Proof Of Vaccination Research Articles

Brucellosis: obstacles to the vaccination of bovine and buffalo females in the Baixada Maranhense region

Objective: to identify obstacles to the vaccination of bovine and buffalo calves against brucellosis in of Matinha city, Maranhão, Brazil. Methods: interviews were carried out using a script composed of four blocks of questions: i) socioeconomic characteristics; ii) knowledge about proof of vaccination; iii) cattle owners' knowledge of the norms for vaccinating calves against brucellosis; and iv) preferences for participation in health guidelines. Results: it was found that most respondents are over 50 years old (62%), with incomplete primary school (32%) and family income of up to 01 minimum wage (66%). Less than half (48%) knew about the mandatory application of the vaccine against brucellosis. Conclusion: the biggest obstacle for the vaccination of calves against brucellosis in Matinha is the lack of knowledge of the breeders in relation to the disease, to understand the importance of vaccination in the control and prevention of the disease.

Does Risk Perception and Knowledge of Covid-19 Correspond with Vaccination Decision?

This research examines the correlation between perception of risk of Covid-19 and knowledge of Covid-19 to reach vaccination decisions. A number of researches have shown that among many factors that are associated with people’s decision to get vaccinated are the perception of how vulnerable are they to be infected by the virus and the perception of how severe is the impact of the virus on them as well as how knowledgeable are they about the disease being prevented. This research aims to investigate the same finding in the context of a group of respondents in Indonesia. With the online survey that collected data of more than three hundred research participants, the result of the data analysis in this research, however, does not corroborate the finding in the previous research. Part of the possible explanation is the approach to drive the vaccination through the implementation of the vaccine mandate. The policy of vaccine mandate in Indonesia was implemented since the vaccine was first available in the country. The proof of vaccination was used as a requirement to have access to public transportations and other public services. This vaccine mandate continued progressively to the second and even third or booster vaccination. This policy of mandatory vaccination became an approach to increase vaccine uptake, which was rather different from other vaccinations that allow some room for voluntary choices.

Emerging Venue Considerations for Event Management: The Case of Ireland

Event venues represent a focal point for infectious disease transmission among attendees and event stakeholders, creating lasting uncertainty within the industry post-COVID-19. There is now a need to investigate emerging venue considerations for the event industry as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using Ireland as a case, a quantitative questionnaire was used on a sample of event managers. Event venue monitoring for COVID-19 is lacking, while risk mitigation procedures focus more on attendees already at the venue rather than avoiding infected persons entering the venue. Risk assessments now comprise COVID-19 risk; however, a lack of resources means regular health and safety has shown signs of weakening. Government and local authority resources and financial support are required. Pre-venue procedures of symptom screening and proof of vaccination, combined with venue procedures for disinfection of venue spaces, table service, and appropriate ventilation have proven to be effective COVID-19 risk mitigation procedures. Additionally, ICT (information and communications technology) could disseminate up-to-date health guidelines through customer-centric digital environments representing enhanced information sharing to avoid uncertainty and support pro-social intentions of event attendees and compliance with event venue COVID-19 risk mitigation procedures.

Perlindungan Hak Publik dalam Vaksinasi Lansia di Puskesmas Lubuk Buaya

This study discusses the protection of public rights in vaccinating the elderly at the Lubuk Buaya Health Center. Empirical facts show low acceptance of vaccination among the public, especially the elderly in the city of Padang due to concerns about side effects and the halalness of the Covid-19 vaccine and family restrictions. It is difficult for the elderly to avoid the obligation to vaccinate because proof of vaccination is used as a prerequisite for processing public documents and accessing social assistance from the government, as well as for traveling out of town. Therefore, the protection of public rights for the elderly tends to be neglected because the vaccination program promoted by the government seems to be coercive for vulnerable groups such as the elderly. This study is of the Quasi Qualitative Design type with a simple research design. Data was collected through interviews with informants in charge of vaccination for the elderly (public health center) and the elderly, observing the phenomenon of elderly vaccination at the Lubuk Buaya Health Center and studying documents on records of elderly people who had and had not been vaccinated. The findings show that the protection of public rights in the vaccination of the elderly on the first principle put forward by John Rawls is contrary to the findings, but the second principle is related to the second principle because Rawls positions freedom of basic rights as the highest value followed by guarantees. opportunity for everyone.

TINJAUAN YURIDIS PENERAPAN SANKSI PIDANA TERHADAP PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA PEMALSUAN SERTIFIKAT VAKSIN COVID-19

The development of the increasing number of positive cases of the Covid-19 virus in various regions has had an impact on several sectors. To prevent the spread of this virus, a vaccination policy has been established by the Government. The position of the covid-19 vaccination is one of the efforts to make a person less susceptible to contracting the covid virus while also prioritizing health protocols. It becomes a problem if the proof of vaccination has been carried out using a writing or certificate that can be misused by other parties by means of forgery. The formulation of the problem proposed by the author is what is the legal basis that can be applied to perpetrators of counterfeiting covid-19 vaccine certificates and what are the forms of prevention against counterfeiting of covid-19 vaccine certificates. The research conducted by the author uses normative legal research using a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of the discussion are the legal basis that can be applied by law enforcement to the perpetrators of the crime of counterfeiting the covid-19 vaccine certificate referring to the provisions of Article 263 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code while the form of prevention of the crime of counterfeiting the covid-19 vaccine certificate is by preventive and repressive prevention using law enforcement

COVID-19 vaccination certificates and lifting public health and social measures: ethical considerations.

To reopen society, various countries are planning or have implemented differential public health and social measures (PHSMs) for COVID-19-vaccinated individuals, by exempting these individuals from some of the measures. To examine the ethical considerations raised by differential PHSMs by differrnt countries based on individual vaccination status verified by vaccination certificates. Decisions on whether and when measures should be lifted specifically for vaccinated individuals should be guided by scientific and ethical considerations. These considerations include the public health risks of differential lifting, particularly in a context where a substantial portion of society is not vaccinated; mitigation of inequities and unfair disadvantages for unvaccinated individuals; and whether to permit other health certificates or credentials besides proof of vaccination as alternative options to access specific activities or services, as a way to balance public health and freedom of movement. Vaccination certificates may undermine a population-based approach to COVID-19 vaccination to achieve and accelerate universal lifting of PHSMs, result in unfair and inequitable health and social outcomes, and generate social divisions at a time when solidarity within (and between) countries is necessary to navigate the pandemic and its burdens. Further research on the ethical acceptability and impact of COVID-19 vaccine certificates in countries that have implemented them should be carried out to inform future ethical considerations on this issue.

Evaluation of hygiene measures at a series of mass gathering events during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT After several months of an almost total ban on mass gathering events (MGE) due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the cultural, creative and event industry (CCEI) is trying to return to commercially viable event occupancy rates while keeping SARS-CoV-2 transmission at a low level. To support this, we assessed the suitability and feasibility of a hygiene concept during a series of regular handball matches in May and June 2021 with increasing spectator numbers by on-site observation. In addition, questionnaires were distributed to the audience at the first and last event to obtain information about the spectators’ compliance with hygiene measures, vaccination status, feeling of safety and willingness of re-attendance. Spectator's compliance with the hygiene measures was high except for the social distancing regulation. Survey respondents reported a high sense of safety and willingness to re-attend despite the pandemic situation and regardless of vaccination status or antigen test result. Hygiene stewards became an increasingly effective support over the course of the event series. In conclusion, the event series with increasing spectator numbers consolidated and optimised hygiene concept-related processes and clearly demonstrated a high level of spectator compliance with the hygiene measures, supporting full capacity events in pandemic situations in future. Abbreviations: CCEI: cultural, creative and event industry; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; MGE: mass-gathering event; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2; TVR certificates: antigen test, proof of vaccination or recovery certificates

Catch Me if You Can

Catch Me if You Can

Heterogeneity in testing for infectious diseases.

Testing strategies have varied widely between nation states during the COVID-19 pandemic, in intensity as well as methodology. Some countries have mainly performed diagnostic testing while others have opted for mass-screening for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 as well. COVID passport solutions have been introduced, in which access to several aspects of public life requires either testing, proof of vaccination or a combination thereof. This creates a coupling between personal activity levels and testing behaviour which, as we show in a mathematical model, leverages heterogeneous behaviours in a population and turns this heterogeneity from a disadvantage to an advantage for epidemic control.

High heterogeneity on the accepted vaccines for COVID-19 certificates in European countries

BackgroundWe aimed to elucidate which vaccines were accepted by European countries as valid proof of vaccination against COVID-19 for international travelers. MethodOn 27-September-2021 a cross-sectional study was conducted on VisaGuide.World, that reports on valid vaccines for international travelers. Other databases, lay press and regulatory agencies were also checked. The main outcome measure was which of the vaccines included on the WHO emergency use listing (EUL) [ChAdOx1 (Vaxzevria, Covishield),BNT162b2,mRNA-1273,Ad26.CoV2.S,BBIBP-CorV,CoronaVac] and Sputnik V, were accepted in each country. The influence of the vaccines approved for COVID-19 vaccination programs on the vaccines recognized as proof of vaccination was assessed. ResultsThere was a remarkable heterogeneity on the vaccines accepted as proof of vaccination among 46 countries. Russia accepted only one. Cyprus, Greece and Slovenia accepted all vaccines considered. Eleven countries accepted the seven WHO EUL vaccines: eight EU countries, plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Seven EU countries accepted only the four EMA-authorized vaccines. Considering Covishield as equivalent to Vaxzevria, 69% of countries recognized only vaccinated travelers who received any of the vaccines approved for vaccination programs in the country of arrival as valid. ConclusionVaccines accepted as proof of vaccination should be harmonized. Accepting any of the WHO EUL vaccines would be a scientifically sound objective.

Biodigester Cookstove Interventions and Child Diarrhea in Semirural Nepal: A Causal Analysis of Daily Observations.

Background:Hundreds of thousands of biodigesters have been constructed in Nepal. These household-level systems use human and animal waste to produce clean-burning biogas used for cooking, which can reduce household air pollution from woodburning cookstoves and prevent respiratory illnesses. The biodigesters, typically operated by female caregivers, require the handling of animal waste, which may increase domestic fecal contamination, exposure to diarrheal pathogens, and the risk of enteric infections, especially among young children.Objective:We estimated the effect of daily reported biogas cookstove use on incident diarrhea among children old in the Kavrepalanchok District of Nepal. Secondarily, we assessed effect measure modification and statistical interaction of individual- and household-level covariates (child sex, child age, birth order, exclusive breastfeeding, proof of vaccination, roof type, sanitation, drinking water treatment, food insecurity) as well as recent 14-d acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) and season.Methods:We analyzed 300,133 person-days for 539 children in an observational prospective cohort study to estimate the average effect of biogas stove use on incident diarrhea using cross-validated targeted maximum likelihood estimation (CV-TMLE).Results:Households reported using biogas cookstoves in the past 3 d for 23% of observed person-days. The adjusted relative risk of diarrhea for children exposed to biogas cookstove use was 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.71) compared to unexposed children. The estimated effect of biogas stove use on diarrhea was stronger among breastfed children (2.09; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.25) than for nonbreastfed children and stronger during the dry season (2.03; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.53) than in the wet season. Among children exposed to biogas cookstove use, those with a recent ALRI had the highest mean risk of diarrhea, estimated at 4.53 events (95% CI: 1.03, 8.04) per 1,000 person-days.Discussion:This analysis provides new evidence that child diarrhea may be an unintended health risk of biogas cookstove use. Additional studies are needed to identify exposure pathways of fecal pathogen contamination associated with biodigesters to improve the safety of these widely distributed public health interventions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9468

Vaccines for Travelers

When counselling travelers about the need, benefits and risks of travel vaccines, the following factors must be considered: Environmental factors, e.g., destination, duration of exposure (including expected cumulative life-time exposure), epidemiological situation, travel style (low budget associated with higher risk), travel purpose (visiting friends or relatives [VFR] - often results in higher risk) Host factors include e.g. age, origin (potential exposure at home vs. at destination, is there an incremental risk?), pre-existing illness, particularly immune suppression (e.g. HIV, medication), pregnancy, nursing A structured discussion about required, routine and recommended vaccinations is beneficial Required by destination country: yellow fever (special rules based on the International Health Regulations), meningococcal disease (Hajj), COVID-19 Routine: usual childhood / adolescence / adult / senior citizen vaccinations. Programs differ between countries. Some proof of vaccination may be required for schools mainly in North America. Recommended: depending on exposure to risk (incidence rate, also incremental risk compared to home country), impact of infection, cost of vaccines, etc. Essentials when protecting travelers against vaccine preventable diseases: Set correct priorities; base decisions on epidemiological evidence; consider contraindications Always state that No vaccine is 100% effective; All vaccines may have adverse reactions, rarely serious ones.

Adherence to Vaccine Requirements among Hajj Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia, 2017-2019

Hajj pilgrims must have certain vaccines for pilgrimage; these requirements aim to reduce the spread of infectious diseases. This study analyzed the trends in vaccine adherence for meningitis, yellow fever, and polio from January 2017- December 2019. These trends can help in guiding future policymaking to prevent outbreaks during Hajj and similar mass gatherings. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics for Hajj pilgrims and Hajj seasonal workers arriving in Saudi Arabia over three years (2017–2019). Health Control Centers (HCCs) collected data at points-of-entry (PoE) and entered it into Saudi Arabia’s Health Electronic Surveillance Network (HESN). We reviewed HESN data to collect information on total passengers arriving per country and the number of passengers vaccinated for: meningococcal meningitis, poliomyelitis, and yellow fever. We compared data to identify the difference in vaccination by region. We used chi-square tests to assess differences in compliance rate among these travelers by year and country of origin. The number of participating countries increased from 113 to 132. Meningitis vaccine coverage increased by 5% from 2017–2019. The increase was not statistically significant. Asia had the lowest overall adherence rate (83%). Yellow fever adherence decreased significantly using a difference of mean adherence between 2017 and 2019 (p-value 0.01). Polio vaccination adherence decreased by 5% from 2017 to 2019; this was not significant (p-value = 0.08). The vaccine coverage increased for meningitis and decreased for yellow fever and polio. Less than 100% vaccine adherence among Hajj travelers creates the potential for the spread of infectious diseases. Proof of vaccination should be required in submitted visa applications. Countries of origin and Saudi Arabia must work together to ensure that all Hajjis are adequately vaccinated before departure.

COVID-19 Vaccination Certificates and Their Geopolitical Discontents

At the international level, proof of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 offers an enticing promise to the return of normality, particularly for the much-desired reopening of national borders. At the same time, vaccination passports could be a false hope: the requirement of vaccine passports could adversely embed social and economic inequalities that reflect the power dynamics in international relations. Specifically, the ability to secure vaccines relates to the varying market and economic power across countries. This paper focuses on Taiwan as a case study to explore ways in which the use of COVID-19 certifications, if used as a precondition for international travel, would further exacerbate a binary of exclusion and inclusion as a function of geopolitics. With its relative success in containing the COVID-19 pandemic within its borders, Taiwan represents a low priority for vaccine distribution in the COVAX initiative. Furthermore, due to Taiwan’s contentious political status and its exclusion from the World Health Organization regime, if vaccination passports are required as a precondition for international travel, then outbound passengers from Taiwan potentially could be subjected to restriction of movement absent wide availability of vaccines domestically. This paper argues that insofar as sustainable pandemic control requires a global concerted effort, vaccination passports could further polarise a global response. This paper suggests that equitable access to effective vaccines worldwide and governance reform of global health would help to rebuild global solidarity and mitigate the unimaginable human, social and economic suffering arising from the pandemic.

The Commission against the Internal Market and European Union Citizens’ Rights: Trying to Shoot Down Sputnik with the “Digital Green Certificate”?

The Digital Green Certificate (DGC) proposed by the European Commission on the basis of facilitating the free movement rights of European Union (EU) citizens will be capable of effectively serving as a COVID-19 passport. In this contribution, we cast doubt on whether the DGC is fit for purpose, highlighting in particular the potential for the DGC to in fact facilitate greater free movement restrictions for a large number of EU citizens, in particular those who have received non- European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved vaccines such as Sputnik V in compliance with EU law. Under the proposal as amended by the European Parliament, any destination Member State that accepts proof of vaccination “in order to waive restrictions to free movement” must apply the same waiver to any DGC-holder that has received an EMA-approved vaccine and has the option of doing so for vaccines added to the World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Use Listing; however, such equal treatment is not available for DGC-holders who have received non-EMA/WHO vaccines. While this measure was alleged to be taken on grounds of public health, a convincing public health case has not been put forward. Instead, the DGC proposal as it stands disregards the promise of the internal market and sets the stage for its fragmentation through geopolitics and bilateralism.

Depolarizing the COVID-19 Vaccine Passport

Vaccine passports are the latest hotly debated and highly polarizing issue in U.S. politics. Many experts consider them a key tool to safely restart the economy, while increasing vaccine take-up. However, just as many consider vaccine passports unfair and a threat to individual liberties and privacy. Yet vaccine passports are not as new as some commentators suggest. Proof of vaccination has long been required both to engage in some activities on the U.S.soil and to travel internationally. We carry out an online experiment with a sample of approximately 3200 Americans to investigate whether flagging that vaccine passports are not a novel idea can: i) increase the support for the COVID-19 vaccine passports; ii) lead more people to state that they intend to get vaccinated if a COVID PASS is introduced; iii) depolarize the views on the COVID PASS. We find strong evidence that this is possible. Our results are statistically significant and robust to a battery of controls. Moreover, our results suggest that the status quo bias can be an effective tool to depolarize a clearly identifiable set of issues.

360: Measles IgG titers in a cohort of pregnant women in New York City

As of 7/29/2019, there have been 642 confirmed cases of measles in NYC this year. Pregnant women and their fetuses represent a susceptible population to measles infection. Ideally, proof of vaccination against measles should be documented prenatally. In the absence of such data, measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers can be used. Prior studies conducted before the present measles outbreak showed maternal measles IgG titers (MIT) to be in the non-immune range between 3.1-16.5% of the time. The percentage of pregnant women with MIT in the immune range during the current measles outbreak is unknown. The measles immunity status of pregnant women admitted to Labor and Delivery (L&D) in our hospital between 5/1/2019 and 7/13/2019 was assessed by MIT drawn during pregnancy or upon admission to L&D. Results were described as immune, equivocal or non-immune. All pregnant women with titers deemed to be non-immune or equivocal were offered an MMR vaccine prior to discharge. In the study period, a total of 558 women delivered at our hospital and of those 523 (94%) had available MIT. 386 (74%) were in the immune range, 131 (25%) were in the non-immune range, and 6 (1%) had equivocal immunity. Only 89 (65%) non-immune mothers received the MMR vaccine prior to discharge. Of the 48 (35%) mothers who did not receive the vaccine, 54% was due to maternal refusal. The percentage of mothers with negative MIT in our sample was higher than expected. Negative titers to measles do not necessarily suggest non-immunity as some vaccinated individuals have negative titers but produce an immune response when exposed to measles. Given that proof of immunization may not be available, administering a booster dose of MMR vaccine to patients with a negative MIT is reasonable, especially during an outbreak.

Survey of Osteopathic Medical Students Regarding Physician Shadowing Experiences Before and During Medical School Training.

Introduction:Shadowing a physician is an observational experience which includes a student observing a licensed healthcare provider caring for patients. Shadowing is commonly done by students before and during medical school, but little is known about the nature or extent of these extra-curricular observational experiences.Objective:We hypothesized that shadowing experiences were common yet variable. We investigated the prevalence, nature, and perceived value of medical student experiences with shadowing physicians (both before and during medical school).Methods:This survey-based study was non-experimental with a cross-sectional convenience sample of osteopathic medical students about their shadowing experiences before and during medical school. The survey was sent to all matriculated osteopathic medical students (OMS1-4) for the 2017 to 2018 academic year from two medical schools: Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM) (1084 total students) and PCOM-Georgia (554 total students). The final survey instrument included three sections: demographics (6 questions), pre-medical shadowing experiences (21 questions), and medical student shadowing experiences (24 questions).Results:Respondents (357) identified themselves as OMS1 (96), OMS2 (89), OMS3 (73), OMS4 (95) and other (2, OMS5) with enrollment at PCOM-Philadelphia (242) and PCOM-Georgia (115). Among survey respondents, 339 (95.5%) reported shadowing a physician as a pre-medical student, and 110 (30.8%) reported shadowing (outside of their required clinical rotations) a physician during medical school. Requirements to participate were inconsistent; fewer than 50% of shadowing experiences required Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) training, proof of vaccination, or purified protein derivative (PPD) documentation. In addition to observation, pre-medical and medical students, respectively, participated in history taking (44 [13%], 47 [42.7%]), physical examinations (45 [13.3%], 44 [40%]) and procedures (13, [3.8%], 20 [18.2%]) during their shadowing experiences. Motivations to participate in shadowing varied between pre-medical and medical student experiences, but both groups mentioned their desire to learn more about a particular discipline, obtain letters of recommendation, and gain patient care experience. Students recommended both pre-medical (273 [80.5%]) and medical school (93 [84.5%]) shadowing to future students.Conclusion:Shadowing remains a common and important tool for students to learn about patient care, medicine and careers. The nature of each shadowing experience and participation requirements are quite variable. Measures to ensure patient safety, confidentiality, liability and supervision are inconsistently applied. Promoting guidelines, as well as codes of conduct, for shadowing could serve as a helpful resource for students, academic advisors and supervising clinicians.

Relationship between Self-Reported Vaccination History and Measles and Rubella Antibody Titers in Medical and Nursing Students

In hospitals, infection control for measles and rubella is important. Medical and nursing students as well as healthcare workers must have immunity against these diseases. Many countries have adopted requirements for healthcare workers’ documented vaccination history or laboratory tests as evidence of their immunity. Evaluating a written vaccination history is difficult in many cases. Therefore, we compared measles and rubella antibody titers with self-reported vaccination history and we evaluated the association between the history and measles and rubella antibody titers, using the medical and nursing students’ data. We analyzed 564 data for measles and 558 data for rubella. Vaccination history was requested to be completed as accurately as possible. Students with one or more measles or rubella vaccinations had high positive ratios of titer, and the ratio was significantly higher than that of the students without vaccinations. The positive ratio between the two-dose and one-dose vaccination groups was not significantly different for measles or rubella (measles: p = 0.534, rubella: p = 0.452). Although it should be requested that the history is complete by using other resources, such as referring to maternity passbooks or proof of vaccination, self-reported history may be useful to confirm immunity, even if there is a possibility that the history is not accurate.

Risk infection to spare bleeding? The quandary of splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia.

Risk infection to spare bleeding? The quandary of splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia.