Proper Control Research Articles

The Direct Gene Injection Using of Egg Yolk Emulsion as Carrier and its Comparison with Liposomes.

The efficiency of egg yolk emulsion in coating DNA and its delivery across cellular membranes was evaluated in comparison with liposomes DOPE . The murine leukemia viral oncogene v-abl , cloned on pBR322 was used as a DNA substrate for direct injection into mice tissue . the DNA complexes were prepared by mixing the DNA with egg yolk emulsion and liposome . Each was directly injected into mice peritoneal cavity with proper control. The gene delivery was examined phenotypically by blood analysis and cytogenetic analysis . Chromosomal changes were detected in the bone marrow as from the fourth day post inoculation through the eleventh day when chromosomal ring s could be seen . this was accompanied by decrease in the WBC count , an increase in lymphoblast cells size and percentage and the discoloration of irregular RBCs . these are typical signs of acute lymphatic leukemia . Anatomical examination have indicated 25% increase in the spleen mplemented using specific primers to confirm the integration of the delivered DNA into the genomic content of the mice tissue within 48 hr post inoculation .

Stability Enhancement for IBRs Operating in Weak Grids Through Proper Coordination and Control

Stability Enhancement for IBRs Operating in Weak Grids Through Proper Coordination and Control

Impaired coronary flow reserve in patients with poor type 2 diabetes control: Preliminary results from prospective microvascular dysfunction registry.

Type 2 diabetes (DM) is a common comorbidity associated with cardiovascular disease, especially when poor glucose control is present. Extracardiac microcirculatory complications prevalence is well documented, however coronary microcirculatory dysfunction (CMD) seem to be underreported in this group. The present study analyzed coronary physiology measurements (coronary flow reserve [CFR], index of microcirculatory resistance [IMR], resistance reserve ratio [RRR]) in 47 diabetic patients (21 subjects with poor glycemia control defined as fasting glucose levels > 7.2 mmol/L and 26 with normal fasting glucose), and compared to 54 non-diabetic controls, who had undergone coronary angiography due to symptoms of chronic coronary syndrome. The median age of patients was 65.5 [59.0; 73.0] years old, 74% male, similar in terms of cardiovascular risk factors and prior myocardial infarction. Insulin was used by 19% of diabetic patients with poor glucose control and by 15% of those with DM and low fasting glucose. Prevalence of CMD was 38% in poor glycemia control patients, 27% in DM-patients with proper glucose control and 31% of non-diabetics. Median CFR values were the lowest in poor DM control patients compared to both, normal fasting glucose (1.75 [1.37; 2.32] vs. 2.30 [1.75; 2.85], p = 0.026) and to non-diabetics (1.75 [1.37; 2.32] vs. 2.15 [1.50; 2.95], p = 0.045). Levels of IMR, RRR and MRR did not differ significantly between compared groups (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Poor glycemia control in type 2 DM might be associated with a higher prevalence of CMD driven by decreased coronary flow reserve, however, further research in larger groups of patients should be performed to confirm this observation.

Optimization of PEMFC pressure control using fractional PI/D controller with non-integer order: design and experimental evaluation

The fuel-based proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is a promising technology for clean energy production owing to the several advantages including high efficiency (around 80% theoretical), quiet in operation, and almost zero emission as compared to conventional internal combustion engine. Only hydrogen and oxygen are supplied at the anode and cathode, respectively to generate power and water is produced as by product. However, it suffers to achieve its maximum theoretical efficiency due to lack of flow/pressure management of hydrogen and oxygen in the PEMFC stack which also causes flooding within the cell and reduce the performance of the catalyst and reduces the efficiency. The higher efficiency can be achieved with the proper control of the hydrogen and oxygen inlet flow rate and pressure at the PEMFC. Since it’s crucial to maintaining a consistent supply of exponential pressure, the main focus of this work is pressure regulation at the PEMFC cathode side. A fractional PI/D controller is designed to operate the PEMFC system more realistically. There are three primary objectives of this research work. In the first step, monitoring the PEMFC operating pressure to find out the suitable fractional PI-D controller for a given resilience level, which has the lowest Integration Absolute Error (IAE) to disturbances. The robustness level and/or threshold peak is considered as a tuning parameter for the evaluation. Second, compare the best IAE performance of the fractional PI-D controller with that of simple SIMC rules, where a certain level of resilience is achieved by varying the SIMC tuning variable. Through this comparison, the effectiveness of the recommended controller in achieving the optimal plant performance is evaluated. Thirdly, design a non-integer order PEMFC plant with a fractional controller using MATLAB software and compare the results with existing models. This comparison provides insight into the practical performance of the proposed controller. The results shows that the developed fractional PI/D controller is able to control the pressure very efficiently at the PEMFC cathode side. The findings further emphasise on the important to consider the resilience and robustness levels at the time of developing control systems for PEMFCs. The efficacy of the suggested unique technique is further confirmed by contrasting the suggested controller with the developed models.

Voltage Support With PV Inverters in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks: An Overview

Large solar photovoltaic (PV) penetration using inverters in low voltage (LV) distribution networks may pose several challenges, such as reverse power flow and voltage rise situations. These challenges will eventually force grid operators to carry out grid reinforcement to ensure continued safe and reliable operations. However, smart inverters with reactive power control capability enable PV systems to support voltage quality in the distribution network better. This paper gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art control strategies for handling voltage problems through PV inverters and other devices. In addition, the (control) technical issues of PV systems integrated into the LV distribution network are considered from a control point of view. By comparing the control issues of PV integration into the grid, the paper aims to help distribution system operators to expand the volume of PV generation in the distribution system in an efficient and safe manner. Additionally, it will help control engineers and researchers select proper control strategies for PV systems as well as other distributed renewable sources.

Multi-shot near-infrared femtosecond laser tuning of silicon microring resonators

We studied multi-shot femtosecond laser surface modification as a permanent tuning technique for obtaining the desired resonance wavelengths for silicon microring resonators. In this multi-shot tuning approach, each microring resonator was irradiated with 10 or 100 laser pulses in the same location of the waveguide with selected laser fluence. The laser beam has 800 nm wavelength, 130 fs pulse duration, a Gaussian spatial profile with a beam waist radius of 13.1μm, and pulse energies of 12 nJ to 186 nJ to generate the applied range of laser fluences. The silicon microring resonators used in the study have a 15μm diameter and are coupled to a waveguide of 500 nm in width with a gap of 260 nm. We found that the multi-shot tuning curves (resonance wavelength shifts as a function of laser fluences) do not monotonically increase with laser fluences: they first increase, then plateau, and finally decrease. We observed that the laser energies required for the multi-shot case to obtain the onset of crystalline modifications and ablation are several times below the single-shot case because of the incubation effect. With proper control we can achieve both positive and negative resonance wavelength shifts with acceptable induced roundtrip waveguide losses.

Numerical study on heat dissipation and structure optimization of immersed liquid cooling mode used in 280Ah LiFePO4 batteries

Efficient thermal management can ensure the lithium-ion batteries to operate steadily and long-term, among which immersion liquid cooling with higher cooling power and battery module temperature consistency presents great potential. According to the different heat transfer methods, three forms of immersion liquid cooling can be distinguished: static flow immersion cooling (SFIC), forced flow immersion cooling (FFIC), and immersion coupled direct cooling (ICDC). In this study, the numerical model is first established to comprehensively compare the cooling characteristics of the three modes, and the effects of the battery spacing, inlet relative locations and thermal characteristics of the coolant on the FFIC mode were further investigated. The results show that the maximum temperatures of SFIC, FFIC, and ICDC are reduced by 4.23%, 5.70% and 13.29%, respectively, compared to natural convection conditions. The FFIC mode has highest sensitivity to the flow parameters of the coolant, indicating that the heat dissipation capability could be moderated by proper temperature control strategies. The UTTB structure is more efficient at dissipating heat as coolant enters from the upper section of the batteries and exits from both sides. It is also revealed that increasing the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of the coolant to 0.6 W/(m∙K) and 1500 J/(kg∙K), respectively, at a flow rate of 0.03 m/s enables the battery module maximum temperature to reduce by 2.78% and 6.20%. However, given the challenge of attaining effective coolant thermal characteristics, the combination of active control methods, such as regulating the flow parameters of the coolant, will be a more economically feasible method in the future.

Improving inpatient hyperglycaemia in non-critically ill adults in resident wards through audit and feedback

Inpatient hyperglycaemia is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality, number of rehospitalisations and length of hospitalisation. Although the advantages of proper glycaemic control in hospitalised patients with diabetes...

Global dynamics and computational modeling approach for analyzing and controlling of alcohol addiction using a novel fractional and fractal–fractional modeling approach

In recent years, alcohol addiction has become a major public health concern and a global threat due to its potential negative health and social impacts. Beyond the health consequences, the detrimental consumption of alcohol results in substantial social and economic burdens on both individuals and society as a whole. Therefore, a proper understanding and effective control of the spread of alcohol addictive behavior has become an appealing global issue to be solved. In this study, we develop a new mathematical model of alcohol addiction with treatment class. We analyze the dynamics of the alcohol addiction model for the first time using advanced operators known as fractal–fractional operators, which incorporate two distinct fractal and fractional orders with the well-known Caputo derivative based on power law kernels. The existence and uniqueness of the newly developed fractal–fractional alcohol addiction model are shown using the Picard–Lindelöf and fixed point theories. Initially, a comprehensive qualitative analysis of the alcohol addiction fractional model is presented. The possible equilibria of the model and the threshold parameter called the reproduction number are evaluated theoretically and numerically. The boundedness and biologically feasible region for the model are derived. To assess the stability of the proposed model, the Ulam–Hyers coupled with the Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability criteria are employed. Moreover, utilizing effecting numerical schemes, the models are solved numerically and a detailed simulation and discussion are presented. The model global dynamics are shown graphically for various values of fractional and fractal dimensions. The present study aims to provide valuable insights for the understanding the dynamics and control of alcohol addiction within a community.

Optimum active power tracking based control of brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator tied to renewable microgrid

Among all the existing wind energy generators (WEG), a brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator (BDFRG) is the better option in terms of maintenance cost and constructional simplicity. For more adaptability, the efficiency of the BDFRG can be improved through proper control mechanisms. Therefore, this paper presents an optimum active power tracking-based control technique for BDFRG for minimum losses. Copper loss of the machine is considered to be the objective function for the proposed optimization technique. However, one issue found to be the major in all the existing controllers is the accuracy of sensor less control of the BDFRG. Therefore, this paper proposes an accurate model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based sensor less mechanism for computation of BDFRG secondary winding flux position. The no sensitivity of the proposed technique to the machine parameter variation and hence the accuracy, catch-on-fly, and non-inclusion of integrator and differentiators and hence less burden on the processor makes the proposed scheme robust. The control scheme is practically implemented with a 2.5 kW BDFRG using MATLAB/Simulink platform.

Evaluating the Adoption of Cleaner Production Technology for Sustainable Green Hotels in the Philippines

With the increasing trend of waste production in the hotel industry, a turn to green waste management would greatly alleviate costs and carbon footprint. Although policies are being updated to accommodate the transition to eco-friendlier management, there is little literature about technologies used to reduce pollution. This study assessed the economic effectiveness and cost improvement of the hotel industry in Western Visayas using cleaner production technology practices. This study utilized a descriptive survey research approach. The 156 participants, which consisted of hotel owners, managers, and employees, were chosen using a stratified random sampling technique using G* power version 3.0. The statistical tools employed were frequency counts, percentages, rankings, averages, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA. Results revealed that the top five cleaner production technology practices implemented that suggest sustainability were: “modify facilities/equipment”, “adequate proper control operations”, “improves facilities/equipment layout”, “provides training and incentive programs”, and “improves wastes segregation and storage”. The study shows no significant differences observed in the scope of practices for stars 3-5. On the contrary, there is a significant difference seen in the scope of 2-star hotel practices. The use of cleaner production technology and green practices has also decreased the hotel's use of energy, water, and solid waste management. Importantly, the cost of consumption in each hotel unit decreased. The findings of this study will enable hotels to adopt efficient waste sorting techniques, paving the way for a greener transition in the hospitality industry. By doing so, future research, projects, and policy implementations may be directed to a better tomorrow.

Assessment of ecotoxicological effects of Fojo coal mine waste elutriate in aquatic species (Douro Coalfield, North Portugal).

Introduction: The exploitation of anthracite A in the Pejão mining complex (Douro Coalfield, North Portugal) resulted in the formation of several coal waste piles without proper environmental control. In 2017, a new pedological zonation emerged in the Fojo area, after the ignition and self-burning of some of the coal waste piles, namely: unburned coal waste (UW); burned coal waste, and a cover layer (BW and CL, respectively); uphill soil (US); mixed burned coal waste (MBW); downhill soil (DS). This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of 25 soil elutriates from different pedological materials. Methods: Allivibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay, Lemna minor growth inhibition assay, and Daphnia magna acute assay were used to assess the toxicity effects. Additionally, total chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and catalase (CAT) activity were also evaluated in L. minor. Results and Discussion: The results obtained from each endpoint demonstrated the extremely heterogeneous nature of soil properties, and the species showed different sensibilities to soil elutriates, however, in general, the species showed the same sensitivity trend (A. fischeri > L. minor > D. magna). The potentially toxic elements (PTE) present in the soil elutriates (e.g., Al, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn) affected significantly the species understudy. All elutriates revealed toxicity for A. fischeri, while US1 and UW5 were the most toxic for L. minor (growth inhibition and significant alterations in CAT activity) and D. magna (100% mortality). This study highlights the importance of studying soil aqueous phase toxicity since the mobilization and percolation of bioavailable PTE can cause environmental impacts on aquatic ecosystems and biota.

SNAr or Sulfonylation? Chemoselective Amination of Halo(het)arene Sulfonyl Halides for Synthetic Applications and Ultralarge Compound Library Design.

The chemoselectivity of halo(het)arene sulfonyl halide aminations is studied thoroughly under parallel synthesis conditions, and the scope and limitations of the method are established. It is shown that SNAr-reactive sulfonyl halides typically undergo sulfonamide synthesis during the first step; the second amination is also possible provided that the SNAr-active center is sufficiently reactive. On the contrary, sulfonyl fluorides bearing an arylating moiety undergo selective transformation at the latter reactive center under proper control. Further sulfur-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) is also possible, which can be especially valuable for some sulfonyl halide classes. The developed two-step parallel double amination protocol provides access to a 6.67-billion compound synthetically tractable REAL-type chemical space (76% expected synthesis success rate).

Evaluating Time-Series Prediction of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and CO2 in the Greenhouse with Transformer-Based and RNN-Based Models

In greenhouses, plant growth is directly influenced by internal environmental conditions, and therefore requires continuous management and proper environmental control. Inadequate environmental conditions make plants vulnerable to pests and diseases, lower yields, and cause impaired growth and development. Previous studies have explored the combination of greenhouse actuator control history with internal and external environmental data to enhance prediction accuracy, using deep learning-based models such as RNNs and LSTMs. In recent years, transformer-based models and RNN-based models have shown good performance in various domains. However, their applications for time-series forecasting in a greenhouse environment remain unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the prediction performance of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO2 concentration in a greenhouse after 1 and 3 h, using a transformer-based model (Autoformer), variants of two RNN models (LSTM and SegRNN), and a simple linear model (DLinear). The performance of these four models was compared to assess whether the latest state-of-the-art (SOTA) models, Autoformer and SegRNN, are as effective as DLinear and LSTM in predicting greenhouse environments. The analysis was based on four external climate data samples, three internal data samples, and six actuator data samples. Overall, DLinear and SegRNN consistently outperformed Autoformer and LSTM. Both DLinear and SegRNN performed well in general, but were not as strong in predicting CO2 concentration. SegRNN outperformed DLinear in CO2 predictions, while showing similar performance in temperature and RH prediction. The results of this study do not provide a definitive conclusion that transformer-based models, such as Autoformer, are inferior to linear-based models like DLinear or certain RNN-based models like SegRNN in predicting time series for greenhouse environments.

Occurrence and prioritization of non-volatile substances in recycled PET flakes produced in China

Recycled PET (rPET) is gaining popularity for use in the production of new food contact materials (FCMs) under the context of circular economy. However, the limited information on contaminants in rPET from China and concerns about their potential risk are major obstacles to their use in FCM in China. Fifty-five non-volatile compounds were tentatively identified in 126 batches of hot-washed rPET flakes aimed for food packaging applications in China. Although the 55 substances are not necessarily migratable and may not end up in the contacting media, their presence indicates a need for proper management and control across the value chain. For this reason, the 55 substances prioritized on the basis of level of concerns and in-silico genotoxicity profiler. Among them, dimethoxyethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were classified as level V substances, and Michler's ketone and 4-nitrophenol were both categorized as level V substances and had the genotoxic structure alert, while 2,4,5-trimethylaniline was specified with genotoxic structure alert. The above substances have high priority and may pose a potential risk to human health, therefore special attention should be paid to their migration from rPET. Aside from providing valuable information on non-volatile contaminants present in hot-washed rPET flakes coming from China, this article proposed a prioritization workflow that can be of great help to identify priority substances deserving special attention across the value chain.

Diabetes mellitus and its skin manifestations - dermatology for diabetologists

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) one of the most common chronic disease in Europe, can affect every part of the body including the skin. Metabolic changes during the progress of diabetes mellitus , influence the occurence of various dermatoses such as Acanthosis nigricans, Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, bullosis diabeticorum, eruptive xanthomatosis and diabetic dermopathy. On the other hand, there are allergic skin reactions as a consequence of insulin infusion, diabetic pills treatment and using diabetic devices like insulin pumps and glucose monitors that can improve patiens glycemic control and their quality of life. Aim of the study: The aim of our study is to present skin manifestations associated with diabetes mellitus patients. The importance of early detection skin changes and its significance are also analysed. Material and methods: We searched electronic databases, using keywords such as „Diabetes Mellitus” , „ Skin dermatoses assosiated with diabetes mellitus „ and „Acanthosis Nigricans” Conclusions: Human skin is a reflection of the processes that take place in the body. The characteristc dermatoses that appear on it, can be a clue for the doctor and help him in the diagnostic process and proper control of diabetes. Technological progress has led to the develompent of specialized devices to control the glycemia of patients, however, this is often associated with the deterioration in the well-being of patients and the benefits of treatment ,by reverse allergic skin reactions to contact with the equipment.

Complete genome characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus My-466 belonging to the novel lineage O/ME-SA/SA-2018

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the causative agent of the foot-and-mouth disease of cattle population possesses a rapid evolutionary rate. In Bangladesh, the first circulation of the O/ME-SA/SA-2018 lineage as a novel sublineage, MYMBD21 was reported from our laboratory. The first whole genome sequence of an isolate, BAN/MY/My-466/2021 (shortly named My-466) of the SA-2018 lineage is characterized and represented in this study. The genome is 8216 nucleotides long with 6996 nucleotides open reading frame flanked by 5ꞌ UTR (1–1100) and 3ꞌ UTR (8097–8216). VP1 was found to be highly variable among the structural proteins with crucial mutations in the major antigenic region, G-H loop. Structural variations of the VP1 against both field and proposed local vaccine strains were evidenced by the G-H loop displacement in a superimposed 3D model. The complete genome information of the isolate would be valuable for undertaking proper control measures needed to limit the spread of the newly emerged FMDV strain.

Investigating the role of the austenitizing temperature and cooling rate on the martensitic transformation kinetics in a SAE 9254 spring steel

The effect of austenitizing temperature (ranging from 850 to 1050 °C) and cooling rates on the phase transformations were investigated, particularly when a two cooling steps protocol was adopted. It was possible to observe that the heat treatment parameters play a major role on the martensitic transformation kinetics a possible occurrence of bainitic transformation. The results indicate that a microstructure composed by small austenite grains and the formation of bainite prior the athermal martensitic transformation significantly contribute to increase the martensitic transformation rate. The Koistinen-Marburger model was employed to analyze the non-isothermal kinetics, revealing an increase in the KM and k parameters due to an increase in austenite grain size and the presence of bainite in the microstructure. The results herein demonstrate that the optimization of the heat treatment parameters is crucial to the proper control of the phases that will be present in the microstructure of the alloy, as well as the volume fraction of martensite. Thus, the accurate control of the heat treatment process is a promising approach to enhance the properties of SAE 9254 spring steel, which finds extensive use in the automotive industry.

Dynamic Modelling, Process Control, and Monitoring of Selected Biological and Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: A Review of Recent Developments.

This review emphasizes the significance of formulating control strategies for biological and advanced oxidation process (AOP)-based wastewater treatment systems. The aim is to guarantee that the effluent quality continuously aligns with environmental regulations while operating costs are minimized. It highlights the significance of understanding the dynamic behaviour of the process in developing effective control schemes. The most common process control strategies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are explained and listed. It is emphasized that the proper control scheme should be selected based on the process dynamic behaviour and control goal. This study further discusses the challenges associated with the control of wastewater treatment processes, including inadequacies in developed models, the limitations of most control strategies to the simulation stage, the imperative requirement for real-time data, and the financial and technical intricacies associated with implementing advanced controller hardware. It is discussed that the necessity of the availability of real-time data to achieve reliable control can be achieved by implementing proper, accurate hardware sensors in suitable locations of the process or by developing and implementing soft sensors. This study recommends further investigation on available actuators and the criteria for choosing the most appropriate one to achieve robust and reliable control in WWTPs, especially for biological and AOP-based treatment approaches.

The Microbiological Landscape of Diabetic Foot Infections: Implications for Treatment and Prevention

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) represent one of the most serious and frequent complications resulting from diabetes mellitus, causing substantial morbidity as well as enhanced risk for amputation. The microbiological world of DIFs is typically multifaceted and usually includes a polymicrobial community with both aerobic bacteria this anaerobe the purpose of this review is to decompose the current knowledge about microbial diversity in DFIs, their resistance patterns and biofilms contribution for resilience towards infection persistence and therapy. Development of molecular techniques has allowed increased insight into the DFI microbiome, not only uncovering prevalent pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but also lesser frequently isolated organisms. The employment of multidrug-resistant organisms and the intricate relationship between microbial species within biofilms present serious management challenges. The review focuses on the relevance of early and accurate diagnosis using culture-based methodologies as well molecular methods that, in turn, would enable more specific antimicrobial therapy. Moreover, the opportunity of new antibacterial agents will be available; other local delivery systems and adjunctive therapies like negative pressure wound therapy would also be addressed. Strategies of prevention that involve patient education, regular foot checks and proper glycemic control form part of essential measures in reducing incidences of DFIs. An interdisciplinary approach to care is highlighted in the review, influencing diabetology specialists, infectious disease physicians and microbiologists as well as podiatrists be able to improve treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide the most recent synthesis on microbiological aspects of DFIs and their clinical implications, with an intent of informing development of more effective strategies for management thus improving patient’s quality life as well reducing pressure from health care systems.