Proper Breastfeeding Techniques Research Articles

The Relationship Between Mothers' Knowledge and Attitude in Breastfeeding and The Occurrence of Nipple Irritation in Pidie Regency

Research indicates that 40% of women do not breastfeed their infants due to experiencing breast pain and swelling, and fear of nipple soreness. This may be due to incorrect breastfeeding techniques, which are often overlooked by mothers who lack the proper breastfeeding management knowledge, thus requiring relevant training and education. Proper breastfeeding requires good attachment between the mother's areola and the baby's mouth so the baby can feed effectively and nipple irritation can be avoided. If not adhered to, nipple irritation may occur, causing mothers to be reluctant to breastfeed their infants, which may impact to the child's growth rate. Breast milk is an excellent source of nutrition for infants, as it contains essential nutrients needed for optimal growth and development (Prasetyono, 2012). Data from the Aceh District/City Breastfeeding Coverage in 2022 shows that the highest coverage was in Sabang City, with only 22.43% of the population (6,006 infants). This study used a cross-sectional design where 375 infants were breastfed, and the Slovin formula was applied. Samples were randomly selected from infants at health centers in Pidie District. Researchers used the Chi-square test for data analysis. The findings from this study, derived from bivariate statistical analysis using the Chi-square test with a 95% confidence level, resulted in a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This indicates that the knowledge variable significantly affects breastfeeding technique. The Chi-square test at a 95% confidence level with p=0.000 (p < 0.05) also shows that attitude has an impact on the mother's ability to breastfeed. The mother's knowledge and attitude significantly influence their breastfeeding practice. The best way to prevent nipple irritation is by educating mothers on proper breastfeeding techniques. Researchers state that improving maternal knowledge and attitudes can enhance behavior, especially in breastfeeding practices, to prevent irritation. Monitoring by health workers is expected to improve maternal knowledge and attitudes and minimize the incidence of nipple irritation.

PEMBERDAYAAN KADER MELALUI PELATIHAN PIJAT OKSITOSIN UNTUK PENCEGAHAN MASTITIS

Oxytocin massage has proven effective in reducing the risk of mastitis in breastfeeding mothers by helping the breasts to relax and improving milk flow, thereby reducing swelling and milk duct blockages. Education on proper breastfeeding techniques is crucial to prevent worsening conditions and increasing the risk of mastitis. This community service activity aims to provide education and oxytocin massage training to posyandu cadres in the Puskesmas Pancana Makassar area. The community service method involves direct guidance from trained facilitators to the cadres, which includes proper and safe massage techniques as well as understanding the benefits for breastfeeding mothers, while cadre participation is documented and analyzed to evaluate the impact of the training on increasing knowledge and skills in oxytocin massage techniques and mastitis prevention. The results of this activity show that oxytocin massage training effectively enhances the practical skills of posyandu cadres, with 80% of cadres achieving good skills after the training compared to only 10% before the training, thus contributing to the prevention of mastitis and improving the quality of health services at posyandu. Integrating oxytocin massage into posyandu cadre training programs is crucial in preventing mastitis, enhancing maternal mental health, and strengthening the emotional bond between mother and baby. Therefore, this training not only improves the practical knowledge of cadres but also has a significant positive impact on supporting family health and well-being at the community level.

Enhancing maternal role achievement and breastfeeding success through health belief model intervention

Breastfeeding is a critical component of maternal and infant health. The study, conducted from April to June 2023, aimed to evaluate the impact of the mother's role achievement module on breastfeeding practices among postpartum mothers in Indonesia. Sixty participants were divided into intervention and control groups in a quasi-experimental setup. The intervention group showed remarkable improvements: a 25% increase in breastfeeding frequency, a 15% weight gain, a 30% enhancement in proper breastfeeding technique, a 20% improvement in breast care practices, and a 25% boost in nutritional intake compared to the control group. Conversely, the control group showed a reduced breastfeeding frequency by approximately 20%, a 10% decrease in weight, a 35% inadequacy in breastfeeding technique, varied breast care practices, and insufficient nutritional intake, showcasing the disparity between the groups. Statistical analyses, including Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests, confirmed these significant differences, emphasizing the module's substantial impact on breastfeeding success among postpartum mothers. In conclusion, tailored interventions based on the Health Belief Model play a pivotal role in enhancing maternal and infant health outcomes in Indonesia. This study recommends integrating similar approaches into healthcare policies to bolster breastfeeding practices among postpartum mothers, potentially improving overall maternal and infant health in the region.

Knowledge-practice gap in breastfeeding and the factors influencing it among the urban mothers attending the immunization clinic under a tertiary care hospital in eastern India

Background: Breast milk is a complete food for the newborn. Timely introduction of breast milk and exclusive breast feeding till 6 months of age of a newborn, with proper positioning and adequate attachment to mother’s breast is encouraged as Initiation of breast feeding within the first hour after birth, prevents the newborn from the risk of morbidity and mortality. An effective improvement in mother’s self efficacy and understanding on breast feeding will be useful in meeting the nutritional goals of the child. Aim of study was to assess the knowledge, perception and practice among the mothers on breast feeding and the factors influencing their practice and to determine probable association of ideal infant weight with exclusive breast feeding. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study among 390 mothers attending the Immunization Clinic of Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar. They were assessed if they breast fed infant by following the ideal positioning and proper attachment to breast and for their knowledge, perception and practices of breast feeding. Analysis was done using STATA-17. Results: Good knowledge, perception and practice of breast feeding was present among 88.2%, 83.5% and 69.8% mothers, respectively. Association between ideal weight of baby and proper breast feeding technique was found. Knowledge was more positively related to practice, than to perception. Conclusions: Children who have been exclusively breast fed, had the right weight for age. Mother and other family members must be aware of proper technique, adequacy and frequency of breast feeding for the best nourishment of the newborn.

Pengaruh massage payudara, teknik menyusui terhadap risiko terjadinya mastitis

Breastfeeding technique is the most important factor compared to other risk factors that can increase the risk of mastitis. Proper breastfeeding position and attachment of the baby to the mother's breast in breastfeeding techniques will reduce the possibility of problems in the breastfeeding process such as mastitis. One of the efforts that can be made to reduce the risk of mastitis in breastfeeding mothers is breast massage. Breast massage or also known as breast care is a technique performed by health workers to increase breast milk production. In addition, breast massage can reduce the strong tension in the mother's breast muscles, so that it can encourage relaxation and relieve pain. The study used an analytic survey method using a cross sectional approach with accidental sampling technique and obtained 17 nursing mothers as research samples. Data collection was done using observation sheets and questionnaires. The results of hypothesis testing using the Chi Square test showed that there was an influence between breastfeeding techniques and breast massage on the risk of mastitis in breastfeeding mothers at PMB Ponorogo Regency. Breastfeeding mothers who are given breast massage therapy and have proper breastfeeding techniques are proven to be able to reduce the risk of mastitis.

PEMBENTUKAN KADER LAKTASI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MENYUSUI PADA IBU NIFAS

Health cadres are at the forefront of community empowerment-based health sector development. The role of health practitioners in health development is very important. To increase the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, it is necessary to form cadres to support breastfeeding to support the development of family nutrition, especially exclusive breastfeeding. The purpose of this community service activity was to form Lactation Cadres through cadre training to improve the skills of breastfeeding mothers. The results of the pretest and posttest to determine the knowledge of cadres before and after lactation cadre training showed that there was an increase in knowledge of 20 points, meaning that all cadres had good knowledge. The average skill of the cadres during the practicum, namely the proper breastfeeding technique was 81,5, milking and storing breast milk was 82,5, oxytocin massage was 80 and lactation massage was 83,3. The average skill of cadres during mentoring, oxytocin massage was 90,8 and lactation massage was 92,3. The average breastfeeding skill of postpartum mothers who have been educated by lactation cadres, proper breastfeeding techniques was 91,6 and milking as well as storing breast milk was 88,9. This shows breastfeeding skills in the very good category. The Lactation Cadre of Kampung Delima Village, Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province has been formed and has good knowledge and skills so that it can improve the skills of breastfeeding mothers. Lactation Cadres were appointed through a Decree of the Village Head of Kampung Delima which also contains a description of the main duties of the Lactation Cadres.

STUDI KASUS: KONSELING LAKTASI PADA IBU POSTPARTUM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN BERAT BADAN BAYI

Neonates are newborns up to 28 days old, where there is a very big change from life inside the womb to outside the womb. Lactation counseling is most effective for increasing exclusive breastfeeding in infants. The success of exclusive breastfeeding cannot be separated from being influenced by several factors including age, level of education, experience and husband's support. Mothers who give birth for the first time do not have health information about breastfeeding, so midwives need to conduct lactation counseling. Lactation counseling about exclusive breastfeeding, how to care for breasts and proper breastfeeding techniques. This case study describes the management of midwifery care for Mrs. A, a 20-year-old primipara, who was confused about caring for a baby after giving birth. Handling efforts are carried out with a lactation counseling and guidance approach. Case studies use assistive devices in the form of a midwifery care format for normal newborns and status sheets or patient documentation and a list of interview questions. Data analysis used is data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The result of the case study was that Mrs. A's baby's weight increased by 550 grams for 14 days after being given lactation counseling and breastfeeding guidance. Comprehensive midwifery care provided increases mothers' understanding of newborn care.

Establishment of Kampoeng ASI in Jatimulyo Village, Kebumen

For babies aged 0 to 6 months, the best food is mother's milk. Mothers who do not exclusively breastfeed are at risk of bleeding and breast cancer. Likewise, babies who are not exclusively breastfed are more susceptible to illnesses like fever, cough, runny nose, and diarrhea. The purpose of community service is the establishment of “Kampoeng ASI” in Jatimulyo Village. This program method entails the training and mentoring of ASI cadres (basic communication, counseling, exclusive breastfeeding, and proper breastfeeding techniques) for pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers. A pre-post test was used to assess ASI cadres' knowledge. The results revealed an increase in Jatimulyo ASI cadres' knowledge and ability in communication, breastfeeding counseling, and breastfeeding practices. The plan for this activity's follow-up is for ASI cadres to participate in breastfeeding campaigns with villages and puskesmas on a regular basis. The establishment of "Kampoeng ASI" resulted in the selection of 15 ASI cadres as well as the availability of breastfeeding counseling media.

Procena znanja majki i evaluacija prepreka za uspešno dojenje

Introduction/Objective: A healthy diet is a basic prerequisite for a healthy child. Numerous studies have proven the importance of breastfeeding, which has many advantages. Breast milk is the best choice of food for a newborn. Healthcare professionals, doctors and nurses, play a key role in shaping a mother's attitude towards breastfeeding, as well as helping her overcome barriers to successful breastfeeding. To examine the level of knowledge mothers have about the importance of proper nutrition and breastfeeding of a newborn and to evaluate any obstacles to successful breastfeeding. Methods: The first part of the research is designed as a cross-sectional study. As a research instrument, a questionnaire was constructed to assess the mothers' level of knowledge about the importance of breastfeeding. In the second part of the research, a telephone survey was conducted after the mothers and babies were discharged from the hospital, and the mothers were asked questions about any obstacles they may have encountered to successful breastfeeding. The study included a sample of 47 women. The study was conducted in the Valjevo General Hospital from June to August 2018. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous and the research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution. Results: Descriptive statistic methods were used to analyse the results. Respondents ranged in age from 21 to 40, the largest number of women were between 21 and 25 years old (57%), 88% of children received a grade 9 at birth, 10% of the respondents attended parenting school, 78% of the women started breastfeeding the very next day after delivery and most believed that they had been successfully trained to breastfeed in the maternity ward. Seven days after discharge from the hospital, 7% of women did not breastfeed and the most common obstacles to successful breastfeeding were cracked nipples (35%). Conclusion: The results of the research indicate the need for a greater degree of education of future mothers about the importance of breastfeeding and proper breastfeeding techniques. It is necessary to carry out health education work at all levels of health care to minimize obstacles to natural nutrition

Barriers to exclusive breast feeding, the missing links: a cross sectional study from Puducherry, India

Background: Breast milk, the first natural food for a new-born, provides all the energy and essential nutrients an infant requires for the first 6 months of life. The NHFS -4 survey shows only 45.5% of children are exclusively breastfed (EBF) in Puducherry. This study aims at assessing the socio-demographic characteristics associated with exclusive breastfeeding in a tertiary hospital in Puducherry and identify the barriers in the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding.Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study at a tertiary hospital in Puducherry. Sample size: 115 mothers of 6 months to 2-year-old children, born term gestation with a birth weight of >2.5 kg, attending the Paediatric OPD. Questionnaire-based study comprising of socio-demographic and parameters pertaining to exclusive breast-feeding.Results: Only 44.3% of the mothers have exclusively breastfed in the first 6 months. Shorter duration of spacing between births and caesarean section had significant negative association with exclusive breast-feeding. Most of the mothers received postnatal counselling on breast-feeding (94%) of which 58% were by health care personnel. Despite that, only a sixth (19%) of them were well versed with proper breastfeeding techniques. Poor secretion (45.3%), sore/inverted nipple (23.5%) amounted to the most common of the barriers. Among working mothers, 42.9% attributed their jobs as the cause for early weaning.Conclusions: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding is still low even among a literate study group. There were no significant association with socio-demographic factors found, but lacunae were identified. A more objective post-natal counselling to mothers involving their caregivers may improve the current scenario.

PENINGKATAN KETRAMPILAN DAN PENDAMPINGAN KADER KESEHATAN DALAM MANAGEMEN LAKTASI DI DESA JETIS KAB. SUKOHARJO

Background of study: Postpartum services consisting of breast care and lactation management must include recommending breastfeeding to the puerperal mother. The success of lactation management can be effected by a health promoter who is close to the community, known as health cadres. Jetis Village has 32 health cadres who have never received any training on proper breastfeeding techniques and breast care as an effort to promote love for breastfeeding, hence the cadres’ limited knowledge. Objective: To improve cadres’ knowledge and skills about proper breast care and breastfeeding techniques.. Method: This activity is conducted in 3 (three) stages, including socialization, training on breast care and proper breastfeeding techniques and assistance. Result: 72% of cadres can perform breast care procedures well, and 86% of the cadres can perform the skills of breastfeeding excellently. Conclusion: Health cadres’ knowledge and skills increase in breast care and correct breastfeeding techniques for infants. Cadres with the right knowledge and skills will be able to help the management of mothers after childbirth for breast care and breastfeeding techniques.

GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN IBU MENYUSUI TENTANG TEKNIK MENYUSUI YANG BENAR DI PUSKESMAS PAKUALAMAN YOGYAKARTA

Background: Breastfeeding Mother's (ASI) is the main meal and perfect for babies, in which breast milk contains almost all the nutrients in the composition according to the needs of the baby to grow and develop optimally (Perinasia, 2009). Results of a preliminary study in Healt Pakualaman of 10 nursing mothers found, as many as 6 having problems ie breast nipple abrasions.
 Objective: Knowing the level of knowledge of nursing mothers about breastfeeding technique right at the health center in Yogyakarta Pakualaman.
 Methods: Descriptive quantitative research methods, the implementation of the research conducted at the health center in Yogyakarta Pakualaman, in November 2015. This study used purposive sampling techniques, a number of 34 respondents who had infants aged 0-6 months and still breastfeeding exclusively. Data collection tool was a questionnaire, data analysis using univariate analysis.
 Results: The level of knowledge of nursing mothers about breastfeeding technique right at the health center in Yogyakarta that is knowledgeable good Pakualaman as many as 10 respondents, quite as much as 22 respondents, less by 2 respondents.
 Conclusions: The majority of breastfeeding mothers level of knowledge about proper breastfeeding technique at the health center that is knowledgeable enough Pakualaman Yogyakarta as many as 22 respondents, well as much as 10 respondents, and less by 2 respondents.
 Keywords: Knowledge,Technical Breastfeeding Right

Effectiveness of Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding the Breast Feeding Problems among Postnatal Mothers

Background: The mother should start breast-feeding as soon as possible after the birth, to give the baby time to learn to breastfeed before the breasts become full and firm. Any problems of breast, if left untreated it may cause further complications like recurrence of the problems of breast and even breast cancer. In the Grampian study 33% of all women experienced breast problems in the first 2 weeks and 28% in the thereafter. If mothers have knowledge regarding management of breast feeding problems, they can prevent those complications. Aim of the study: Evaluate the effectiveness of teaching program on knowledge regarding breast feeding problems among postnatal mothers. Research Design: Quasi- experimental research design (One group pre-test, posttest) was utilized in the current study. Subject: Non probability convenient sampling technique was utilized. The study sample includes 350 postnatal women in rural area in Minia city. Setting: This study was conducted in five primary health care units in Minia city in the following villages (bani –ahmed, maquosa, tua, demshir, elborgaia ).this villages was selected randomly . Tools of data collection:include : 1-Structured self-administrative questionnaire to collect data related to socio demographic data and characteristics of breast feeding, 2-Knowledge assessment tool (pre –posttest education).Result: the study revealed Significant improvement was observed in the level of knowledge post program as compared to preprogram (p < 0.000).Majority (97.4%) of mothers had good knowledge and only 2.6% had have average knowledge post program . It found that level of knowledge posttest were significantly higher after teaching program as compared to their values at pretest. There was statistically significant difference between pretest knowledge with women education, occupation and income conclusion: Teaching program is effective in improving the knowledge of postpartum mothers. Recommendation: It’s recommended that Providing the postnatal mothers health education program about proper breastfeeding technique in their discharge teaching plan and maintain continuous contact with them.

Pérdida de peso en recién nacidos por cesárea: una consecuencia de los trastornos en la lactancia materna

Sr. Editor: Promover la lactancia materna exclusiva durante los primeros 6 meses es muy importante, al igual que conocer una adecuada técnica de lactancia que nos permita asegurar la alimentación efectiva del recién nacido. Durante los primeros días, el recién nacido presenta variaciones de peso que dependen de factores intrínsecos como cambios en la temperatura corporal o factores extrínsecos como la escasa ingesta de leche(1). En nuestro país, se han reportado pérdidas de peso de hasta 7,8% ± 2,8% en las primeras 72 horas en recién nacidos alimentados con leche materna exclusiva (2,3).

Effectiveness of Breast-Feeding Peer Counseling in a Low-Income, Predominantly Latina Population

Low-income women breast feed their infants much less often than the general population of women. Rates have improved after adopting breast-feeding peer counseling in developing countries, but its efficacy in the United States remains uncertain. The authors conducted a randomized, prospective trial at an urban hospital serving a large number of low-income Latina women aged 18 years or older recruited from the prenatal clinic at 26 weeks gestation or earlier. All the participants were considering breast feeding, and all delivered healthy singleton infants at term. Women randomized to the intervention group had at least 1 prenatal home visit by a peer counselor who spoke of the benefits of breast feeding, discussed myths surrounding this practice, and provided guidance and written materials. A counselor saw the women at least once a day while hospitalized after delivery and provided hands-on aid in proper breast-feeding techniques. All participants had at least 3 postpartum home visits, the first I within 24 hours of discharge. Control women received routine education in breast feeding and had access to an international board-certified lactation consultant. The 95 women assigned to active intervention and 75 control women were similar demographically and socioeconomically. Nearly 90% of those in the intervention group reported perinatal contact with a peer counselor; the number of visits averaged 2.7. Approximately half the women acknowledged postpartum home visits and telephone calls. Peer counseling was significantly associated with initiating breast feeding. Compared with control women, those counseled had a 61% lower risk of not starting breast feeding. Results at 1 month and 3 months postpartum were less impressive but still evident. At 6 months postpartum, no effect of peer counseling on the incidence of breast feeding was apparent. Competent peer counselors practicing in the United States are able to induce low-income women to start breast feeding their newborn infants, and this effect remains evident 3 months after birth. Whether this is a cost-effective procedure remains to be determined.

A web-based breastfeeding education program.

Two Web-based breastfeeding programs were developed to provide new parents with necessary information on proper breastfeeding techniques. One version was plain text and the other version combined text with graphics. The computer was viewed as a valuable learning tool. The breastfeeding program that contained graphics was preferred over the text-only program. Educators are encouraged to use Web-based graphic programs to provide breastfeeding education to new parents.

A Web-Based Breastfeeding Education Program

Two Web-based breastfeeding programs were developed to provide new parents with necessary information on proper breastfeeding techniques. One version was plain text and the other version combined text with graphics. The computer was viewed as a valuable learning tool. The breastfeeding program that contained graphics was preferred over the text-only program. Educators are encouraged to use Web-based graphic programs to provide breastfeeding education to new parents.

Primary Health Care at the Village Level

The room was bare but for a mound of brown rice in the corner, a small wooden stool missing a leg, and two ceramic pots. The tiny infant lay snugly bundled on a straw mat beside its mother. For the woman, at age 24, this was her third baby. She smiled broadly as she spoke of the baby, who had been delivered at home the evening before, after she had gone into premature labor at 36 weeks. We examined the infant to make sure that there were no signs of umbilical sepsis—the cord had been cut by the grandmother with an unclean knife. The child looked healthy, although small for gestational age. We briefly reviewed with the mother proper breast-feeding technique. Then, touching our palms together in a farewell "namaste," we left the hut. I was accompanying two nurses in Tamil Nadu, South India, as they made their daily "home

Breast feeding: reasons for giving up and transient lactational crises.

A prospective study of the course of breast feeding was carried out in a group of 150 mothers. The reasons for terminating breast feeding before six months and the occurrence of transient lactational crises were recorded. 23% of the mothers gave up breast feeding because of lactational difficulties. 12% stopped for external reasons and 65% carried on beyond six months. 36% of mothers experienced one or more transient lactational crises, which were successfully overcome by proper breast feeding techniques in a few days.