coordination of Pickpocket ion channel delivery and dendrite growth in Drosophila sensory neurons.

Sensory neurons enable an organism to perceive external stimuli, which is essential for survival. The sensory capacity of a neuron depends on the elaboration of its dendritic arbor and the localization of sensory ion channels to the dendritic membrane. However, it is not well understood when and how ion channels localize to growing sensory dendrites and whether their delivery is coordinated with growth of the dendritic arbor. We investigated the localization of the DEG/ENaC/ASIC ion channel Pickpocket (Ppk) in the peripheral sensory neurons of developing fruit flies. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering approaches to tag endogenous Ppk1 and visualize it live, including monitoring Ppk1 membrane localization via a novel secreted split-GFP approach. Fluorescently tagged endogenous Ppk1 localizes to dendrites, as previously reported, and, unexpectedly, to axons and axon terminals. In dendrites, Ppk1 is present throughout actively growing dendrite branches and is stably integrated into the neuronal cell membrane during the expansive growth of the arbor. Although Ppk channels are dispensable for dendrite growth, we found that an over-active channel mutant severely reduces dendrite growth, likely by acting at an internal membrane and not the dendritic membrane. Our data reveal that the molecular motor dynein and recycling endosome GTPase Rab11 are needed for the proper trafficking of Ppk1 to dendrites. Based on our data, we propose that Ppk channel transport is coordinated with dendrite morphogenesis, which ensures proper ion channel density and distribution in sensory dendrites.

Magnetohydrodynamic features and particle transport during thermal quench in HL-2A with density source

Diverse disruption mitigation strategies based on massive material injection have been developed in recent decades, aiming to uniformly deplete the thermal energy stored within plasmas during the thermal quench (TQ) while simultaneously elevating electron density to facilitate runaway electron suppression. Irrespective of the detailed dynamics of the material delivery scheme, deposition location and subsequent density mixing are pivotal in achieving highly efficient mitigation, however, which are markedly influenced by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activities. In order to assess the influence of MHD-induced transport on disruption mitigation, a simulation of TQ triggered by pure deuterium (D) deposition is conducted using a three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear reduced MHD code, JOREK. Steady density sources (the deposition rate of 1024 D atoms per second is greater than in real experiments) are introduced at various locations to explore the dynamics. The findings distinctly reveal two types of TQ processes, contingent on locations of deposition (LoD) of the neutral D source. Evidently, the results underscore the effectiveness of proper density mixing and moderated MHD in disruption mitigation. Nonlinear mode coupling emerges as a significant factor in shaping the final outcomes of TQ. Specifically, the 5/2 mode contributes to edge collapse, whereas the 3/2 mode is instrumental in core collapse. Additionally, the investigation indicates that the rise in core density is contingent on LoD, exhibiting threshold behavior. This threshold is observed within the q = 2/1 surface of equilibria, and a rapid increase in core density is witnessed when the density source crosses this threshold. The outcomes point toward the important role of E × B convection due to the 1/1 mode evolution in the process.

Boron Enhanced Complex Concentrated Silicides – New pathway for designing and optimizing ultra-high temperature intermetallic composite materials

Refractory Metal Intermetallic Composites and Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloys have been identified as promising candidates for ultra-high-temperature applications that exceed the limits of superalloys. However, designing and developing new materials with the proper density for aerospace applications is a significant challenge. For this reason, new refractory metal-based materials are in continuous development. This study introduces a new class of materials known as Boron-Enhanced Complex Concentrated Silicides (BECCSs). By providing a balance between density and high-temperature performance, these materials with their density-optimized refractory metal silicide-borides have the potential to revolutionize high-temperature applications. Utilizing a quaternary MoNbTaW equiatomic alloy (ρ = 13.73 gcm−3) as a starting point and a computer-aided alloy modeling tool, seven alloy compositions were designed in a multi-step process aimed at lowering the material density. Through the introduction of Ti, Si, and/or B, the microstructure was transformed from a BCC solid solution to a multiphase structure comprised of silicides and borides. The proposed redesign of the alloy led to a significant reduction in density, even to 5.44 gcm−3. All seven alloys were produced by using a laboratory arc melter, and their microstructure and room-temperature mechanical properties were analyzed using SEM, EDS, EBSD, and micro-indentation. The results of structural characterization allowed us to identify specific phase constituents, and it was established that a transition from BCC solid solutions to silicides/borides-based alloys results in a substantial increase in hardness, even above 1600 H V (17 GPa).

Transmuted Modified Weibull Distribution for Modeling Skewed Lifetime Dataset; Properties and Application

A new five parameter model called Generalized Modified Weibull distribution is proposed and studied. The new distribution generalizes the Modified Weibull Distribution introduced by Lai et al. (2003) using transformed – Transformer framework of Alzaatreh et al. (2014) which resulted to a distribution capable of modeling skewed data (positively or negatively skewed data), as well as, symmetric data. Property of a proper probability density function was used to ascertain that the resulting function is a proper probability density function. Statistical properties of the newly generated distribution were studied. Graph of probability density function of the distribution was used to show that it is capable of modeling skewed data. Graph of cumulative density functions of the distribution was plotted using varying parameter values. Monte Carlo simulation approach was used for the test of homogeneity of the distribution and it was observed that the parameters in the distribution approach the true values as sample size increases. Maximum likelihood Estimation method was used for estimation of the model parameters. Real life dataset was used for model comparison as well as demonstration of its application.

A gentle strategy to design amine-functionalized cellulose aerogel with tunable graft density for urea adsorption

The development of efficient adsorbent materials to remove urea from dialysate is an effective way to solve the bottleneck limiting the development of a wearable artificial kidney. Three methods were used to fabricate amine-functionalized cellulose aerogels aiming to screen for excellent structures favorable for urea adsorption. The influence of APTES addition on the structure and adsorption performance of the adsorption materials was investigated. The kinetics and thermodynamics of urea adsorption were evaluated, and adsorption mechanisms were also discussed. Results indicate that the material prepared by the gentle method was still able to maintain a large specific surface area, large pore volume and low crystallinity. Amine-functionalized cellulose aerogels retain the original hydroxyl adsorption sites, and the amino or silanol hydroxyl as new adsorption active sites are also introduced. Furthermore, proper APTES graft density plays a critical role in the urea adsorption. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of urea on HA-N-NCA-10 is increased by 156%.