Promotional Tool Research Articles

A Nitbit Citation of the Contributions of Sheikh Abdullahi Fodiyo in the Public Health of The 19th Century West Africa and Beyond: A Case Study of "Kitaabu Niyyati Fil' A'amaliddunyawiyyati Wal'ddiniyyati" (A Book of Intentions in the Issues of World and

Nowadays, invariably health improvement, health education, health benefits are attached to religiosity as confirmed by inexhaustible literatures. This paper reviewed some of the contributions of Sheikh Abdullahi Fodiyo in the public health of 19th century West African Sokoto Caliphate and afterwards in his famous book called "Kitaabu Niyyati Fil' A'amaliddunyawiyyati Wal'ddiniyyati" (A book of intentions in the issues of world and religion). In the examined book, he stressed the importance of cleanliness, ablution, prayer, work/ employment/ wealth, agriculture, and meat production in the development and sustainability of society, let alone the Muslim ummah. He warned against unemployment, lack of personal hygiene, poor production and handling of food/ meat among others. Certainly, the book exhorts benefits to public health especially in Islamic societies. There is need to use religion as health education, and health promotion tool especially in religious societies for better health and interventions.

Geosocial Tools for Community Diagnosis and Health Promotion.

Growing research highlights the role of local community contexts in health and well-being. Communities function as central arenas for health promotion as individuals and community spaces interact in daily life. To better communicate the linkages between community and health, we demonstrate the use of a set of geosocial tools for community diagnosis and health promotion, conceptually grounded in the framework of geosocial embeddedness, using data from community surveys and participatory research conducted with local inhabitants to engage their competency. Through a web-based interactive map generated using a geographic information system, we identified public territories in the municipality where greater policy attention is needed to enhance health. Through an intersectional matrix produced using multilevel analysis, we identified precise social groups by intersectional categories that are most at risk of loneliness for targeted intervention. A health radar chart on multidomain indicators illustrated information on group dynamics and longitudinal comparisons for health promotion. Overall, these tools offered not only diagnoses of the most vulnerable social groups for tailored interventions but also insight for policymakers to improve infrastructure and material resources to promote health. We conclude that geosocial tools offer a promising approach toward sharpening health communication and improving health in the community.

Zooming In and Out of Programming: Developing an Approach to Trauma-and Violence-Informed Physical Activity “Post-Pandemic”

Researchers have found that physical activity is an effective health promotion tool due to its positive effect on wellbeing, however, despite the overwhelming evidence on the benefits of physical activity, many structural and systemic inequities exist that affect access and uptake particularly for women. These barriers have been exacerbated over the last few years as conditions surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic has made engagement in physical activity even more difficult for equity-deserving populations. Community organizations have reported an increase in gender-based violence and a strain on support services. In this qualitative research study, we present findings that demonstrated how COVID-19 complicated the delivery of in-person programs for equity-deserving populations. Using a feminist participatory action research approach, community-specific barriers to physical activity from the perspectives of individuals who deliver physical activity programming and social services to self-identified women were generated in three themes using thematic analysis: 1) Increased Need, Decreased Services; 2) Online Service Provision was Not Effective for Clients or Providers; 3) Physical Activity was Not Deemed an “Essential Service”-Transitioning from Survival Mode to a New Normal. Taken together, findings underlined the importance of effective and sustainable resources and strategies to improve access for women to engage in physical activity programs.

The impact of a lifestyle behaviour change program on healthcare costs: Quasi-experimental real-world evidence from an open-access mobile health app in the Netherlands

ObjectiveRecognizing the substantial role of modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, and substance use in driving global healthcare expenses, this study aims to assess the impact of a lifestyle behaviour change mobile health (mHealth) app on healthcare costs within a real-world setting. MethodsEmploying a difference-in-difference approach, this research compared healthcare costs between users of an mHealth app (treatment group) and a propensity score-matched control group of non-users. The study included data from 15,506 participants in the Netherlands, covering healthcare cost records collected from 2015 to 2019. ResultsThe implementation of the mHealth app was linked to a steady reduction in healthcare costs, achieving a 4.9 % decrease (β=−0.05,95%CI:−0.10to0.00) during the first year following the program's implementation, and a further 5.3 % decrease (β=−0.05,95%CI:−0.10to−0.00) in the second year. This healthcare costs reduction is associated with lower expenses for general practitioner services as well as diminished specialist visits. Additionally, increased app use led to further cost reductions, with frequency of use proving more important than intensity. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that a behaviour change mHealth app is linked to significant reductions in healthcare costs, with more frequent and intense use leading to greater savings. Given their relatively low cost and ability to reach diverse population groups, such apps not only enhance individual health outcomes but can also serve as effective policy tools for large-scale health promotion, supporting broader societal health improvements.

Awareness and Usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Promoting Music Broadcast on Radio in Warri, Nigeria

This paper investigates the level of awareness and usage of artificial intelligence (AI) for promoting music broadcast on radio stations in Warri, Nigeria. The study was prompted by the paradigm shift that is brought about by the advent of artificial intelligence. Despite the advantages inherent in technology most radio stations appear to lack knowledge of the component meant for the broadcast of music. Thus, the study establishes the extent to which the radio station in Warri, Nigeria has become AI compliant in relaying music. To determine the AI awareness level and extent of usage in music promotion on radio stations, the researcher conducted interview sessions using four (4) radio stations, forty-one (41) on Air Personalities (OAP). A Self Respondent Interview Research Instrument was administered via email contact. The study was guided by three (3) research questions. Data were analyzed with the aid of percentage calculation measure to decide the level of awareness and usage of the AI tools connected to music broadcast on radio. The study found that respondents show low level of awareness of significant AI tools and thus could not deploy AI technologies for broadcast of music. The study concludes that it is important to create high level of awareness in the use of AI tools for promotion of music broadcast on radio. The study recommends that OAP should acquire the knowledge of AI tools related to promotion of music on radio stations. The proprietors of radio stations should provide training on the use of AI technologies to enable them become AI compliant in radio broadcasting.

Utilization and Effectiveness of Agro-industrial Digital Marketing in Malang Raya

In the digital era, the agro-industrial sector has transitioned from conventional marketing to digital marketing. One of the agro-industry companies in Malang Raya, ALE, focuses on processing fruits and vegetables into healthy snack chips. The company engages in various digital marketing activities, including sales through e-commerce platforms such as Shopee, Tokopedia, and Lazada, and promotional efforts on social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram. This research aims to analyze (1) the utilization of digital marketing, and (2) the effectiveness of social media promotion based on engagement rates. The study employs both primary and secondary data, incorporating qualitative and quantitative forms, which are analyzed descriptively using a case study approach. Data collection methods include interviews, observation, and content analysis. The findings highlight the advantages of e-commerce channels, sales strategies like bundling and live streaming on e-commerce platforms, and storytelling and sales promotion strategies on social media. Additionally, the engagement rates on ALE's TikTok (12.71%) and Instagram (4.50%) indicate a high engagement rate level, with values exceeding the 2.72% benchmark, demonstrating the strong effectiveness of these platforms as promotional tools for the company.

Perancangan dan Implementasi Virtual Tour Sebagai Media Promosi Inovatif Pada Fakultas Ilmu Komputer

Esa Unggul University has experienced a decline in the number of applicants for the Faculty ofComputer Science, particularly in the Information Technology and Information Systems programs.To address this issue, a Virtual Tour application based on Virtual Reality (VR) was developedusing Unity and Oculus Quest 2 as a promotional tool. This application provides a deeper insightinto the campus facilities, enhancing prospective students' interest. The development method usedis the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC), encompassing planning, design, development,testing, and implementation stages. Testing results indicate that this application is effective inattracting new student interest. The Virtual Tour application has proven to be an innovative andbeneficial promotional tool for Esa Unggul University.

Mental Health Arts Festival as a tool for mental health promotion

Abstract Background of the problem 1 in 4 people experience mental health problems each year, and that number is only growing. Stigma and discrimination of mental health are widespread and affect the quality of life at the individual and societal level. The WHO identifies mental health arts festivals as an effective way to reduce stigma and improve mental health. Description of the problem We are not comfortable talking about mental health difficulties and the care we need. Consequently, individuals often withhold personal experiences to shield themselves from potential bias and harsh judgement. Methodology The Mental Health Arts Festival (MHAF) Bonds https://www.rysiaifest.lt/, https://www.facebook.com/Rysiaifest) seeks to contribute to the human rights based mental health knowledge creation across the partner organisations, involved communities and audiences, as well as contribute to local creation of artworks on the topic of mental health in open, accessible, safe space where every voice matters. The biannual MHAF brings together recognised artists, arts institutions, scientists, policy makers and communities of people with mental health issues (over 80 events, attracting about 4,500 spectators) for group exhibition, films, contemporary dance and live performances, literary readings, open microphones, followed by discussions and workshops. Qualitative study methodology is applied to assess the potential impacts of the MHAF. Lessons • Visual identity that seeks to challenge existing stigmatising views. • The festival has become the production or premier place of new artworks on the topics of mental health, spanning addiction, war-related trauma, transgenerational trauma, neurodiversity. Key messages • Mental health arts festivals promote mental health literacy and reduce negative attitudes towards health-seeking behaviour. • Art festivals should be an integral part of national programs to address stigma and promote mental health and well-being.

9.B. Scientific session: Promoting health in the digital age: a room to improve health literacy and digital health literacy?

Abstract The workshop aims to explore innovative approaches to promoting health literacy and digital health literacy and their impact on individual and community health outcomes at different stages of life. This initiative is driven by the recognition that digital platforms and tools offer unprecedented opportunities to improve population health through health education and behavior change. The workshop will feature a dynamic and interactive format starting from plenary sessions in which speakers will provide insights into digital health promotion best practices and their outcomes, offering diverse perspectives. The added value of organizing this workshop lies in its comprehensive approach to integrating digital tools into health prevention strategies, particularly for addressing childhood smoking. By examining innovative digital interventions, the workshop provides a platform for sharing insights and strategies that leverage technology to promote healthier lifestyles among youth. This is increasingly pertinent as digital platforms become central in the daily interactions of young people. The coherence between the presentations revolves around the theme of enhancing digital health literacy as a preventive measure against health issues. The first presentation sets the stage by exploring digital tools that educate and engage young people about the dangers of smoking. The subsequent session builds on this by assessing the current state of digital health education and literacy, emphasizing the need for curriculum integration and better training for educators to support these initiatives effectively. Finally, the meta-analysis presentation ties everything together by evaluating the effectiveness of these digital interventions across various demographics, offering evidence-based recommendations for tailoring health literacy programs to diverse needs. Together, these presentations form a cohesive narrative on the critical role of digital literacy in health prevention, illustrating a clear pathway from educational content to educational infrastructure, and culminating in broad-based intervention strategies that can be adapted to different settings and populations. This coherence enhances the workshop’s impact, providing attendees with a well-rounded understanding of how digital tools can be harnessed to foster long-term health improvements from an early age. Live Q&A sessions will encourage dialogue between speakers and attendees, enhancing the learning experience. By combining expert knowledge with interactive discussions, the workshop aims to share insights needed to implement effective digital health promotion strategies. Key messages • The role of health literacy and digital health literacy in improving health outcomes demands that the efficacy of the most effective strategies be evaluated. • Digital tools offer opportunities for innovative health promotion approaches and tools.

Vaccine literacy and cultural competence training of Professional FOR health to improve the vaccination offer

Abstract Background It is essential that healthcare institutions have a high level of organizational vaccine literacy so that they can support Newly Arrived Migrants (NAM) to navigate, understand and make informed decisions on vaccinations in an effort to make uptake equitable. Developing training material for Professional-FOR-health (PfH) working with NAM, i.e. health and non-health workers, can improve the vaccination offer for NAM. Objectives A holistic training framework for PfH was designed to increase capacity building skills and cultural sensitivity of the healthcare system in promoting active immunization of NAMs. The blended training should cover four topics: “Vaccine Literacy”, “Cultural awareness/migrant sensitivity”, “Health promotion tools with community-based approach” and “Entitlement to vaccination for NAMs/NAMs profile”. As learners cannot be seen as mere recipients of notions, their needs, motivations, and experiences should be put right at the center of the training process. Therefore, a training guide and materials were shared to Consortium Countries to be adapted and implemented in their context. Training sessions were conducted in the summer of 2023. Results A total of 180 participants showed an average increase of 8.2% in correct answers from pre- to post-raining. Notably, 112 participants experienced more than a 10% increase in correct answers. Significant increases were observed across all topics, particularly in Vaccine Literacy (A1) and NAM Profile (A4), with increases of 52% and 74%. The training was evaluated positively with an overall index of 4.2 out of 5. All items analyzed from the satisfaction questionnaire yielded positive evaluations, with an average rating of 4 out of 5. Conclusions The evaluation underscores the effectiveness of training in meeting educational needs of participants. This type of training can be the groundwork for the changes needed to make the NAMs vaccination process more guaranteed and inclusive.

Visualizing science - the rise of graphical abstracts in public health journals

Abstract Background As graphical abstracts (GA) gain popularity in scientific journals, they enhance visibility and engagement by summarizing research articles visually, while reaching both scientists and lay audiences more effectively. This study assesses the integration of GA in public health journals, focusing their role in enhancing scientific dissemination. Methods We conducted a descriptive quantitative analysis of 163 top-tier journals in Public Health, Environmental, and Occupational Health, using SCImago rankings. The analysis focused on factors such as mentions of GA and video abstracts (VA) in guidelines, mandatory use of GA, accessibility to GA, and adherence to GA’s best practices, which include graphical support, titles, and basic explanations. Results Of the journals analysed, 43 (26.4%) mention GA in their guidelines; only three (1.8%) require their mandatory use. Eight journals (4.9%) offer GA as part of paid promotional services, while 16 (9.8%) provide easy access to GA in their articles, and just six adhere to basic best practices. VA is mentioned in 25 journals (15.3%), with only nine (5.5%) featuring both GA and VA. Dedicated website sections for GA or VA are found in six journals (3.7%). Elsevier B.V. and Wiley-Blackwell are leaders in promoting GA usage, with 19 and nine mentions in guidelines, respectively. Conclusions The adoption of GA in public health journals is increasing, yet full adherence to best practices is not widespread. This trend points to a more visually engaging form of scientific communication, potentially influencing publication standards and research dissemination. The study underscores the need for further training in GA production and promotion among researchers and editors. Additionally, the emergence of GA as a paid promotional tool indicates a novel approach to broadening research outreach, with relevant implications for the standardization of scientific communication across Europe. Key messages • Only 26.4% of public health journals mention graphical abstracts, highlighting the need for wider adoption to enhance research visibility. • Graphical abstracts boost engagement, but adherence to best practices remains low, underlining the need for better training in visual communication.

Managing Pharmaceutical Promotion Mix in the Rise of Social Media

ABSTRACTA manufacturer of a branded prescription drug typically uses traditional promotional tools to communicate with consumers (i.e., direct‐to‐consumer advertising) and physicians (i.e., detailing, sampling, and journal advertising). These promotions seek to enhance brand drug visibility and, eventually, increase brand sales. As medical communication norms generally dictate how healthcare information is communicated, the emergence of social media challenges such norms and potentially inflates (or deflates) the efficacy of pharmaceutical marketing communication. In such situations, a crucial research question revolves around how marketers will adjust their promotional strategies. In this study, the authors analyze the longitudinal data of 41 brand drugs from 7 therapeutic classes between 2007 and 2014. Through the lens of signaling theory, they empirically show that the volume and valence of social media posts can enhance or hinder the sales impacts of different promotional activities. Specifically, the volume and valence of social media posts have the potential to amplify the sales impact of detailing and direct‐to‐consumer advertising, while diminishing the effects of sampling and journal advertising. The volume and valence of brand drug mentions as well as consumer passion toward the brand drug display similar effects on the efficacy of pharmaceutical promotions. The findings shed new light on conventional pharmaceutical promotion practices in the presence of social media and provide novel implications for promotion mix management.

Exploring the Visual Communication of Illustration Narrative in Brand Promotion Through the Symbolic Meaning of Thorn Elements

Abstract: In todays market, the use of visual representations is increasingly prevalent, with illustrations becoming a key promotion tool. Due to their ability to deliver immediate and powerful impact on viewers, illustrations are now a top choice for companies in advertising. Various styles and techniques of illustration have evolved, enriching the artistic language of advertising; different combinations of elements can evoke diverse reactions and interpretations among audiences. This paper aims to establish a framework for the use of illustration in advertising by analyzing a specific element and its symbolic meanings. It begins with a discussion of the fundamentals of symbolism in illustrations, followed by a detailed analysis of thorn as an artistic concept. The paper concludes by demonstrating how these strategies can be applied in market, offering guidance for future product design and promotions.

Perancangan Company Profile SMKN 3 Kota Solok Menggunakan Macromedia Director

By utilizing multimedia technology, this research has produced an interactive and engaging video profile for SMK Negeri 3 Kota Solok. This video was created using Macromedia Director software. The objective is to increase awareness of the school among prospective students and the community. The video showcases various important information such as available study programs, school facilities, and achievements. With this video profile, it is expected that more students will be interested in enrolling at SMK Negeri 3 Kota Solok. The video production process involved several stages, starting from data collection, video design, to video editing using the software. The final outcome of this research is expected to be an effective promotional tool for the school

The process of developing an augmented reality (AR) tool for knowledge translation on climate change-related experiences among youth in Kenya

This report details a qualitative methodological approach of developing an Augmented Reality (AR) tool which integrates digital storytelling for context-specific, accessible, scalable participatory research knowledge translation on climate-related sexual health experiences among youth (aged 16-25 years) in Kenya. AR, which engages audiences through virtual images overlayed on the real world in real-time, enhances learning and knowledge retention. This suggests the potential for using this increasingly accessible technology in knowledge translation, despite such use being understudied. Our AR tool meaningfully incorporates seven digital storytelling videos made by youth in Kenya through a study in 2023, to amplify youth voices while illustrating complex pathways between four climate-related factors (drought, floods, extreme heat, and excess winds) and three HIV vulnerabilities (gender-based violence, early marriage, and transactional sex). The aim of this paper is to describe the design of an AR tool for knowledge translation, youth empowerment, and health promotion, and to outline how it can be harnessed for sexual health and climate change education to inform future knowledge translation approaches with youth climate-affected issues.

Social branding for health promotion against non-communicable diseases in Maharashtra, India

Introduction: The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a major challenge for countries, regardless of their level of development. Social branding is an emerging approach to health promotion for NCD prevention. In this paper, the process of social branding is documented as a case study to help researchers develop similar kinds of interventions in the settings in which they work. Methods: The process of developing a social brand is documented through conversations with the project team, observations in the field, interaction with community local members, and information gathered through photographs, videos and newspaper clippings. Results: The social brand focused upon in this study was named the Aarogyachi Vaari (Health Pilgrimage) inspired by the Pandrapur Wari, a religious pilgrimage undertaken in the state of Maharashtra, India. Various stakeholders from self-help groups, panchayat raj institutions and schools from the local village collaborated successfully to implement the health event in a manner similar to the way in which diverse religious groups come together for the Pandrapur Wari religious pilgrimage. The Aarogyachi Vaari took the form of a strategically planned health event consisting of various health promotion stalls, many developed by local villagers themselves. The organisation of the event was aided by resource mobilisation within the local community. Discussion: Social branding can be an effective tool for health promotion in community settings. Studying people’s cultural preferences and what makes them feel connected and excited can lay the foundations for the creation of a social brand that reflects their choices and helps them take up healthy behaviours on their own. It is possible to mobilise a community for health through social branding that is culturally relevant and connected to the interests and priorities of local people.

Strategi Pengembangan Desa Wisata dalam Lomba Spot Selfie Kelurahan Jatirejo Kecamatan Gunungpati

The development of tourist villages has become a global trend driven by cultural and environmental preservation, as well as its potential to increase local community income. The purpose of this research is to analyze the development strategy of Jatirejo Village, Gunungpati District, through the Spot Selfie Competition, which leverages the village's potential to attract tourists, especially the younger generation. This competition is not merely a selfie spot contest but also an effective tourism promotion tool that can spark community creativity in creating attractive selfie spots. The results of the study show a positive impact on increasing tourist numbers, local income, and the preservation of culture and the environment. Moreover, this spot selfie competition introduces innovation in the sustainable management of tourist villages. This research is expected to contribute to effective and sustainable tourist village development policies in Indonesia

Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Positive Mental Health Program for Adults: Study Protocol.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a positive mental health program for adults (PMHP) in the community. Positive mental health (PMH) can be seen as a construct represented by six factors (personal satisfaction, prosocial attitude, self-control, autonomy, problem resolution, and self-actualization, and interpersonal relationship skills) according to the Multifactorial Model for PMH. Although there are several interventions in promoting mental health, research on effective promotion of PMH for adults in the community with structured and validated programs of PMH is scarce. This study protocol describes a randomized controlled trial (RCT) following a wait-list control design, aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of a PMHP in the community. This study was approved in June 2019 by the Ethics Committee. Participants will be recruited from the school community of teachers. Participants aged ≥ 18 years. The participants will be randomized 1:1 to either (a) an intervention group, which will integrate the PMHP, or (b) the standby control group. Three assessment moments for both groups will take place initial, after the intervention, and a follow-up of 3-6 months. The evaluation instruments will include a sociodemographic questionnaire, a PMH questionnaire, and a psychological vulnerability scale. The current study provides an innovative approach to PMH. Further, the study may demonstrate new interventions in PMH in the community, based on a program with systematized guidelines and sessions structured according to individual needs. It is expected that at the end of the program, the experimental group will increase the level of PMH. To allow future official implementation of the PMH program and the replication of the study in other professional groups as a promotion tool. There was no funding to remunerate a participant for this study. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04600401. Registered on May 15, 2020.

Enhancing Environmental Awareness Among Entrepreneurs and Digital-Based Marketing Mechanisms for MSME Products

Environmental awareness among MSME actors in the Dauh Puri Kangin Village area is important to consider as it can positively impact the environment and public health. Here are some key points regarding the environmental awareness of MSME actors: 1. Applying business environmental ethics can reduce the negative impact of MSME production and create business sustainability. 2. Understanding and awareness among MSME actors are necessary for waste management. 3. The government needs to assist MSMEs by facilitating waste management, such as ensuring the operation of wastewater treatment facilities. In addition to environmental awareness, MSME actors also need to pay attention to other issues, such as limited business capital, licensing problems, financial management, lack of product innovation, and difficulties in business development. Digital marketing mechanisms for MSMEs in the Dauh Puri Kangin Village area can be implemented using digital technology and online platforms to achieve marketing goals. Some digital marketing strategies that MSMEs can adopt include: 1. MSMEs can create their own sales website to design the layout, ambience, product catalogue, and promotions. The website should be mobile-friendly for easy access via smartphones. 2. MSMEs can leverage social media as a promotional tool for sales. They can create special groups on platforms like WhatsApp and Line to send product catalogues to loyal customers. 3. MSMEs can collaborate with marketplaces to sell their products. Marketplaces like Shopee and Tokopedia provide security for MSMEs regarding payments. 4. MSMEs can implement email marketing as an online marketing strategy. 5. MSMEs can provide responsive and effective customer service through digital channels such as email, social media, and online chat. Important principles in digital marketing include understanding the target market and consumer behaviour in the digital space, identifying digital platforms that align with the target audience, and analyzing data to measure marketing performance.

Gender Bias in Text-to-Image Generative Artificial Intelligence When Representing Cardiologists

Introduction: While the global medical graduate and student population is approximately 50% female, only 13–15% of cardiologists and 20–27% of training fellows in cardiology are female. The potentially transformative use of text-to-image generative artificial intelligence (AI) could improve promotions and professional perceptions. In particular, DALL-E 3 offers a useful tool for promotion and education, but it could reinforce gender and ethnicity biases. Method: Responding to pre-specified prompts, DALL-E 3 via GPT-4 generated a series of individual and group images of cardiologists. Overall, 44 images were produced, including 32 images that contained individual characters and 12 group images that contained between 7 and 17 characters. All images were independently analysed by three reviewers for the characters’ apparent genders, ages, and skin tones. Results: Among all images combined, 86% (N = 123) of cardiologists were depicted as male. A light skin tone was observed in 93% (N = 133) of cardiologists. The gender distribution was not statistically different from that of actual Australian workforce data (p = 0.7342), but this represents a DALL-E 3 gender bias and the under-representation of females in the cardiology workforce. Conclusions: Gender bias associated with text-to-image generative AI when using DALL-E 3 among cardiologists limits its usefulness for promotion and education in addressing the workforce gender disparities.