Propane-butane Mixture Research Articles

Development of methods for adapting gas-diesel engines of agricultural tractors to LPG operation

This article describes the methods of organizing the non-detonation combustion of liquefied petroleum gases (propane-butane mixtures) (LPG) in the cylinder of a gas-diesel engine with a starting dose of no more than 25%, at maximum power modes. The addition of a part of the exhaust gases and water in a vaporous state to the fuel mixture, when using a nickel-based catalyst in the combustion chamber of a gas-diesel engine, which triggers the conversion reaction of lower alkanes, ensures reliable non-detonation combustion of the fuel charge. The nickel catalyst is an oxygen carrier, which ensures cyclical reactions near its surface in the combustion chamber of a gas-diesel engine: metal oxidation during purging of the combustion chamber; conversion of alkanes at compression and combustion cycles. The problem of carbonization of the catalyst is solved by burning deposits during the combustion of the fuel charge. The organization of a fuel vapor-gas-air mixture with subsequent combustion in the presence of a catalyst provides improved environmental, fuel and economic characteristics of a gas-diesel engine in the entire range of operating modes and increases its reliability.

Experimental study of the effect of the temperature of inert gases on the intensity of thermal decomposition of rubber

THE PURPOSE. An experimental method is used to evaluate the effect of the temperature of inert gases on the rate of thermal decomposition of waste rubber products (fragments of a car tire) upon their direct contact.METHODS. The research was carried out on a test firing stand at a stationary mode of gas movement in the temperature range from 300 °C to 500 °C. The initial weight of the rubber was 4 grams. The thermal decomposition of rubber was carried out due to the thermal energy of inert gas released during the combustion of a propanebutane mixture with air at α = 1.1...1.15. The consumption of fuel and oxidizer remained constant, the change in gas temperature was carried out by heat exchange of hot gases and water in the heat exchanger.RESULTS. Metodology of conducting experiments, the object of research under the study, results of the research and their analysis are described in the article. The main parameters were selected: the rate of decrease in rubber mass depending on the temperature of the gases, the limiting value of the gas temperature at which sulfur in solid form remains in the decomposed part of the rubber.CONCLUSION. It was found that with increasing temperature of the inert gas, the rate of thermal decomposition of rubber increases. When rubber is in a gaseous environment in the temperature range from 450 0C to 500 0C, the sulfur content in the solid residue remains practically unchanged. The average rate of pyrolysis was 0.02 kg/h, which is 6 times higher than the rate of pyrolysis in the retort (0.003 kg/h).

Influence of the pressure of a propane-butane mixture on the morphology of carbon nanomaterial formed in an arc discharge

Influence of the pressure of a propane-butane mixture on the morphology of carbon nanomaterial formed in an arc discharge

ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ОСАЖДЕНИЕ ИЗ ГАЗОВОЙ ФАЗЫ ПИРОУГЛЕРОДНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ НА ПОРОШКАХ В ПСЕВДООЖИЖЕННОМ СЛОЕ. II. ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ПОКРЫТИЙ

Pyrocarbon coatings of nanometer and submicron thickness were applied to coarse powders by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD), using a technical mixture of propane-butane. The nfluence of the nature of the carrier powder and CVD parameters on the deposition process was studied: total pressure (5 and 17 kPa), temperature (800, 900, 1000 °C), deposition time (0.5–3 h). The specific weight of the coatings was measured, the coatings thickness and the conversion degree of the reactant in the reactor were calculated, other engineering calculations were carried out. Design and technological solutions and research results are compared with those known from the literature

Recreational Exposure of Liquified Petroleum Gas: Case report and Review of the Literature

Introduction: LPG, a combination of aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, is utilized as a source of fuel for cooking appliances and vehicles. LPG mainly comprises butane (80%) and propane (20%), which are combustible gases, along with small concentrations of propylene and butylene. Mercaptans are included in the mixture to enable easy detection of any gas leakage due to their unpleasant smell. Because propane gas is heavier than air, it tends to settle at floor level. Due to the non-specific and diverse nature of its signs and symptoms, the timely and accurate diagnosis of LPG poisoning remains challenging. Due to easy access to LPG, there has been an increase incidence of its use for suicidal purposes and abuse. The current case report focuses on the effects of the abuse potential of LPG and its toxic effects. Case Report: In this case report, four individuals of same family (19 yrs, 23 yrs, 24 yrs, 25 yrs old brothers) who have abused LPG for recreational purpose under alcoholic intoxication and subsequently, of four of them three individuals showed acute toxic myocarditis with ECG changes and elevated cardiac biomarkers, hypoxia, neurological manifestations such as generalized weakness, unconsciousness. The fourth person was brought dead to casualty and it was determined that approximately 22% of the people who used inhalants died during their first use. Sudden deaths are usually caused by abuse of butane, propane, or butane/propane mixture and it is due to cardiac arrhythmia. Conclusion: The gas mixture of propane butane is among the most lethal inhalant substances. The substance abuse is increasing especially in adolescents and young adults. The public population must be educated about dangers of this gas abuse and its bad outcomes and should be recommended to stay away from it.

Method and algorithm for calculating isobaric and non-isobaric three-dimensional turbulent jets of reacting gases

This paper presents a calculation method and algorithm, as well as numerical results of studying chemically reacting turbulent jets based on three-dimensional parabolic systems of Navier-Stokes equations for multicomponent gas mixtures.Continuity equations are used to calculate the mass imbalance when solving with constant pressure, and with variable pressures, with the equations of motion and continuity.Diffusion combustion of a propane-butane mixture flowing from a square-shaped nozzle in a submerged flow of an air oxidizer has been numerically studied. Pressure variability significantly affects the velocity (temperature) profiles in the initial sections of the jet, and when moving away from the nozzle exit, the pressure effect can be considered imperceptible, but the flame length is longer than at constant pressure, but it does not significantly affect the shape of the flame.The saddle-shaped behavior of the longitudinal velocity in the direction of the major axis is numerically obtained for large initial values of the turbulence kinetic energy of the main jet.Given method allows the study of non-reacting and reactive turbulent jets flowing from a rectangular nozzle.

Solubility of Sulfur in Supercritical Propane–Butane Mixture

Solubility of Sulfur in Supercritical Propane–Butane Mixture

Structure of the Device and Experimental Research of Verifying the Functionality of Elements of Easy-Dropped Construction

This article analyzes the current state of explosion protection in the world. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the main modern method of explosion protection is the use of easy-dropped construction (hereinafter - EDC). There are various methods for calculating the required area of the EDC, but to confirm the reliability of the calculations, the selection of the material that performs the function of the EDC, geometrical parameters and excess pressure of operation, it is necessary to conduct experimental research. The existing experimental devices for testing EDC for excess explosion pressure are given. The designs and drawbacks of these devices are considered. The design features of the constructed unit for checking the functionality of elements of easy-dropped construction (hereinafter referred to as the unit) and the main advantages compared to other experimental units are described. A scheme of the device and its structure is given. The required amount of propane-butane was calculated to obtain an excess explosion pressure of 5 kPa. Based on the results of the tests, a graph of the change in the excess pressure of the explosion over time is plotted and the value of the excess pressure of the explosion in a closed volume depending on the concentration of the gas mixture of propane-butane with air, which is formed in the closed volume, and the change in the excess pressure of the explosion after the activation of the EDC were investigated. A graph of the influence of the concentration of the gas-air mixture on the excess pressure acting on the EDC is plotted. The design parameters of the device and its location, the limit values of the excess pressure of the explosion, the minimum amount of gas to create the required excess pressure of the explosion are substantiated. The considered device provides an experimental determination of the values of the overpressure of the operation of EDC of typical sizes and allows conducting experimental research of the operation of the EDC under the influence of various values of the overpressure of the explosion with the required accuracy.

Investigation of heat release in a diesel engine when operating on gas fuel

A study aimed at organizing the combustion process, which ensures the operation of a tractor diesel engine with external mixture formation, is relevant. The main purpose of the work is to determine the type and proportion of gas fuel added to the tractor diesel cylinders with a fresh charge, at which the mixture formation changes from internal to external. To determine the reliability of theoretical assumptions, experimental studies of a diesel engine with a dimension of 4CHN 11.0/12.5, brand D-245.5S2 were carried out on a load electric brake stand Rapido (made in Germany) brand SAK N670 with a balancing pendulum machine with a power of 250 kW, using specialized equipment for indexing. As a result, the change in mixture formation in the tractor diesel cylinders from internal to external, occurring at a constant diesel fuel injection rate, was theoretically substantiated. The type of gas fuel in the form of a propane-butane mixture with its addition to the main diesel fuel in an amount of 38 % and more by weight was determined as a gas fuel for the tractor diesel under consideration at a given load-speed mode of operation. It was experimentally established that the addition of a share of gas fuel up to 40 % led to the complete exclusion of the diffusion phase of the combustion process, which in turn indicated the transition of the operation of a diesel engine with a dimension of 4ChN 11.0 / 12.5, brand D-245.5S2 from internal mixture formation to external. Keywords: mixture formation, heat release, gas fuel, propane-butane mixture, kinetic phase, diffusion phase, combustion process

Comparative Analysis of Swirl Burner and Cross Jet Burner in Terms of Efficiency and Environmental Performance

The article contains a comparative analysis of two types of burners used in different methods of fuel-air mixture preparation: (1) vortex mixing and (2) mixing with transverse jets. The analysis was carried out in order to determine which one of the two burning devices is more efficient and has better environmental performance. In device no. 1, conditions for the fuel-air mixture formation are created by vortex turbulence. The basic principle lying at the core of this design is a vortex flow inside, which provokes a more intense mixing of fuel and air. Moreover, preliminary physical and thermal treatment of the fuel-air mixture has a positive effect on its environmental performance. In contrast, in device no. 2 based on transverse jets’ active mixture formation is achieved through collision of air and fuel flows at an angle close to 90°. The research was based on an experiment carried out with the use of a laboratory firing stand. Flue gas samples were analyzed in order to compare the main harmful air emission indicators with TESTO 350-XL gas analyzer. A propane-butane mixture of 60% C3H8 (propane) and 40% C4H10 (butane) was used as the main fuel. Some indicators were determined after the experiment: measurement units conversion from “ppm” to “mg/m3,” excess air ratio α and equivalence ratio φ, flue gas concentrations recalculation taking oxygen into account, fuel calorific value, and heat release rate. The analysis results are as follows: (i) the swirl burner shows better performance in terms of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions; there is a 1.75-fold difference in total NOx emissions compared to the cross jet burner; (ii) the burner on transverse jets is 10 times more efficient than the swirl burner in terms of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.

Decomposition of light hydrocarbons on a Ni-containing glass fiber catalyst

The work is devoted to the study of the novel process of catalytic decomposition of light hydrocarbons on a catalyst at temperatures of 550 °С and 600 °C at various pressures. The CVD process is a new COx-free approach for hydrogen production. A glass fiber fabric was used as a catalyst, which was preliminarily modified by the application of additional outer layers of NiO and porous silica. A technical mixture of propane and butane was used as feedstock. The main purpose is to investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on the production of hydrogen and carbon nanofibers over a glass-based catalyst. As a result of the decomposition of the mixture, the yield of hydrogen was 266–848 L/gcat, and that of carbon nanofibers was 3–10 g/gcat. Increasing the pressure of propane-butane mixture decomposition led to an increase of the catalyst lifetime. The highest yield of hydrogen and carbon nanofibers was achieved at 1 bar and 600 °C.

Production of Hydrogen and Carbon Nanofiber by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Propane–Butane Mixture: Prospects for Large-Scale Introduction

Production of Hydrogen and Carbon Nanofiber by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Propane–Butane Mixture: Prospects for Large-Scale Introduction

Distinctive Features of Plume Formation on Collision of Two Laminar Gas Jets

The results of an investigation of the interaction between two colliding axisymmetric laminar microjets of propane-butane mixture with and without diffusion combustion are presented. The gas mixture components flow out through round tubes at the same velocities. In the course of the experiments the lateral position of the tubes with respect to each other was varied with conservation of the angle between them. The distinctive features of the resulting jet formation are established as functions of the transverse position of the tubes. If the tubes lie in the same plane, then the resulting jet is formed in the plane orthogonal to them. This process can be observable in the case of the interaction between the jets both with and without flame. With increase in the jet outflow velocity a region of local discontinuity of the flame front is found to exist.

Quantitative determination of potassium ions by flame photometry in the drug “Panangin”

Annotation. Determination of the quantitative content of potassium ions by flame photometry in the drug “Panangin”® produced by “Gedeon Richter” Plc (Hungary) and study the accuracy of this method by calculating the measurement error. The drug “Panangin”® was used in the form of film-coated tablets. The filtrate was quantified with potassium ions on a BWB-XP flame photometer using a propane-butane mixture. Calibration of the device was performed using solutions of potassium chloride of the following concentrations: 1,00, 10,00, 25,00 and 50,00 mg / l, the reference solution was deionized water. The quantitative content of potassium ions was measured using flame photometry. The proposed method of quantitative determination of K+ ions in the drug “Panangin”® belongs to the analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry and is intended for quality control of drugs containing potassium. According to the results of the study, we can see that the method of flame photometry gives reproducible results.

Kinetic Mechanism of Ignition of Propane–Butane Mixtures at Low and High Temperatures: Development and Application

Kinetic Mechanism of Ignition of Propane–Butane Mixtures at Low and High Temperatures: Development and Application

Antibacterial Thin Films Deposited from Propane-Butane Mixture in Atmospheric Pressure Discharge.

Antibacterial coatings on biomedical instruments are of great interest because they can suppress bacterial colonization on these instruments. In this study, antibacterial polymeric thin coatings were deposited on teflon substrates using atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization from a propane-butane mixture. The plasma polymerization was performed by means of surface dielectric barrier discharge burning in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The chemical composition of plasma polymerized propane-butane films was studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and FTIR. The film surface properties were studied by SEM and by surface energy measurement. The EDX analysis showed that the films consisted of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen from ambient air. The FTIR analysis confirmed, in particular, the presence of alkyl, nitrile, acetylene, imide and amine groups. The deposited films were hydrophilic with a water contact angle in the range of 13-23°. The thin film deposited samples were highly active against both S. aureus and E. coli strains in general. On the other hand, the films were cytocompatible, reaching more than 80% of the cell viability threshold compared to reference polystyrene tissue.

ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ОСАЖДЕНИЕ ИЗ ГАЗОВОЙ ФАЗЫ ПИРОУГЛЕРОДНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ НА ПОРОШКАХ В ПСЕВДООЖИЖЕННОМ СЛОЕ. I. АППАРАТУРА, ПСЕВДООЖИЖЕНИЕ

A laboratory setup for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at reduced pressure on powder of medium particle size in a fluidized bed (reactor load of 50 g of substrate) was described. Calculations of critical points for the onset of fluidization and entrainment of particles for various gases (Ar, C3H8, C4H10) at a temperature of 20–1000 °C under low vacuum (pressure of 5 kPa) were performed. Model experiments were carried out on the fluidization of corundum powder (granularity of ~300 μm) in an argon flow, as well as in the propane-butane mixture in the absence of CVD. The dependences of the hydrodynamic mode of fluidization on the nature of fluidizing gas, temperature and pressure were analyzed, which make it possible to plan the process of coating deposition itself.

The effect of temperature on the decomposition process of propane-butane mixture at high temperatures

In the work, the composition of the starting materials and reaction products was checked by the chromatographic method. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of temperature on the decomposition process of the propane-butane mixture at high temperatures. Qualitative analysis was carried out by the method of "witnesses", and quantitative analysis was carried out by the method of internal normalization. Spatial composition analysis was performed on a DRON- 4.0 (CuKa - radiation) diffractometer, particle size scanning electron microscopy ((JSM-6380 LV) Scanning Electron (Micscope) and emission electron microscopy (EMV-100BR)). The relative surface area was determined by the BET method. The total pore volume was calculated from the amount of nitrogen adsorbed at peak saturation. Pore size distribution was determined by the BJH (Barrett-Joyner-Halendr) method. The effect of temperature and exposure time on the decomposition of the propane-butane mixture at high temperatures was carried out under the following optimal conditions: the study of the effect of temperature on the yield of products was carried out with an exposure time of 0.12 seconds and a water vapour: reagent ratio of 0.4:1 and a temperature range of 700- 900 ℃. The influence of various technological parameters on the process of decomposition of the propane-butane mixture under the influence of temperature in an airless place at high temperature was studied. The increase in temperature and the decrease in the time of the initial substance (reagent) in the reaction zone allows for increasing the output of ethylene from the propane-butane mixture, in which the optimum temperature for the production of lower molecular unsaturated hydrocarbons, i.e. ethylene, propylene and butylene, is 850 ℃. The catalyst created for the decomposition of a propane-butane mixture containing 5%CrF3*CoF2*5%NiF2*2%ZrO2*8%Na2SO4 at high temperatures has been shown to exhibit high activity and selectivity in the catalytic decomposition of propane-butane mixtures.

Investigation of the effect of thermal conversion of propane-butane mixture with various metals on the yield of main products

In the work, the effect of thermal conversion of the propane-butane mixture on the yield of the main products and the effect of transformation with different metals was studied. In the temperature range of 750-800 ℃, compared to the results with the catalyst created for the decomposition process of the propane-butane mixture at high temperatures, a decrease in the total yield of lower molecular unsaturated hydrocarbons, i.e., ethylene, propylene, and butylene, and an increase in the formation of hydrogen solids were observed. However, the conversion rate increased with increasing temperature, and the catalyst developed for propane-butane cracking at high temperatures was higher in the presence of 5%Ni. The transformation of 5%CoO*5%NiO*2%ZrO2*8%Na2SO4 with chromium in the temperature range of 600-750℃ allows to obtain ethylene 5.85-13.41%, propylene 3.56-7.14% and the total yield of lower molecular unsaturated hydrocarbons, i.e. ethylene, propylene and butylene 15.42-31.77%. At the same time, the conversion rate has increased. In this case, its values were much higher in the relatively low process temperature range compared to the results of untransformed 5%CoO*5%NiO*2%ZrO2*8%Na2SO4. In addition, the highest yield of propylene at 750 ℃ was 17.47%, the highest yield of propylene in the presence of untransformed 5%CoO*5%NiO*2%ZrO2*8%Na2SO4 was 16%, and -15.12% as a result of temperature-induced changes. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of transformation of the catalyst with different metals on the rate of decomposition reaction of propane-butane mixture at high temperatures and yield of main products.

Influence of nozzle geometry on torch parameters during gas combustion

In this paper, when performing and analyzing the series of calculated results of the analysis of the sides of a rectangular nozzle for the parameters of a turbulent free air jet and a flame of a propane-butane mixture based on three-dimensional parabolic Navier-Stokes bonds for multicomponent reacting jets. To estimate the turbulent viscosity, differential equations of the kinetic and dissipation of the kinetic energy of turbulence are observed with refined empirical constants that are acceptable in turbulent combustion, as in the calculations, the initial values of the kinetic energy of turbulence did not exceed 5% of the dimensionless velocity of the main jet. It was found that when an air jet flows out of a nozzle with an aspect ratio of (1:2) and (1:4) in the initial sections of the jet, its shape behaves like an ellipse and, with the distance, it turns into a round one, with dimensionless, x greater or equal to 20 for the nozzle (1:2) and x greater or equal to 30 for (1:4), and for this variant there is again a transition to an elliptical shape. Studies of the diffusion combustion of a propane-butane mixture flowing out of a rectangular nozzle with an aspect ratio of (1:2) and (1:4) showed that with the ratio of the speed of the oxidizer to fuel mu, the flame length increases when mu between 0 and 0.164, and then, with an increase of mu more than 0.41, the torch length is shortened. The axial distributions of the momentum flux density with the aspect ratio (1:4), the jet core is shortened by 2÷2.5 times, compared with the aspect ratio (1:2) with the other parameters unchanged. Setting the tangential velocity at the mouth of the nozzle (ω=6.1 m/s) leads to a decrease in the torch length by 11% compared to its value equal to zero.