Pronounced Words Research Articles

Waste Management of Construction and Demolition Materials Towards Sustainable Growth of Nagpur City

The higher amount of buildings and infrastructures in India, number of construction and demolition (C&D) waste is increasing continuously. These wastes, if not completely recycled, will create the environmental problems. This research paper concentrates on the use of a system dynamics technique to develop a C&D waste recycling. The project is based on the recycling of the rapidly increasing construction and demolition waste. Through this process we want to take a step ahead, the idea of stopping illegal Dumping and ultimately save our mother Earth from destruction. The cost of recycled C&D solid waste resulting in reduction of overall construction cost. The demolition is the most commonly pronounced word in the construction industry. As per the new building rules building should be demolished after its service period. Now-a-days the importance is given to sustainable and environmental friendly construction; there should be effective control of the demolition waste. The demolition waste can be reused for the construction. Construction and demolition (C and D) waste is defined as the solid waste generated by the construction, renovation, repair, alteration or demolition of residential, commercial, government or institutional buildings, industrial, commercial facilities and infrastructures such as roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, railways and airports. Construction and demolition waste is considered as high volume, low risk. It is commonly understood that this waste can be considered a resource, either for reuse in its original form or for recycling or energy recovery. Because of increasing waste production and public concerns about the environment, it is desirable to recycle materials from building demolition. If suitably selected ground cleaned appropriate industrial crushing in plants, these materials can be profitably used in concrete. Despite this, most Construction and Demolition waste ends up in landfills recycled aggregate and recycled sand that can be obtained. Further with the help of the obtained recycled material we intend to make various products such as concrete, paver blocks, hollow blocks, etc which will in turn be less costly as well. These recycled materials and products made from it are economical without any considerable change in the strength and durability aspect. Not only the cost effectiveness but it will also be aesthetically pleasing. According to Metropolitan region development authority the amount of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) must be reduced by at least 70%. 3Rs model (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in the C&D waste management with costs savings. This paper finds a broader understanding of the socioeconomic implications of waste management over time and the positive effects of these policies in the recycled to achieve the goal of C&D waste as well as the composition of Construction and Demolition waste, the need for its recycling and options that can be implemented for its efficient use in the field of concrete technology. Key Words: C & D waste; sustainable construction systems, Recycling, Concrete.

High Sensitivity and Wide Linear Range Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor with Microspheres as Spacers for Pronunciation Recognition.

Flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors have received great popularity in flexible electronics due to their simple structure and promising applications in health monitoring and artificial intelligence. However, the contradiction between sensitivity and detection range limits the application of the sensors in the medium-pressure regime. Here, a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor is fabricated by combining a hierarchical spinous microstructure sensitive layer and a periodic microsphere array spacer. The sensor achieves high sensitivity (39.1 kPa-1) and outstanding linearity (0.99, R2 coefficient) in a medium-pressure regime, as well as a wide range of detection (100 Pa-160.0 kPa), high detection precision (<0.63‰ full scale), and excellent durability (>5000 cycles). The mechanism of the microsphere array spacer in improving sensitivity and detection range was revealed through finite element analysis. Furthermore, the sensors have been utilized to detect muscle and joint movements, spatial pressure distributions, and throat movements during pronouncing words. By means of a full-connect artificial neural network for machine learning, the sensor's output of different pronounced words can be precisely distinguished and classified with an overall accuracy of 96.0%. Overall, the high-performance flexible pressure sensor based on a microsphere array spacer has great potential in health monitoring, human-machine interface, and artificial intelligence of medium-pressure regime.

Evaluating Cognitive-Motor Interference in Multiple Sclerosis: A Technology-Based Approach.

People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) frequently present both cognitive and motor impairments, so it is reasonable to assume they may have difficulties in executing dual-tasks (DT). The aim of the present study is to identify novel technology-based parameters to assess cognitive-motor interference (CMI) in PwMS. In particular, we focused on the definition of dual-task cost (DTC) measures using wearable and portable tools such as insoles and mobile apps. All participants underwent a verbal fluency task (cognitive single-task, ST), a motor ST of walking, and a combination of these tasks (DT). Number of words uttered in the cognitive ST and steps recorded by insoles were used to calculate the motor and cognitive DTC. The number of steps strongly correlated with the walked meters for both single- (r = 0.88, p < 0.05) and dual- (r = 0.91, p < 0.05) tasks. Motor but not cognitive performances significantly worsened during DT. Over the cognitive ST and DT, the number of pronounced words progressively decreased, probably due to the activation of different cognitive processes. Cognitive efforts could be the cause of cognitive task prioritization. Our findings promote the use of low-cost devices to assess CMI easily in the clinical context and to detect ecologically valid DT impairments.

Consequences of Thumb Sucking Habit among School Going Children: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Thumb-sucking, a non-nutritive sucking behavior, is a natural reflex seen in infants but can persist into childhood if not addressed leading to various dental and orofacial issues, including malocclusion, dental arch deformities, speech difficulties, and facial asymmetry. The aim of the study was to explore the consequences of thumb-sucking habits among the school going children. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved among purposively selected 124 school going children, aged between 5-8 years with their parents attended in the outpatient department of University Dental College at Moghbazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The data were obtained through a pretested structured questionnaire and checklist through face-to-face interview from parents regarding background characteristics, consequences of thumbs sucking and oral examination of children respectively. Then, data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 27 for descriptive analysis (frequency, percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square test or fisher’s exact test) at 5% level of significance (P&lt;0.05). Results: The study revealed that 77.4% of children aged 5-6 years and about 41.9% of parents reported that their child had thumb sucking habit. The thumb sucking habit was found to be statistically significant with start of age thumb sucking( p= &lt;0.001), duration of thumb sucking ( p= &lt;0.001), pronunciation of word clearly( p= &lt;0.001), proclination of maxillary anterior teeth (P=0.002), asymmetry of face (P=0.002) and seek for dental advice or treatment(p=0.002). Majority of children (21.8%) start thumb sucking at the age 6-7 years. Only 8.1% of the children didn’t pronounce words clearly whereas only 5.6% had proclined maxillary anterior teeth, facial asymmetry and sought dental advice or treatment. Conclusion: This study found a significant association of thumb-sucking habit among children with notable consequences. It highlights the importance of early intervention and parental education and awareness regarding this habit's potential consequences on children's oral health and overall development. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2023; 13(2): 19-22

A Phonological Analysis Of Elision Found In Sza’s Selected Songs In ‘SOS’ Album

Nowadays, songs have become the media that helps others to learn and improve their English skill and to influence people’s pronunciation. In songs, singers tend to not pronounce several sounds in words based on the conditions and their purposes. The deletion of the sounds in phonology is called elision. The nature of elision may be stated quite simply: under certain circumstances sounds disappear. One might express this in more technical language by saying that in certain circumstances a phoneme may be realised as zero, or have zero realisation (Roach, 1991). Thus, this study aims to find out the kinds of phonological elision that occur in SZA’s selected songs in “SOS” album. The data was taken from the speech sound that is pronounced by the singer SZA in her selected songs entitled “Open Arms”, “I Hate U”, and “Good Days”. The data were collected through observing the content and note taking technique by listening to the pronounced words in the songs. The findings are divided into three. There are vowel elision, consonant elision, and syllable elision. In vowel elision, there are two cases found, the first one is /ə/ (2 data) and second case is /ɪ/ (10 data). In consonant elision there are eight cases found, the first one is /t/ (17 data), second case /d/ (10 data), third and fourth cases /p/ and /r/ (2 data respectively), and fifth to seventh cases /v/, /z/, and /n/ are found only in one data respectively. In syllable elision there are three cases found , they are /bɪ/, /ən/, and /ɒm/.

Study on an English Speaking Practice System based on Automatic Speech Recognition Technology

This research paper presents a study on an English speaking practice system that utilizes automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology. The system aims to assess pronunciation accuracy and provide real-time feedback to learners, ultimately enhancing their spoken English skills. The system employs a web-based platform where users can record their speech, which is then uploaded to the server for recognition using a pre-trained ASR model. The recognized speech is compared with a reference text, allowing for the calculation of pronunciation accuracy and the generation of feedback highlighting correctly and incorrectly pronounced words. The system's effectiveness is validated through experimentation. The results demonstrate the system's high accuracy in speech recognition and the effectiveness of the feedback provided to learners. This study improves the effectiveness of language learning and can be extended to various educational environments and online language learning platforms.

Effects of verbal tasks with varying difficulty on real-time respiratory airflow during speech generation in healthy young adults.

Respiratory function is linked to sensory, affective, and cognitive processes and it is affected by environmental constraints such as cognitive demands. It is suggested that specific cognitive processes, such as working memory or executive functioning, may impact breathing. In turn, various lines of research have suggested a link between peak expiratory airflow (PEF) and cognitive function. However, there is scarce experimental support to the above assertions, especially regarding spoken language. Therefore, the present investigation aims to evaluate whether breathing varies as a function of performing verbal naming tasks with different difficulty levels. Thirty healthy young adults, (age M = 25.37 years), participated in the study. Participants were required to perform aloud five verbal tasks ranged in order of difficulty: Reading single words, reading a text passage, object naming, semantic and phonemic fluency. A pneumotachograph mask was employed to acquire simultaneously the verbal responses, and three airflow parameters: Duration, peak, and volume at both stages of the respiratory cycle (i.e., inspiration/expiration). Data were analyzed with one-way repeated measures MANOVA. No significant differences were found between reading single words and object naming. In comparison, distinctive airflow requirements were found for reading a text passage, which were proportionally related to number of pronounced words. Though, the main finding of the study concerns the data on verbal fluency tasks, which not only entailed higher inhaled airflow resources but also a significant PEF. Our data demonstrated that the most difficult tasks, namely semantic and phonemic verbal fluencies, relying on semantic search, executive function, and fast lexical retrieval of words were those requiring important amount of inhaled airflow and displaying a high peak expiratory airflow. The present findings demonstrated for the first time a direct association between complex verbal tasks and PEF. Inconclusive data related to object naming and reading single words are discussed in light of the methodological challenges inherent to the assessment of speech breathing and cognition in this line of investigation.

Dynamical features of rule sequences of one dimensional cellular automata with two states and three neighbors which realize the description of digital sound data

In the present paper, we investigate the dynamical features of the rule sequence at each time step which realize the description of digital sound data. From previous research, we have performed the description with the limited number of 256 rules of three-rules sets of one dimensional cellular automata with two states and three neighbors referred as to 1-2-3 CA hereafter for various digital sounds and Huffman coding, and have successfully achieved a fully compressed description of the target sound data without reproducing the error. In order to investigate the dynamical features of the rule sequences at each time step, we perform numerical Wolfram's classification method. From computer experiments, in Pronounced word data, all the rule sequences are composed with Wolfram's class1, 2 and 4, whereas in musical data, all the rule sequences are composed with Wolfram's class2 and 4. Thus, we have succeed to classify the rule sequences among the genres of data.

Speech decoding from a small set of spatially segregated minimally invasive intracranial EEG electrodes with a compact and interpretable neural network

Objective. Speech decoding, one of the most intriguing brain-computer interface applications, opens up plentiful opportunities from rehabilitation of patients to direct and seamless communication between human species. Typical solutions rely on invasive recordings with a large number of distributed electrodes implanted through craniotomy. Here we explored the possibility of creating speech prosthesis in a minimally invasive setting with a small number of spatially segregated intracranial electrodes. Approach. We collected one hour of data (from two sessions) in two patients implanted with invasive electrodes. We then used only the contacts that pertained to a single stereotactic electroencephalographic (sEEG) shaft or an electrocorticographic (ECoG) stripe to decode neural activity into 26 words and one silence class. We employed a compact convolutional network-based architecture whose spatial and temporal filter weights allow for a physiologically plausible interpretation. Main results. We achieved on average 55% accuracy using only six channels of data recorded with a single minimally invasive sEEG electrode in the first patient and 70% accuracy using only eight channels of data recorded for a single ECoG strip in the second patient in classifying 26+1 overtly pronounced words. Our compact architecture did not require the use of pre-engineered features, learned fast and resulted in a stable, interpretable and physiologically meaningful decision rule successfully operating over a contiguous dataset collected during a different time interval than that used for training. Spatial characteristics of the pivotal neuronal populations corroborate with active and passive speech mapping results and exhibit the inverse space-frequency relationship characteristic of neural activity. Compared to other architectures our compact solution performed on par or better than those recently featured in neural speech decoding literature. Significance. We showcase the possibility of building a speech prosthesis with a small number of electrodes and based on a compact feature engineering free decoder derived from a small amount of training data.

Habilidades prelectoras en niños uruguayos de diferente nivel socioeconómico

Learning to read transforms lives. Reading contributes to knowledge acquisition, cultural engagement, and success in the school. The unequal distribution of literacy skills in a society is associated with economic and social inequalities as a result, children with a poor foundation in literacy before entering formal schooling are more likely to struggle academically and to drop out of school. For these reasons, there has been an intense scientific interest for decades in understanding how children learn to read. It is well established that in the early stages of reading development, phonological awareness, letter name-sounds knowledge, and the naming speed are three independent longitudinal predictors of children’s later word-reading skills in alphabetic-writing systems. Phonological awareness constitutes the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of their own language, meanwhile letter knowledge promotes the discovery of systematic relationships between writing and oral language. As early readers develop some level of phonological awareness and some level of letter knowledge, they can recognize written words through phonological recoding processes, in which graphemes are recoded as phonemes and assembled to pronounce words. In addition, rapid naming expresses the speed at which phonological information is accessed from a graphic label. Phonological processing and letter knowledge are powerfully affected by the experience, stimulation, and support that children receive before beginning formal education. Most children acquire these abilities relatively effortlessly during early childhood. However, there is a significant number of children in Latin America who experience difficulties in their pre-literacy skills development. This study examined the cognitive profiles of a total of 50 Uruguayan preschoolers from different socioeconomic backgrounds from two public schools in Montevideo, Uruguay. Twenty-six children from low-income households were compared to peers from middle-income. At the end of the pre-schooling period (time 1) receptive vocabulary, phonological awareness, letter name-sounds knowledge, and object naming speed tests were administered to children. One year later (time 2), word -reading of a subgroup of children was measured. Significant correlations were observed between all predictors at time 1; between predictors at time 1 and word reading at time 2; and between all measured abilities and socioeconomic status. Comparative analysis between children of different socioeconomic status showed that children growing up in poverty contexts performed more poorly than their peers from middle-income families in all the tests. Nonetheless, both groups performed poorly in word reading. Descriptive statistics indicated that, out of a total of 26 words, low SES children correctly read a total of 7 words per minute, and medium SES children a total of 14 words. Finally, regression analyses indicated that phonological awareness contributed 30 % variance in predicting the total score achieved in a reading-word test in children of low-income families, meanwhile letter name knowledge contributed 74 % variance in predicting the total score achieved in a reading-word test in their peers from middle-income families. In general terms, results of pre-reading skills and reading performance seem to indicate that children of different socioeconomic status use different word recognition strategies according to their level of letter-knowledge of and phonological processing. Discussion considers international literature pointing out that children who enter elementary school with limited reading-related skills are unlikely to be able to keep pace with their peers. These findings warn about the importance to elaborate systematic and high-quality educational proposals to try to reduce the gap in reading development for children from low-income families. Developing literacy and language skills before formal schooling sets a child up for success in school and life. Results also suggest the importance of analyzing the variables that affect reading development in populations that are not the majority described. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2022.39.3.5

ORGANIZATION OF BRAIN ACTIVITY IN MEN AND WOMEN DURING MENTAL PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS

The purpose of the study is to examine gender differences associated with the mental pronunciation of words in EEG coherence patterns.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. The authors studied the impact of gender differences on the characteristics of EEG spatial synchronization patterns associated with the mental pronunciation of words denoting direction: up, down, left, right, forward, backward. The study enrolled 10 boys and 10 girls, aged 21±3. &#x0D; Results. The dominance of the left hemisphere was observed in young men, while the right hemisphere dominated in girls. Specific patterns of EEG coherence are formed in both left and right hemispheres. Discrimination of mentally pronounced words according to the EEG coherence values in young men is effectively implemented according to coherence patterns, which form separately in both left and right hemispheres, whereas in girls the coherence patterns of both hemispheres should be taken into account. Gender peculiarities in the structural and functional organization of the brain and the characteristics of its bioelectrical activity should not be underestimated, in particular, when developing a BCI based on EEG and inner speech. It is known that the internal (mental) pronunciation of words is reflected both in the cortical and superficially recorded bioelectrical activity of the brain. EEG recording of the activity has obvious advantages. However, so far little is known about manifestation of inner speech and its characteristics with respect to gender.&#x0D; Conclusion. The results obtained confirm gender differences in the EEG characteristics of the brain during the mental pronunciation of words denoting directions.

End-to-End Sentence-Level Multi-View Lipreading Architecture with Spatial Attention Module Integrated Multiple CNNs and Cascaded Local Self-Attention-CTC

Concomitant with the recent advances in deep learning, automatic speech recognition and visual speech recognition (VSR) have received considerable attention. However, although VSR systems must identify speech from both frontal and profile faces in real-world scenarios, most VSR studies have focused solely on frontal face pictures. To address this issue, we propose an end-to-end sentence-level multi-view VSR architecture for faces captured from four different perspectives (frontal, 30°, 45°, and 60°). The encoder uses multiple convolutional neural networks with a spatial attention module to detect minor changes in the mouth patterns of similarly pronounced words, and the decoder uses cascaded local self-attention connectionist temporal classification to collect the details of local contextual information in the immediate vicinity, which results in a substantial performance boost and speedy convergence. To compare the performance of the proposed model for experiments on the OuluVS2 dataset, the dataset was divided into four different perspectives, and the obtained performance improvement was 3.31% (0°), 4.79% (30°), 5.51% (45°), 6.18% (60°), and 4.95% (mean), respectively, compared with the existing state-of-the-art performance, and the average performance improved by 9.1% compared with the baseline. Thus, the suggested design enhances the performance of multi-view VSR and boosts its usefulness in real-world applications.

Voice analysis rehabilitation platform based on LSTM algorithm

The proposed work discusses the results of a research project based on the recognition of correctly pronounced words and phrases by implementing a web platform implementing an acoustic training model. The acoustic training model is performed by a long short-term memory - LSTM - algorithm, able to recognise the speech disorder by assigning a score for each test type. The paper discusses the platform design and implementation. The tests are performed for different kind of exercises in rehabilitation patterns. The adopted approach is based on the formulation of acoustic model integrating a training dictionary of correct phonemes to pronounce. The platform enables a real time automatic score of the performed exercises and the test planning. The LSTM training dataset can be enriched by adding new exercise to learn. The output graphical dashboards enforce clinical evaluations and reporting.

A Chinese Lip-Reading System Based on Convolutional Block Attention Module

In recent years, deep learning has already been applied to English lip-reading. However, Chinese lip-reading starts late and lacks relevant dataset, and the recognition accuracy is not ideal. Therefore, this paper proposes a new hybrid neural network model to establish a Chinese lip-reading system. In this paper, we integrate the attention mechanism into both CNN and RNN. Specifically, we add the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) to the ResNet50 neural network, which enhances its ability to capture the small differences among the mouth patterns of similarly pronounced words in Chinese, improving the performance of feature extraction in the convolution process. We also add the time attention mechanism to the GRU neural network, which helps to extract the features among consecutive lip motion images. Considering the effects of the moments before and after on the current moment in the lip-reading process, we assign more weights to the key frames, which makes the features more representative. We further validate our model through experiments on our self-built dataset. Our experiments show that using convolutional block attention module (CBAM) in the Chinese lip-reading model can accurately recognize Chinese numbers 0–9 and some frequently used Chinese words. Compared with other lip-reading systems, our system has better performance and higher recognition accuracy.

Jargonaphasia as a disconnection syndrome: A study combining white matter electrical stimulation and disconnectome mapping

BackgroundIn jargonaphasia, speech is fluent but meaningless. While neuropsychological evaluation may distinguish a neologistic component characterised by non-word production and a semantic component where pronounced words are real but speech is senseless, how this relates to the underlying white matter anatomy is debated. ObjectiveTo identify white matter pathways causally involved in jargonaphasia. MethodsWe retrospectively screened the intraoperative brain mapping data of 571 awake oncological resections using direct cortico-subcortical electrostimulation. Jargonaphasia was induced in 17 patients (19 sites) during a naming task. Stimulation sites were normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute template space and used to generate individual disconnectome maps. Non-parametric voxelwise one and two sample t-tests were performed to identify the underlying white matter anatomy. ResultsJargonaphasia was induced only during stimulation of the left hemisphere. No cortical stimulation generated jargonaphasia. Subcortical sites causally associated with jargonaphasia clustered in 3 regions: in the temporal lobe (middle to inferior temporal gyri; n = 12), in the parietal lobe (supramarginal gyrus; n = 3) and in the temporal stem (n = 4). Disconnectome analysis indicated the inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) was damaged in both neologistic and semantic jargonaphasia, while the involvement of the arcuate fasciculus was specific to neologistic jargonaphasia. ConclusionFor the first time, we show that jargonaphasia is induced by white matter stimulation, hinting at disconnection. As IFOF disconnection unites both variants, these may represent a continuum of disorders distinguished by semantic impairment. Conversely, damage to the arcuate fasciculus in addition to the IFOF is specific to neologistic jargonaphasia, thus suggesting a dual-disconnection syndrome.

Design and Evaluation of a Spanish Language Therapy Support System

Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is a language disorder that delays progress in mastering speech-language skills, and typically occurs in childhood. Most speech-language pathologists commonly use paper-based instruments to diagnose and treat this problem. This article describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of SATEL, an ontology-based system used both in diagnosing this condition and as part of speech therapy for children with SLI. With the help of a Kinect sensor, SATEL is able to recognize and classify pronounced words. The proposed system was designed and evaluated by a team of four speech-language pathologists and 26 children diagnosed with SLI. Results showed an accuracy rate of 94.42% and 97.75% in recognizing syllables and words correctly and incorrectly pronounced in the diagnostic and treatment modules, respectively.

Ultrasensitive Hierarchical Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor for Wide‐Range Pressure Detection

Pressure sensitivity and wide range are two crucial features of flexible electromechanical sensors for applications in the next‐generation of intelligent electronics, such as wearable healthcare monitors and soft human–machine interfaces. Conventional pressure sensors have a narrow pressure range (&lt;10 kPa) and complex fabrication processes, which significantly hinder their extensive applications. A facile laser‐engraving method is proposed to fabricate a flexible multiwalled‐carbon‐nanotube (MWCNTs)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composite‐based piezoresistive sensor with hierarchical microstructures. Herein, the nonstandard‐circular feature and Gaussian distributed facula of a laser spot are utilized to produce the middle‐level porous microdome upon the bottom‐level cylinder microcolumn array, while the top‐level tentacle‐like conical micropillars are produced by vertically rotating the acrylic mold during the laser engraving process. This novel hierarchical microstructure endows the proposed piezoresistive sensor with orders‐of‐magnitude of higher sensitivity (≈35.51 kPa−1) than that of other reported electromechanical sensors and a more extensive pressure sensing range up to 23 kPa. Moreover, the detection limit of the sensor is down to 2 Pa, which makes it a desirable candidate for monitoring subtle pressure. The sensor is successfully applied to distinguish the syllables of each pronounced word, detect movements of the human wrist, and monitor radial arterial pulse, thus demonstrating its promising applications in wearable electronics.

Design and Construction of Speech Controlled Door

Home security is extremely important, and several methods of security have been improved, such as the usage of alarms, monitoring systems, and the interplay of electronic hardware, software, and other factors. Keys can be misplaced and found by others, putting the guarded structure at risk; keys can also be fabricated or stolen. This project entails creating a voice message-based door access system that can both open the door and identify intruders, trespassers, criminals, or any other type of illegal behaviour. The speech-controlled door was meant to generate a voice message based on the input data and was developed around a microcontroller (ATmega328p). A speech recognition module is used to allow the owner or user entry to the door. To gain access to the door, the owner must first utter the specific speech or key word required to open it. A voice notification is then outputted through the associated speaker if the pronounced word does not match the speech recognized by the microcontroller. To signify that access is refused, a red-light emitting diode will flash. The microprocessor would activate a relay and current will flow through the latch, allowing the door to be unlocked, if the uttered speech matches. A speech recognition module is used to allow the owner or user entry to the door. To gain access to the door, the owner must first utter the specific speech or key word required to open it. A voice notification is then outputted through the associated speaker if the pronounced word does not match the speech recognized by the microcontroller. To signify that access is refused, a red light emitting diode will flash. The microprocessor will activate a relay and current will flow through the latch, allowing the door to be unlocked, if the uttered speech matches.

An Analysis of Batu Bara Malay Students’ Pronunciation in English Consonant Cluster and Word Stress

Pronunciation has many great important roles in one speaking performance. The inappropriate pronounced words cause the negative impact of misunderstanding. Therefore, this study aims to find out how the pronunciation of Batu Bara Malay students, particularly the English consonant clusters and the word stress, and to identify the factors affecting Batu Bara Malay students’ difficulties in pronouncing English consonant clusters and the word stress. The qualitative method was applied in this study. There were 25 students of seventh-grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Datuk Tanah Datar as the study subjects who speak the Malay Language as their mother tongue. The data were collected by recording students’ voice and interviewing. The researchers applied the Miles and Huberman model to analyze the data. The results are Batu Bara Malay students’ ability to pronounce English consonant clusters around 29%. Most of the students inaccurately utter the English consonant cluster word at the final position. The students’ ability in pronouncing English word by correct word stress rules around 30%. As the students' achievement under 50%, it means their ability in pronouncing consonant cluster and word stress is very low. These problems are caused by the existence of the mother tongue intervening in their process of learning another language and the distinction between English characteristics and nature compared with Indonesia Language (similar to the Malay language), particularly consonant clusters. English has more types of consonant. Besides that, the lack of both knowledge and pronunciation exercises on how to pronounce English word accurately for beginner learners so the students are unable to pronounce English consonant clusters and emphasize appropriate word stress.

THE SEMANTIC AUTHENTICATION FROM ALBAIDHAWI STRUCTURAL SEMANTIC

The resources of language differ in terms of their morphology and types; therefore, there are contradictory views about theresources in relation to the morphological from as well as the nature of structures and meaning, which results from the structural diversity for each resource, resulting in a functional and semantic variation. This is not accepted as a justification for the issue of verbal commonality,semantic or linguistic synonym or as a type of multiple dialects. Therefore, each team of grammarians or interpreters, regardless their linguistic visualizations, demonstrate this differencein structure according to their particular views, and that was reflected on the pronunciation and semantic counterparts in the linguistic structure. In this research, whichis taken from the PhD, we attempt to connect those different forms based on the obvious evidence and the lexical and linguistic indicators, in that fifteen morphological structures are addressed as a part of the study’. The research introduced the sufficient examples for the semantic authentication from the Holy Quran, in which we illustrated the impact of morphological structures in determining the functional and linguistic meanings for the pronounced words as well as the impact of the interpretations provided by interpreters, such as Al-Baidhawi, in particular.